Introduction
Materials and methods
Subjects
Procedure
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DSI type I = normal: all variables within the normal range, average levels of stress with successful coping
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DSI type II = overstressed: above-average stress from everyday life and existential fears, there are problems due to interactions with other people and a high degree of stress triggers, there is instrumental and problem-related coping, but also pronounced external enhancers, and possible chronification.
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DSI type III = stress resistant: lower exposure to stress triggers such as everyday life, existential worries, and interaction with other people, but hardly any recognition of palliative coping.
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DSI type IV = low stress/high coping (LSHC): below average level of stress triggers, hardly any physical or emotional–cognitive discomfort, but above-average palliative coping
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DSI type V = high stress/high coping (HSHC): above-average stress from work and private interaction, but also above-average palliative coping.
Statistical analyses
Results
Analyses of background data
Differential stress inventory groups | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total sample | Normal | Overstressed | Stress resistant | Low stress/high coping | High stress/high coping | DSI groups’ differences | |
(n = 119) | (n = 58) | (n = 11) | (n = 21) | (n= 17) | (n = 12) | ||
Gender | |||||||
Male | 18 (15.1%) | 7 (12.1%) | 1 (9.1%) | 4 (19.0%) | 4 (23.5%) | 2 (16.7%) | p = .722 |
Female | 101 (84.9%) | 51 (87.9%) | 10 (90.9%) | 17 (81.0%) | 13 (76.5%) | 10 (83.3%) | – |
Workgroup | |||||||
Bank | 79 (66.4%) | 37 (63.8%) | 7 (63.6%) | 13 (61.9%) | 13 (76.5%) | 9 (75.0%) | p = .841 |
MFA | 40 (33.6%) | 21 (36.2%) | 4 (36.4%) | 8 (38.1%) | 4 (23.5%) | 3 (25.0%) | – |
Age | |||||||
Mean ± SD | 43.19 ± 9.61 | 43.66 ± 9.93 | 45.38 ± 6.93 | 44.15 ± 10.50 | 40.23 ± 10.07 | 41.42 ± 8.03 | – |
CI | (41.46, 44.92) | (41.11, 46.22) | (41.28, 49.48) | (39.66, 48.64) | (35.44, 45.01) | (36.87, 45.96) | – |
Median | 43 | 43 | 45 | 45 | 39 | 42 | – |
Minimum | 22, 11 | 22, 11 | 36, 8 | 23 | 26 | 27 | – |
Maximum | 61, 5 | 61, 5 | 59 | 59 | 61 | 52, 1 | – |
Height (cm) | |||||||
Mean ± SD | 168.71 ± 8.63 | 168.19 ± 7.31 | 167.27 ± 7.48 | 169.57 ± 8.39 | 173.56 ± 9.87 | 164.58 ± 12.06 | – |
CI | (167.16, 170.27) | (166.31, 170.07) | (162.85, 171.70) | (165.98, 173.16) | (168.73, 178.40) | (157.76, 171.41) | – |
Median | 168 | 168 | 165 | 168 | 174, 5 | 160, 5 | – |
Minimum | 145 | 153 | 156 | 157 | 155 | 145 | – |
Maximum | 193 | 190 | 184 | 191 | 193 | 187 | – |
Weight (kg) | |||||||
Mean ± SD | 72.91 ± 15.23 | 72.63 ± 15.23 | 74.98 ± 16.39 | 73.19 ± 15.69 | 77.06 ± 13.18 | 66.33 ± 16.15 | – |
CI | (70.15, 75.67) | (68.68, 76.58) | (65.30, 84.66) | (66.47, 79.90) | (70.60, 83.52) | (57.19, 75.47) | – |
Median | 70 | 70 | 78 | 68 | 74, 5 | 61, 5 | – |
Minimum | 42 | 44 | 55 | 52 | 56 | 42 | – |
Maximum | 110 | 110 | 107 | 100 | 102 | 104 | – |
Comparisons | Age | Height | Weight | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MD | CILL | CIUL | MD | CILL | CIUL | MD | CILL | CIUL | |
Normal–LSHC | − 3.43 | − 10.63 | 3.76 | 5.37 | − 1.63 | 12.38 | 4.43 | − 5.58 | 14.45 |
Normal–overstressed | 1.72 | − 4.82 | 8.26 | − 0.92 | − 7.61 | 5.77 | 2.35 | − 12.24 | 16.95 |
Normal–resistant | 0.49 | − 6.27 | 7.25 | 1.38 | − 3.94 | 6.70 | 0.56 | − 9.63 | 10.74 |
Normal–HSHC | − 2.24 | − 9.31 | 4.82 | − 3.61 | − 13.55 | 6.34 | − 6.30 | − 20.01 | 7.42 |
LSHC–overstressed | 5.15 | − 3.20 | 13.51 | − 6.29 | − 15.01 | 2.43 | − 2.08 | − 17.87 | 13.70 |
LSHC–resistant | 3.92 | − 4.65 | 12.50 | − 3.99 | − 11.93 | 3.95 | − 3.88 | − 16.06 | 8.30 |
LSHC–HSHC | 1.19 | − 7.55 | 9.93 | − 8.98 | − 20.22 | 2.26 | − 10.73 | − 25.77 | 4.31 |
Overstressed–resistant | − 1.23 | − 9.25 | 6.80 | 2.30 | − 5.32 | 9.91 | − 1.80 | − 17.70 | 14.11 |
Overstressed–HSHC | − 3.97 | − 12.19 | 4.26 | − 2.69 | − 13.71 | 8.34 | − 8.65 | − 26.55 | 9.25 |
Resistant–HSHC | − 2.74 | − 11.17 | 5.70 | − 4.99 | − 15.51 | 5.53 | − 6.85 | − 22.02 | 8.31 |
Analyses of MBI
Differential stress inventory groups | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total sample | Normal | Overstressed | Stress resistant | Low stress/high coping | High stress/high coping | DSI groups’ differences | |
(n = 119) | (n = 58) | (n = 11) | (n = 21) | (n = 17) | (n = 12) | ||
Emotional exhaustion | |||||||
Mean ± SD | 2.09 ± 1.29 | 2.16 ± 1.19 | 3.80 ± 1.32 | 1.52 ± 0.82 | 1.01 ± 0.80 | 2.77 ± 0.98 | F = 19.64, |
CI | (1.86, 2.33) | (1.85, 2.46) | (3.02, 4.58) | (1.17, 1.87) | (0.63, 1.39) | (2.21, 3.32) | p < .001 |
Median | 1.8 | 2 | 3.8 | 1.4 | 1 | 3.1 | – |
Minimum | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1.2 | – |
Maximum | 5.8 | 4.8 | 5.8 | 3 | 3.2 | 4 | – |
Cynicism | |||||||
Mean ± SD | 0.97 ± 1.02 | 0.91 ± 0.91 | 2.55 ± 1.42 | 0.69 ± 0.74 | 0.51 ± 0.57 | 1.00 ± 0.66 | F = 6.47, |
CI | (0.79, 1.16) | (0.68, 1.15) | (1.71, 3.38) | (0.37, 1.00) | (0.24, 0.78) | (0.63, 1.37) | p < .001 |
Median | 0.6 | 0.6 | 2.6 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.8 | – |
Minimum | 0 | 0 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
Maximum | 4.6 | 4 | 4.6 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 2 | – |
Professional efficacy | |||||||
Mean ± SD | 5.10 ± 0.90 | 5.11 ± 0.95 | 4.41 ± 1.23 | 5.04 ± 0.72 | 5.54 ± 0.47 | 5.19 ± 0.84 | F = 4.04, |
CI | (4.94, 5.26) | (4.87, 5.35) | (3.69, 5.13) | (4.73, 5.35) | (5.31, 5.76) | (4.72, 5.67) | p = .009 |
Median | 5.17 | 5.33 | 4.33 | 5 | 5.67 | 5 | – |
Minimum | 0 | 0 | 2.17 | 3 | 4.67 | 3 | – |
Maximum | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | – |
MBI total | |||||||
Mean ± SD | 1.40 ± 0.84 | 1.40 ± 0.68 | 2.76 ± 1.04 | 1.10 ± 0.62 | 0.69 ± 0.55 | 1.65 ± 0.49 | F = 17.29, |
CI | (1.25, 1.55) | (1.23, 1.58) | (2.14, 3.38) | (0.84, 1.37) | (0.44, 0.95) | (1.37, 1.92) | p < .001 |
Median | 1.25 | 1.335 | 2.81 | 0.91 | 0.79 | 1.66 | – |
Minimum | 0.08 | 0.31 | 1.63 | 0.2 | 0.08 | 0.76 | – |
Maximum | 4.7 | 3.18 | 4.7 | 2.56 | 2.11 | 2.54 | – |
Analyses of HRV data
Differential stress inventory groups | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total sample | Normal | Overstressed | Stress resistant | Low stress/high coping | High stress/high coping | DSI groups’ differences | |
(n = 119) | (n = 58) | (n = 11) | (n = 21) | (n = 17) | (n = 12) | ||
Time domain | |||||||
SDNN (ms) | |||||||
Mean ± SD | 60.74 ± 16.38 | 61.88 ± 15.35 | 54.17 ± 21.20 | 57.28 ± 14.47 | 63.14 ± 20.26 | 63.93 ± 13.28 | F = 0.95, |
CI | (57.80, 63.69) | (57.93, 65.83) | (41.64, 66.70) | (51.10, 63.47) | (53.51, 72.77) | (56.41, 71.44) | p = .437 |
Median | 60,31 | 61,44 | 47,16 | 52,20 | 61,82 | 63,98 | |
Minimum | 28,30 | 28,30 | 30,43 | 37,69 | 35,22 | 43,54 | |
Maximum | 118,26 | 102,96 | 104,12 | 87,29 | 118,26 | 87,49 | |
RMSSD (ms) | |||||||
Mean ± SD | 35.27 ± 15.53 | 37.54 ± 16.45 | 28.34 ± 13.44 | 31.54 ± 13.99 | 37.17 ± 15.92 | 34.49 ± 13.68 | F = 1.24, |
CI | (32.48, 38.06) | (33.30, 41.77) | (20.40, 36.28) | (25.55, 37.52) | (29.60, 44.73) | (26.75, 42.23) | p = .297 |
Median | 31,97 | 35,40 | 23,15 | 31,34 | 30,76 | 33,36 | |
Minimum | 10,97 | 10,97 | 14,60 | 15,78 | 13,61 | 14,74 | |
Maximum | 82,75 | 82,75 | 52,36 | 69,23 | 69,29 | 63,87 | |
PNN50 (%) | |||||||
Mean ± SD | 11.00 ± 9.27 | 12.18 ± 9.60 | 7.83 ± 9.37 | 7.87 ± 6.54 | 12.72 ± 10.93 | 11.20 ± 8.48 | F = 1.32, |
CI | (9.33, 12.66) | (9.71, 14.65) | (2.29, 13.37) | (5.08, 10.67) | (7.53, 17.91) | (6.41, 16.00) | p = .268 |
Median | 9,44 | 10,02 | 3,39 | 8,89 | 8,66 | 11,38 | |
Minimum | 0,19 | 0,19 | 0,58 | 1,16 | 0,28 | 0,67 | |
Maximum | 41,47 | 41,47 | 26,41 | 20,77 | 36,68 | 29,54 | |
Frequency domain | |||||||
Total power (ms2) | |||||||
Mean ± SD | 1,439.21 ± 953.56 | 1,510.71 ± 950.76 | 1,087.42 ± 822.14 | 1,238.51 ± 833.41 | 1,568.94 ± 1,143.54 | 1,583.51 ± 1,007.11 | F = 0.83, |
CI | (1,267.88, 1,610.53) | (1,266.03, 1,755.40) | (601.58, 1,573.26) | (882.06, 1,594.96) | (1,025.34, 2,112.53) | (1,013.69, 2,153.33) | p = .508 |
Median | 1225,55 | 1236,46 | 719,24 | 907,89 | 1405,51 | 1421,77 | |
Minimum | 235,93 | 235,93 | 286,84 | 355,02 | 381,89 | 522,81 | |
Maximum | 4815,85 | 4815,85 | 2639,94 | 3084,05 | 4540,96 | 4195,91 | |
LF (n.u.) | |||||||
Mean ± SD | 69.35 ± 11.69 | 68.06 ± 11.38 | 71.97 ± 7.49 | 72.58 ± 12.46 | 67.50 ± 14.93 | 70.18 ± 9.81 | F = 0.83, |
CI | (67.25, 71.45) | (65.13, 70.99) | (67.54, 76.40) | (67.26, 77.91) | (60.40, 74.59) | (64.63, 75.73) | p = .506 |
Median | 71,96 | 71,70 | 70,59 | 77,59 | 72,66 | 69,55 | |
Minimum | 31,36 | 36,28 | 58,14 | 46,04 | 31,36 | 54,04 | |
Maximum | 88,32 | 84,91 | 83,19 | 88,32 | 86,55 | 85,10 | |
HF (n.u.) | |||||||
Mean ± SD | 30.53 ± 11.64 | 31.81 ± 11.34 | 27.93 ± 7.45 | 27.30 ± 12.40 | 32.37 ± 14.83 | 29.74 ± 9.78 | F = 0.83, |
CI | (28.44, 32.62) | (28.90, 34.73) | (23.53, 32.33) | (22.00, 32.61) | (25.32, 39.42) | (24.21, 35.27) | p = .507 |
Median | 27,95 | 28,12 | 29,27 | 22,33 | 27,27 | 30,32 | |
Minimum | 11,64 | 15,06 | 16,78 | 11,64 | 13,42 | 14,86 | |
Maximum | 68,19 | 63,61 | 41,64 | 53,84 | 68,19 | 45,91 | |
LF/HF ratio | |||||||
Mean ± SD | 2.75 ± 1.40 | 2.53 ± 1.22 | 2.85 ± 1.16 | 3.33 ± 1.71 | 2.74 ± 1.68 | 2.74 ± 1.34 | F = 1.28, |
CI | (2.50, 3.01) | (2.22, 2.85) | (2.16, 3.53) | (2.60, 4.07) | (1.94, 3.54) | (1.98, 3.50) | p = .283 |
Median | 2,57 | 2,55 | 2,41 | 3,48 | 2,66 | 2,30 | |
Minimum | 0,46 | 0,57 | 1,40 | 0,85 | 0,46 | 1,18 | |
Maximum | 7,59 | 5,64 | 4,96 | 7,59 | 6,45 | 5,73 | |
LF peak (Hz) | |||||||
Mean ± SD | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | F = 1.04, |
CI | (0.06, 0.06) | (0.05, 0.06) | (0.05, 0.06) | (0.05, 0.07) | (0.06, 0.07) | (0.05, 0.08) | p = .389 |
Median | 0,05 | 0,05 | 0,05 | 0,05 | 0,06 | 0,05 | |
Minimum | 0,04 | 0,04 | 0,04 | 0,04 | 0,04 | 0,04 | |
Maximum | 0,12 | 0,10 | 0,08 | 0,10 | 0,09 | 0,12 | |
HF peak (Hz) | |||||||
Mean ± SD | 0.20 ± 0.06 | 0.21 ± 0.07 | 0.20 ± 0.06 | 0.18 ± 0.05 | 0.19 ± 0.06 | 0.19 ± 0.06 | F = 1.29, |
CI | (0.19, 0.21) | (0.19, 0.23) | (0.17, 0.24) | (0.16, 0.20) | (0.16, 0.22) | (0.16, 0.22) | p = .278 |
Median | 0,15 | 0,20 | 0,19 | 0,15 | 0,15 | 0,15 | |
Minimum | 0,15 | 0,15 | 0,15 | 0,15 | 0,15 | 0,15 | |
Maximum | 0,35 | 0,35 | 0,32 | 0,31 | 0,32 | 0,30 | |
Non-linear | |||||||
SD1 (ms) | |||||||
Mean ± SD | 24.94 ± 10.98 | 26.54 ± 11.63 | 20.04 ± 9.50 | 22.30 ± 9.89 | 26.28 ± 11.25 | 24.39 ± 9.67 | F = 1.24, |
CI | (22.97, 26.91) | (23.55, 29.54) | (14.43, 25.65) | (18.07, 26.53) | (20.93, 31.63) | (18.91, 29.86) | p = .297 |
Median | 22,61 | 25,03 | 16,37 | 22,16 | 21,75 | 23,59 | |
Minimum | 7,76 | 7,76 | 10,32 | 11,16 | 9,62 | 10,43 | |
Maximum | 58,52 | 58,52 | 37,02 | 48,95 | 49,00 | 45,16 | |
SD2 (ms) | |||||||
Mean ± SD | 47.44 ± 14.26 | 48.52 ± 13.61 | 41.16 ± 13.89 | 44.66 ± 14.98 | 49.20 ± 15.79 | 50.29 ± 14.14 | F = 1.00, |
CI | (44.87, 50.00) | (45.02, 52.03) | (32.95, 49.37) | (38.25, 51.07) | (41.69, 56.70) | (42.29, 58.29) | p = .410 |
Median | 45,91 | 46,32 | 35,88 | 39,07 | 47,07 | 48,02 | |
Minimum | 21,19 | 21,19 | 22,99 | 24,72 | 24,07 | 31,77 | |
Maximum | 81,44 | 81,44 | 65,73 | 74,22 | 80,47 | 81,31 | |
α1 | |||||||
Mean ± SD | 1.20 ± 0.16 | 1.18 ± 0.14 | 1.24 ± 0.14 | 1.25 ± 0.17 | 1.17 ± 0.23 | 1.22 ± 0.15 | F = 0.99, |
CI | (1.17, 1.23) | (1.14, 1.22) | (1.16, 1.32) | (1.17, 1.32) | (1.06, 1.28) | (1.13, 1.30) | p = .418 |
Median | 1,23 | 1,21 | 1,23 | 1,30 | 1,24 | 1,20 | |
Minimum | 0,66 | 0,77 | 0,98 | 0,80 | 0,66 | 0,92 | |
Maximum | 1,53 | 1,48 | 1,48 | 1,49 | 1,53 | 1,46 | |
α2 | |||||||
Mean ± SD | 0.49 ± 0.06 | 0.49 ± 0.06 | 0.50 ± 0.07 | 0.50 ± 0.06 | 0.48 ± 0.07 | 0.49 ± 0.08 | F = 0.26, |
CI | (0.48, 0.50) | (0.47, 0.50) | (0.46, 0.54) | (0.47, 0.52) | (0.45, 0.51) | (0.44, 0.54) | p = .906 |
Median | 0,49 | 0,49 | 0,49 | 0,50 | 0,47 | 0,46 | |
Minimum | 0,36 | 0,36 | 0,41 | 0,36 | 0,36 | 0,38 | |
Maximum | 0,66 | 0,65 | 0,64 | 0,60 | 0,62 | 0,66 | |
Indices | |||||||
PNS index | |||||||
Mean ± SD | − 0.76 ± 0.74 | − 0.66 ± 0.74 | − 0.96 ± 0.86 | − 0.88 ± 0.56 | − 0.76 ± 0.89 | -0.82 ± 0.75 | F = 0.61, |
CI | (− 0.89, − 0.62) | (− 0.85, − 0.47) | (− 1.47, − 0.45) | (− 1.12, − 0.64) | (− 1.19, − 0.34) | (− 1.24, -0.39) | p = .658 |
Median | − 0,85 | − 0,79 | − 1,22 | − 0,99 | − 0,96 | − 0,65 | – |
Minimum | − 2,28 | − 2,28 | − 2,19 | − 2,04 | − 1,96 | − 1,95 | – |
Maximum | 1, 58 | 1, 47 | 0,81 | 0,13 | 1,58 | 0,15 | – |
SNS index | |||||||
Mean ± SD | 0.43 ± 0.79 | 0.35 ± 0.76 | 0.60 ± 1.02 | 0.47 ± 0.66 | 0.52 ± 0.86 | 0.46 ± 0.87 | F = 0.34, |
CI | (0.29, 0.57) | (0.16, 0.55) | (− 0.00, 1.20) | (0.19, 0.76) | (0.11, 0.93) | (− 0.03, 0.95) | p = .853 |
Median | 0,40 | 0,31 | 0,68 | 0,41 | 0,67 | 0,18 | – |
Minimum | − 1,62 | − 1,43 | − 1,16 | − 0,75 | − 1,62 | − 0,41 | – |
Maximum | 2, 56 | 2, 56 | 2, 47 | 2, 13 | 1, 91 | 2, 21 | – |
Stress index | |||||||
Mean ± SD | 7.75 ± 1.79 | 7.54 ± 1.74 | 8.56 ± 2.26 | 7.98 ± 1.66 | 7.72 ± 1.82 | 7.65 ± 1.80 | F = 0.85, |
CI | (7.43, 8.07) | (7.09, 7.99) | (7.22, 9.90) | (7.27, 8.69) | (6.86, 8.59) | (6.63, 8.67) | p = .497 |
Median | 7, 77 | 7,59 | 9, 16 | 8, 15 | 8, 09 | 7, 22 | – |
Minimum | 3, 86 | 3, 86 | 5, 24 | 5, 03 | 3, 86 | 4, 91 | – |
Maximum | 12, 39 | 12, 39 | 12, 16 | 11, 41 | 11, 64 | 10, 95 | – |
Stress zones | |||||||
Low | 46 (38.7%) | 24 (41.4%) | 4 (36.4%) | 6 (28.6%) | 7 (41.2%) | 5 (41.7%) | p = .873 |
Normal | 72 (60.5%) | 33 (56.9%) | 7 (63.6%) | 15 (71.4%) | 10 (58.8%) | 7 (58.3%) | – |
Elevated | 1 (0.8%) | 1 (1.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | – |