Introduction
Currently available imaging modalities and their roles in evaluation of pediatric lung infection
Spectrum of unusual lung infections in children
Pathogen/disease | Radiographic findings | CT findings |
---|---|---|
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) | • Can often appear normal • Unilateral or bilateral peripheral and/or posterior, and lower lobe-predominant hazy opacities with or without consolidation | • Unilateral or bilateral peripheral and/or posterior, and lower lobe-predominant ground-glass opacities with or without consolidation • Halo sign • Reversed halo sign • Crazy-paving pattern |
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) | • Unifocal subtle opacities in the middle and basal regions of the lungs • Progress to multifocal and bilateral airspace opacities | • GGOs alone or in combination with consolidation in a peripheral and basilar distribution involving multiple lung segments |
Bird flu | • Reticular opacities with areas of patchy consolidations, confluent on repeated chest radiographs • Multifocal and bilateral, with a predilection for the lower lobes • Bilateral pleural effusion and cavitations can appear | • Multifocal or diffuse GGOs with areas of consolidations • Bilateral pleural effusion and cavitations can appear • During the convalescent stage can show signs of post-infective fibrosis |
Streptococcus anginosus group | • Consolidations • Lung abscesses • Pleural effusion | • Consolidations complicated by lung necrosis • Lung abscesses • Pleural effusion (usually complex) |
Tularemia | • Uni/bilateral lung opacities • Hilar lymphadenopathy • Pleural effusion | • Peripheral dense lobar lung consolidation • Lymphadenopathy • Lung abscess |
Psittacosis | • Bilateral large areas of consolidation • Pleural effusion | • Bilateral large areas of consolidation or GGOs involving multiple lobes • Pleural effusion |
Echinococcosis | • Well-defined homogenous opacity, more commonly appearing in the lower lobes | • Cysts can have calcified walls • Can show bronchial erosion • Can be multiple and bilateral |
Paragonimiasis | • Patchy pulmonary consolidations • Pleural effusion • Hilar lymphadenopathy | • Ill-defined pulmonary nodules • Consolidation • Cystic lesions filled with fluid or gas • Surrounded by GGOs |
Amoebiasis | • Consolidation with pleural effusion • Abscess • Right lower lobe is most commonly involved | • Amorphous abscess with thick irregular walls and with or without an air-fluid level • Pleural effusion |
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis | • Hazy opacities throughout both lungs • Sometimes with sparing of the apices and bases • A pattern of fine reticulation may occur | • Patchy or diffuse bilateral GGOs • Small centrilobular nodules • Mosaic attenuation • Air trapping • Chronic/fibrotic form: thickened interlobular septa, traction bronchiectasis, and subpleural honeycomb pattern • Sparing of the lung bases |
Pulmonary hemorrhage | • Focal: patchy alveolar opacities, dense consolidation, atelectasis • Diffuse: symmetric diffuse hazy pattern, predominates in the lower lung zones with sparing of the apices and costophrenic angles | • Can depict the underlying disease • Focal: patchy GGOs, dense consolidation • Diffuse: symmetric diffuse ground-glass pattern, predominates in the lower lung zones with sparing of the apices and costophrenic angles |
Idiopathic eosinophilic pneumonia | • Acute: diffuse interstitial and air-space opacities without peripheral predominance • Chronic: reverse batwing appearance | • Acute: diffuse asymmetric GGOs • Chronic: GGOs, pulmonary nodules, reticulation |