Skip to main content
Erschienen in: European Journal of Applied Physiology 5/2008

01.07.2008 | Original Article

Adaptation of pedaling rate of professional cyclist in mountain passes

verfasst von: José Antonio Rodríguez-Marroyo, Juan García-Lopez, José Gerardo Villa, Alfredo Córdova

Erschienen in: European Journal of Applied Physiology | Ausgabe 5/2008

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyze the pedaling rate (PR) adopted by professional cyclists in different mountain passes. PR, heart rate (HR), velocity and power to overcome gravity were monitored during special (HM), 1st (M1), 2nd (M2) and 3rd (M3) category mountain passes. HM and M1 within high-mountain stages were classified into mountain passes before the final mountain pass of the stage (M-BF) and mountain passes placed in the final of the stage (M-F). PR was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in M3 (82 ± 1 rpm) than that in M2 (75 ± 3 rpm), M1 (75 ± 2 rpm) and HM (73 ± 1 rpm). Velocity and power output decreased in the following order: M3, M2, M1 and HM. Also, greater values (P < 0.05) were observed in M-BF (24.1 ± 0.8 km h−1 and 308.5 ± 10.4 W) and in M-F (17.6 ± 0.9 km h−1 and 270.1 ± 9.9 W). In addition, PR was higher (P < 0.05) in M-BF (79 ± 2 rpm) than that in M-F (73 ± 1 rpm). In conclusion, PR was modified according to the characteristics and the race strategies adopted by the cyclists, thus the cyclists chose higher PR to improve their performance.
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Billat VL, Mille-Hamard L, Petit B, Koralsztein JP (1999) The role of cadence on the VO2 slow component in triathletes. Int J Sports Med 20:429–437PubMedCrossRef Billat VL, Mille-Hamard L, Petit B, Koralsztein JP (1999) The role of cadence on the VO2 slow component in triathletes. Int J Sports Med 20:429–437PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Brisswalter J, Hausswirth C, Smith D, Vercruyssen F, Vallier JM (2000) Energetically optimal cadence vs freely-chosen cadence during cycling: effect of exercise duration. Int J Sports Med 21:60–64PubMedCrossRef Brisswalter J, Hausswirth C, Smith D, Vercruyssen F, Vallier JM (2000) Energetically optimal cadence vs freely-chosen cadence during cycling: effect of exercise duration. Int J Sports Med 21:60–64PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Caldwell GE, Li L, McCole ST, Hagberg JM (1998) Pedal and crank kinetics in uphill cycling. J Appl Biomech 14:245–259 Caldwell GE, Li L, McCole ST, Hagberg JM (1998) Pedal and crank kinetics in uphill cycling. J Appl Biomech 14:245–259
Zurück zum Zitat Clarys JP, Alewaeters K, Zinzen E (2001) The influence of geographic variations on the muscular activity in selected sports movements. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 11:451–457PubMedCrossRef Clarys JP, Alewaeters K, Zinzen E (2001) The influence of geographic variations on the muscular activity in selected sports movements. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 11:451–457PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Coast JR, Welch HG (1985) Linear increase in optimal pedal rate with increased power output in cycle ergometry. Eur J Appl Physiol 53:339–342CrossRef Coast JR, Welch HG (1985) Linear increase in optimal pedal rate with increased power output in cycle ergometry. Eur J Appl Physiol 53:339–342CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Davis JA (1985) Anaerobic threshold: a review of the concept and directions for future research. Med Sci Sports Exerc 17:6–18PubMed Davis JA (1985) Anaerobic threshold: a review of the concept and directions for future research. Med Sci Sports Exerc 17:6–18PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Davison RC, Swan D, Coleman D, Bird S (2000) Correlates of simulated hill climb cycling performance. J Sports Sci 18:105–110PubMedCrossRef Davison RC, Swan D, Coleman D, Bird S (2000) Correlates of simulated hill climb cycling performance. J Sports Sci 18:105–110PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Faria IE (1992) Energy expenditure, aerodynamics and medical problems in cycling: an update. Sports Med 14:43–63PubMedCrossRef Faria IE (1992) Energy expenditure, aerodynamics and medical problems in cycling: an update. Sports Med 14:43–63PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Foss Ø, Hallén J (2004) The most economical cadence increases with increasing workload. Eur J Appl Physiol 92:443–451PubMedCrossRef Foss Ø, Hallén J (2004) The most economical cadence increases with increasing workload. Eur J Appl Physiol 92:443–451PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gotshall RW, Bauer TA, Fahmer SL (1996) Cycling cadence alters exercise hemodynamics. Int J Sports Med 17:17–21PubMedCrossRef Gotshall RW, Bauer TA, Fahmer SL (1996) Cycling cadence alters exercise hemodynamics. Int J Sports Med 17:17–21PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hagan RD, Weis SE, Raven PB (1992) Effect of pedal rate on cardiorespiratory responses during continuous exercise. Med Sci Sports Exer 24:1088–1095 Hagan RD, Weis SE, Raven PB (1992) Effect of pedal rate on cardiorespiratory responses during continuous exercise. Med Sci Sports Exer 24:1088–1095
Zurück zum Zitat Hansen EA, Jorgensen LV, Jensen K, Fregly BJ, Sjogaard G (2002) Crank inertial load affects freely chosen pedal rate during cycling. J Biomech 35:277–285PubMedCrossRef Hansen EA, Jorgensen LV, Jensen K, Fregly BJ, Sjogaard G (2002) Crank inertial load affects freely chosen pedal rate during cycling. J Biomech 35:277–285PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hansen EA, Sjogaard G (2007) Relationship between efficiency and pedal rate in cycling: significance of internal power and muscle fiber type composition. Scand J Med Sci Sports 17:408–414PubMed Hansen EA, Sjogaard G (2007) Relationship between efficiency and pedal rate in cycling: significance of internal power and muscle fiber type composition. Scand J Med Sci Sports 17:408–414PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Hintzy F, Groslambert A, Dugué B, Rouillon JD, Belli A (2001) Does endurance or sprint training influence the perception of the optimal pedalling rate during submaximal cycling exercise? Int J Sports Med 22:513–516PubMedCrossRef Hintzy F, Groslambert A, Dugué B, Rouillon JD, Belli A (2001) Does endurance or sprint training influence the perception of the optimal pedalling rate during submaximal cycling exercise? Int J Sports Med 22:513–516PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Jeukendrup A, Van Diemen A (1998) Heart rate monitoring during training and competition in cyclists. J Sports Sci 16:91–99CrossRef Jeukendrup A, Van Diemen A (1998) Heart rate monitoring during training and competition in cyclists. J Sports Sci 16:91–99CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Takaishi T, Yamamoto T, Ono T, Ito T, Moritani T (1998) Neuromuscular, metabolic, and kinetic adaptations for skilled pedalling performance in cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exer 30:442–449 Takaishi T, Yamamoto T, Ono T, Ito T, Moritani T (1998) Neuromuscular, metabolic, and kinetic adaptations for skilled pedalling performance in cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exer 30:442–449
Zurück zum Zitat Lepers R, Hausswirth C, Maffiuletti N, Brisswalter J, Van Hoecke J (2000) Evidence of neuromuscular fatigue after prolonged cycling exercise. Med Sci Sports Exer 32:1880–1886CrossRef Lepers R, Hausswirth C, Maffiuletti N, Brisswalter J, Van Hoecke J (2000) Evidence of neuromuscular fatigue after prolonged cycling exercise. Med Sci Sports Exer 32:1880–1886CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Löllgen H, Ulmer HV, Gross R, Wilbert G, Nieding GV (1975) Methodological aspects of perceived exertion rating and its relation to pedalling rate and rotating mass. Eur J Appl Physiol 34:205–215CrossRef Löllgen H, Ulmer HV, Gross R, Wilbert G, Nieding GV (1975) Methodological aspects of perceived exertion rating and its relation to pedalling rate and rotating mass. Eur J Appl Physiol 34:205–215CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lucía A, Hoyos J, Chicharro JL (2000) Physiological response to professional road cycling: climbers vs time trialists. Int J Sports Med 21:505–512PubMedCrossRef Lucía A, Hoyos J, Chicharro JL (2000) Physiological response to professional road cycling: climbers vs time trialists. Int J Sports Med 21:505–512PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lucía A, Hoyos J, Chicharro JL (2001) Preferred pedalling cadence in profesional cycling. Med Sci Sports Exer 33:1361–1366CrossRef Lucía A, Hoyos J, Chicharro JL (2001) Preferred pedalling cadence in profesional cycling. Med Sci Sports Exer 33:1361–1366CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lucía A, Rivero JLL, Perez M, Serrano AL, Calvet JAL, Santalla A, Chicharro JL (2002) Determinants of VO2 kinetics at high power outputs during a ramp exercise protocol. Med Sci Sports Exer 34:326–331CrossRef Lucía A, Rivero JLL, Perez M, Serrano AL, Calvet JAL, Santalla A, Chicharro JL (2002) Determinants of VO2 kinetics at high power outputs during a ramp exercise protocol. Med Sci Sports Exer 34:326–331CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Marais G, Dupont L, Maillet M, Weissland T, Vancelcenaher J, Pelayo P (2002) Spontaneously chosen crank rate variations in submaximal arm exercise with inexperienced subjects. Effects on cardiorespiratory and efficiency parameters. Int J Sports Med 23:120–124PubMedCrossRef Marais G, Dupont L, Maillet M, Weissland T, Vancelcenaher J, Pelayo P (2002) Spontaneously chosen crank rate variations in submaximal arm exercise with inexperienced subjects. Effects on cardiorespiratory and efficiency parameters. Int J Sports Med 23:120–124PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Marsh AP, Martin PE (1995) The relationship between cadence and lower extremity EMG in cyclists and noncyclists. Med Sci Sports Exer 27:217–225 Marsh AP, Martin PE (1995) The relationship between cadence and lower extremity EMG in cyclists and noncyclists. Med Sci Sports Exer 27:217–225
Zurück zum Zitat Marsh AP, Martin PE (1998) Perceived exertion and the preferred cycling cadence. Med Sci Sports Exer 30:942–948CrossRef Marsh AP, Martin PE (1998) Perceived exertion and the preferred cycling cadence. Med Sci Sports Exer 30:942–948CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Marsh AP, Martin PE, Foley KO (2000) Effect of cadence, cycling experience, and aerobic power on delta efficiency during cycling. Med Sci Sports Exer 32:1630–1634CrossRef Marsh AP, Martin PE, Foley KO (2000) Effect of cadence, cycling experience, and aerobic power on delta efficiency during cycling. Med Sci Sports Exer 32:1630–1634CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Martin JC, Milliken DL, Cobb JE, Mcfadden KL, Coggan AR (1998) Validation of a mathematical model for road cycling power. J Appl Biomech 14:276–291 Martin JC, Milliken DL, Cobb JE, Mcfadden KL, Coggan AR (1998) Validation of a mathematical model for road cycling power. J Appl Biomech 14:276–291
Zurück zum Zitat Mújika I, Padilla S (2001) Physiological and performance caracteristics of male professional road cyclists. Sports Med 31:479–487PubMedCrossRef Mújika I, Padilla S (2001) Physiological and performance caracteristics of male professional road cyclists. Sports Med 31:479–487PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Neptune RR, Herzog W (1999) The association between negative muscle work and pedalling rate. J Biomech 32:1021–1026PubMedCrossRef Neptune RR, Herzog W (1999) The association between negative muscle work and pedalling rate. J Biomech 32:1021–1026PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Nielsen JS, Hansen EA, Sjogaard G (2004) Pedalling rate affects endurance performance during high-intensity cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol 92:114–120PubMedCrossRef Nielsen JS, Hansen EA, Sjogaard G (2004) Pedalling rate affects endurance performance during high-intensity cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol 92:114–120PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Padilla S, Mújika I, Angulo F, Goiriena JJ (2000) Scientific approach to the 1-h cycling word record: a case study. J Appl Physiol 89:1522–1527PubMed Padilla S, Mújika I, Angulo F, Goiriena JJ (2000) Scientific approach to the 1-h cycling word record: a case study. J Appl Physiol 89:1522–1527PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Pedersen PK, Sorensen JB, Jensen K, Johansen L, Levin K (2002) Muscle fiber type distribution and nonlinear VO2-power output relationship in cycling. Med Sci Sports Exer 34:655–661CrossRef Pedersen PK, Sorensen JB, Jensen K, Johansen L, Levin K (2002) Muscle fiber type distribution and nonlinear VO2-power output relationship in cycling. Med Sci Sports Exer 34:655–661CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Rodríguez-Marroyo JA, García-lópez J, Avila C, Jiménez F, Cordova A, Villa JG (2003) Intensity of exercise according to topography in professional cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35:1209–1215PubMedCrossRef Rodríguez-Marroyo JA, García-lópez J, Avila C, Jiménez F, Cordova A, Villa JG (2003) Intensity of exercise according to topography in professional cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35:1209–1215PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Sanderson DJ (1991) The influence of cadence and power output on the biomechanics of force application during steady-rate cycling in competitive and recreational cyclists. J Sports Sci 9:191–203PubMed Sanderson DJ (1991) The influence of cadence and power output on the biomechanics of force application during steady-rate cycling in competitive and recreational cyclists. J Sports Sci 9:191–203PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Sanderson DJ, Henning EM, Black AH (2000) The influence of cadence and power output on force application and in shoe pressure distribution during cycling by competitive and recreational cyclists. J Sports Sci 18:173–181PubMedCrossRef Sanderson DJ, Henning EM, Black AH (2000) The influence of cadence and power output on force application and in shoe pressure distribution during cycling by competitive and recreational cyclists. J Sports Sci 18:173–181PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Swain DP, Wilcox JP (1992) Effect of cadence on the economy of uphill cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc 24:1123–1127PubMed Swain DP, Wilcox JP (1992) Effect of cadence on the economy of uphill cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc 24:1123–1127PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Takaishi T, Yamamoto T, Ono T, Ito T, Moritani T (1998) Neuromuscular, metabolic, and kinetic adaptations for skilled pedaling performance in cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30:442–449PubMed Takaishi T, Yamamoto T, Ono T, Ito T, Moritani T (1998) Neuromuscular, metabolic, and kinetic adaptations for skilled pedaling performance in cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30:442–449PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Tanaka H, Bassett DR, Best SK, Baker KR (1996) Seated versus standing cycling in competitive road cyclist: uphill climbing and maximal oxygen uptake. Can J Appl Physiol 21:149–154PubMed Tanaka H, Bassett DR, Best SK, Baker KR (1996) Seated versus standing cycling in competitive road cyclist: uphill climbing and maximal oxygen uptake. Can J Appl Physiol 21:149–154PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Adaptation of pedaling rate of professional cyclist in mountain passes
verfasst von
José Antonio Rodríguez-Marroyo
Juan García-Lopez
José Gerardo Villa
Alfredo Córdova
Publikationsdatum
01.07.2008
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
European Journal of Applied Physiology / Ausgabe 5/2008
Print ISSN: 1439-6319
Elektronische ISSN: 1439-6327
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-008-0745-3

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 5/2008

European Journal of Applied Physiology 5/2008 Zur Ausgabe

Neu im Fachgebiet Arbeitsmedizin

Das Geschlechterparadoxon in der gesundheitlich beeinträchtigten Lebenszeit – Ende eines Mythos?

Beginnend mit den 1920er-Jahren hat sich eine Vorstellung über die Geschlechterdifferenzen in Gesundheit und Mortalität etabliert, die von Lorber und Moore in dem einprägsamen Satz: „Women get sicker, but men die quicker“, zusammengefasst wurde [ 1 …, S. 13]. Tatsächlich erscheinen vor dem Hintergrund der höheren Lebenserwartung der Frauen die Studienergebnisse zu den Geschlechterdifferenzen in der Morbidität überraschend, wonach Frauen im Durchschnitt einen schlechteren Gesundheitszustand aufweisen als Männer [

Gesunde Lebenserwartung: Ein kritischer Blick auf Nutzen und Potenziale des demographischen Gesundheitsindikators

Open Access Leitthema

Die demographische Alterung hat vielfältige gesellschaftliche Konsequenzen, deren Ausmaß wesentlich vom Gesundheitszustand der Bevölkerung abhängt. Um diesen analysieren und bewerten zu können, wurden spezielle Kennziffern entwickelt, die in …

Wie hat sich die Lebenserwartung ohne funktionelle Einschränkungen in Deutschland entwickelt? Eine Analyse mit Daten des Deutschen Alterssurveys (DEAS)

Deutschland erfährt, wie andere Hocheinkommensstaaten, aufgrund kontinuierlich rückläufiger Mortalität und niedriger Geburtenraten tiefgreifende demografische Veränderungen. Der demografische Wandel führt in Deutschland zu einem zunehmend höheren …

Hitzeschutz im Fokus der hessischen Betreuungs- und Pflegeaufsicht

Open Access Klimawandel Übersichtsartikel

Im Sommer 2023 kündigte das Bundesministerium für Gesundheit (BMG) einen nationalen Hitzeschutzplan an und forderte die Länder auf, zu prüfen, „ob die Warnstufen des [Deutschen Wetterdienstes] DWD mit der Durchführung von Akutmaßnahmen …