Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Pituitary 3/2015

01.06.2015

Update on prognostic factors in acromegaly: Is a risk score possible?

verfasst von: E. Fernandez-Rodriguez, F. F. Casanueva, I. Bernabeu

Erschienen in: Pituitary | Ausgabe 3/2015

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Certain clinical conditions and markers have recently been demonstrated to modify the natural history of acromegaly in affected patients. Thus, some clinical, histological, radiological and molecular factors are associated with more aggressive pituitary tumors that have higher biochemical activity, higher tumor volumes and decreased tumoral and biochemical responses to current therapies. However, these factors do not seem to have an equal influence on the prognosis of patients with acromegaly. We present a review of the factors that influence the clinical course of patients with acromegaly and propose a risk value for each factor that will allow prognostic scoring for affected patients by considering a combination of these factors.
Literatur
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Ayuk J, Clayton RN, Holder G, Sheppard MC, Stewart PM, Bates AS (2004) Growth hormone and pituitary radiotherapy, but not serum insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations, predict excess mortality in patients with acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89(4):1613–1617PubMedCrossRef Ayuk J, Clayton RN, Holder G, Sheppard MC, Stewart PM, Bates AS (2004) Growth hormone and pituitary radiotherapy, but not serum insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations, predict excess mortality in patients with acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89(4):1613–1617PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Lundin P, Eden Engstrom B, Karlsson FA, Burman P (1997) Long-term octreotide therapy in growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas: evaluation with serial MR. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 18(4):765–772PubMed Lundin P, Eden Engstrom B, Karlsson FA, Burman P (1997) Long-term octreotide therapy in growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas: evaluation with serial MR. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 18(4):765–772PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Ezzat S, Forster MJ, Berchtold P, Redelmeier DA, Boerlin V, Harris AG (1994) Acromegaly. Clinical and biochemical features in 500 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 73(5):233–240CrossRef Ezzat S, Forster MJ, Berchtold P, Redelmeier DA, Boerlin V, Harris AG (1994) Acromegaly. Clinical and biochemical features in 500 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 73(5):233–240CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat van der Lely AJ, Harris AG, Lamberts SW (1992) The sensitivity of growth hormone secretion to medical treatment in acromegalic patients: influence of age and sex. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 37(2):181–185CrossRef van der Lely AJ, Harris AG, Lamberts SW (1992) The sensitivity of growth hormone secretion to medical treatment in acromegalic patients: influence of age and sex. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 37(2):181–185CrossRef
6.
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Abosch A, Tyrrell JB, Lamborn KR, Hannegan LT, Applebury CB, Wilson CB (1998) Transsphenoidal microsurgery for growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas: initial outcome and long-term results. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83(10):3411–3418PubMedCrossRef Abosch A, Tyrrell JB, Lamborn KR, Hannegan LT, Applebury CB, Wilson CB (1998) Transsphenoidal microsurgery for growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas: initial outcome and long-term results. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83(10):3411–3418PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Freda PU, Landman RE, Sundeen RE, Post KD (2001) Gender and age in the biochemical assessment of cure of acromegaly. Pituitary 4(3):163–171PubMedCrossRef Freda PU, Landman RE, Sundeen RE, Post KD (2001) Gender and age in the biochemical assessment of cure of acromegaly. Pituitary 4(3):163–171PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Parkinson C, Ryder WD, Trainer PJ (2001) The relationship between serum GH and serum IGF-I in acromegaly is gender-specific. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86(11):5240–5244PubMedCrossRef Parkinson C, Ryder WD, Trainer PJ (2001) The relationship between serum GH and serum IGF-I in acromegaly is gender-specific. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86(11):5240–5244PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Bando H, Sano T, Ohshima T, Zhang CY, Yamasaki R, Matsumoto K, Saito S (1992) Differences in pathological findings and growth hormone responses in patients with growth hormone-producing pituitary adenoma. Endocrinol Jpn 39(4):355–363PubMedCrossRef Bando H, Sano T, Ohshima T, Zhang CY, Yamasaki R, Matsumoto K, Saito S (1992) Differences in pathological findings and growth hormone responses in patients with growth hormone-producing pituitary adenoma. Endocrinol Jpn 39(4):355–363PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Barlier A, Gunz G, Zamora AJ, Morange-Ramos I, Figarella-Branger D, Dufour H, Enjalbert A, Jaquet P (1998) Pronostic and therapeutic consequences of Gs alpha mutations in somatotroph adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83(5):1604–1610PubMed Barlier A, Gunz G, Zamora AJ, Morange-Ramos I, Figarella-Branger D, Dufour H, Enjalbert A, Jaquet P (1998) Pronostic and therapeutic consequences of Gs alpha mutations in somatotroph adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83(5):1604–1610PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Asa SL, Digiovanni R, Jiang J, Ward ML, Loesch K, Yamada S, Sano T, Yoshimoto K, Frank SJ, Ezzat S (2007) A growth hormone receptor mutation impairs growth hormone autofeedback signaling in pituitary tumors. Cancer Res 67(15):7505–7511. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-0219 PubMedCrossRef Asa SL, Digiovanni R, Jiang J, Ward ML, Loesch K, Yamada S, Sano T, Yoshimoto K, Frank SJ, Ezzat S (2007) A growth hormone receptor mutation impairs growth hormone autofeedback signaling in pituitary tumors. Cancer Res 67(15):7505–7511. doi:10.​1158/​0008-5472.​CAN-07-0219 PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat van der Lely AJ, Biller BM, Brue T, Buchfelder M, Ghigo E, Gomez R, Hey-Hadavi J, Lundgren F, Rajicic N, Strasburger CJ, Webb SM, Koltowska-Haggstrom M (2012) Long-term safety of pegvisomant in patients with acromegaly: comprehensive review of 1288 subjects in ACROSTUDY. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97(5):1589–1597. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-2508 PubMedCrossRef van der Lely AJ, Biller BM, Brue T, Buchfelder M, Ghigo E, Gomez R, Hey-Hadavi J, Lundgren F, Rajicic N, Strasburger CJ, Webb SM, Koltowska-Haggstrom M (2012) Long-term safety of pegvisomant in patients with acromegaly: comprehensive review of 1288 subjects in ACROSTUDY. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97(5):1589–1597. doi:10.​1210/​jc.​2011-2508 PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Hagiwara A, Inoue Y, Wakasa K, Haba T, Tashiro T, Miyamoto T (2003) Comparison of growth hormone-producing and non-growth hormone-producing pituitary adenomas: imaging characteristics and pathologic correlation. Radiology 228(2):533–538. doi:10.1148/radiol.2282020695 PubMedCrossRef Hagiwara A, Inoue Y, Wakasa K, Haba T, Tashiro T, Miyamoto T (2003) Comparison of growth hormone-producing and non-growth hormone-producing pituitary adenomas: imaging characteristics and pathologic correlation. Radiology 228(2):533–538. doi:10.​1148/​radiol.​2282020695 PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Puig-Domingo M, Resmini E, Gomez-Anson B, Nicolau J, Mora M, Palomera E, Marti C, Halperin I, Webb SM (2010) Magnetic resonance imaging as a predictor of response to somatostatin analogs in acromegaly after surgical failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95(11):4973–4978. doi:10.1210/jc.2010-0573 PubMedCrossRef Puig-Domingo M, Resmini E, Gomez-Anson B, Nicolau J, Mora M, Palomera E, Marti C, Halperin I, Webb SM (2010) Magnetic resonance imaging as a predictor of response to somatostatin analogs in acromegaly after surgical failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95(11):4973–4978. doi:10.​1210/​jc.​2010-0573 PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Turner HE, Wass JA (1999) Are markers of proliferation valuable in the histological assessment of pituitary tumours? Pituitary 1(3–4):147–151PubMedCrossRef Turner HE, Wass JA (1999) Are markers of proliferation valuable in the histological assessment of pituitary tumours? Pituitary 1(3–4):147–151PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Thapar K, Kovacs K, Scheithauer BW, Stefaneanu L, Horvath E, Pernicone PJ, Murray D, Laws ER Jr. (1996) Proliferative activity and invasiveness among pituitary adenomas and carcinomas: an analysis using the MIB-1 antibody. Neurosurgery 38(1):99–106; discussion 106–107 Thapar K, Kovacs K, Scheithauer BW, Stefaneanu L, Horvath E, Pernicone PJ, Murray D, Laws ER Jr. (1996) Proliferative activity and invasiveness among pituitary adenomas and carcinomas: an analysis using the MIB-1 antibody. Neurosurgery 38(1):99–106; discussion 106–107
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Fusco A, Zatelli MC, Bianchi A, Cimino V, Tilaro L, Veltri F, Angelini F, Lauriola L, Vellone V, Doglietto F, Ambrosio MR, Maira G, Giustina A, degli Uberti EC, Pontecorvi A, De Marinis L (2008) Prognostic significance of the Ki-67 labeling index in growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(7):2746–2750. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0126 PubMedCrossRef Fusco A, Zatelli MC, Bianchi A, Cimino V, Tilaro L, Veltri F, Angelini F, Lauriola L, Vellone V, Doglietto F, Ambrosio MR, Maira G, Giustina A, degli Uberti EC, Pontecorvi A, De Marinis L (2008) Prognostic significance of the Ki-67 labeling index in growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(7):2746–2750. doi:10.​1210/​jc.​2008-0126 PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Mazal PR, Czech T, Sedivy R, Aichholzer M, Wanschitz J, Klupp N, Budka H (2001) Prognostic relevance of intracytoplasmic cytokeratin pattern, hormone expression profile, and cell proliferation in pituitary adenomas of akromegalic patients. Clin Neuropathol 20(4):163–171PubMed Mazal PR, Czech T, Sedivy R, Aichholzer M, Wanschitz J, Klupp N, Budka H (2001) Prognostic relevance of intracytoplasmic cytokeratin pattern, hormone expression profile, and cell proliferation in pituitary adenomas of akromegalic patients. Clin Neuropathol 20(4):163–171PubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Jaffrain-Rea ML, Di Stefano D, Minniti G, Esposito V, Bultrini A, Ferretti E, Santoro A, Faticanti Scucchi L, Gulino A, Cantore G (2002) A critical reappraisal of MIB-1 labelling index significance in a large series of pituitary tumours: secreting versus non-secreting adenomas. Endocr Relat Cancer 9(2):103–113PubMedCrossRef Jaffrain-Rea ML, Di Stefano D, Minniti G, Esposito V, Bultrini A, Ferretti E, Santoro A, Faticanti Scucchi L, Gulino A, Cantore G (2002) A critical reappraisal of MIB-1 labelling index significance in a large series of pituitary tumours: secreting versus non-secreting adenomas. Endocr Relat Cancer 9(2):103–113PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat DeLellis RA, Lloyd RV, Heitz PU, End C (eds) (2004) World Health Organization classification of tumors: tumours of endocrine organs. In: pp 10–47. IARC, Lyon DeLellis RA, Lloyd RV, Heitz PU, End C (eds) (2004) World Health Organization classification of tumors: tumours of endocrine organs. In: pp 10–47. IARC, Lyon
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Hentschel SJ, McCutcheon E, Moore W, Durity FA (2003) P53 and MIB-1 immunohistochemistry as predictors of the clinical behavior of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Can J Neurol Sci 30(3):215–219PubMedCrossRef Hentschel SJ, McCutcheon E, Moore W, Durity FA (2003) P53 and MIB-1 immunohistochemistry as predictors of the clinical behavior of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Can J Neurol Sci 30(3):215–219PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Honegger J, Prettin C, Feuerhake F, Petrick M, Schulte-Monting J, Reincke M (2003) Expression of Ki-67 antigen in nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: correlation with growth velocity and invasiveness. J Neurosurg 99(4):674–679. doi:10.3171/jns.2003.99.4.0674 PubMedCrossRef Honegger J, Prettin C, Feuerhake F, Petrick M, Schulte-Monting J, Reincke M (2003) Expression of Ki-67 antigen in nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: correlation with growth velocity and invasiveness. J Neurosurg 99(4):674–679. doi:10.​3171/​jns.​2003.​99.​4.​0674 PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Pei L, Melmed S, Scheithauer B, Kovacs K, Prager D (1994) H-ras mutations in human pituitary carcinoma metastases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78(4):842–846PubMed Pei L, Melmed S, Scheithauer B, Kovacs K, Prager D (1994) H-ras mutations in human pituitary carcinoma metastases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78(4):842–846PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Pei L, Melmed S, Scheithauer B, Kovacs K, Benedict WF, Prager D (1995) Frequent loss of heterozygosity at the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (RB) locus in aggressive pituitary tumors: evidence for a chromosome 13 tumor suppressor gene other than RB. Cancer Res 55(8):1613–1616PubMed Pei L, Melmed S, Scheithauer B, Kovacs K, Benedict WF, Prager D (1995) Frequent loss of heterozygosity at the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (RB) locus in aggressive pituitary tumors: evidence for a chromosome 13 tumor suppressor gene other than RB. Cancer Res 55(8):1613–1616PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Bates AS, Farrell WE, Bicknell EJ, McNicol AM, Talbot AJ, Broome JC, Perrett CW, Thakker RV, Clayton RN (1997) Allelic deletion in pituitary adenomas reflects aggressive biological activity and has potential value as a prognostic marker. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82(3):818–824PubMed Bates AS, Farrell WE, Bicknell EJ, McNicol AM, Talbot AJ, Broome JC, Perrett CW, Thakker RV, Clayton RN (1997) Allelic deletion in pituitary adenomas reflects aggressive biological activity and has potential value as a prognostic marker. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82(3):818–824PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Yarman S, Kurtulmus N, Canbolat A, Bayindir C, Bilgic B, Ince N (2010) Expression of Ki-67, p53 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concomitantly in growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas; which one has a role in tumor behavior? Neuro Endocrinol Lett 31(6):823–828PubMed Yarman S, Kurtulmus N, Canbolat A, Bayindir C, Bilgic B, Ince N (2010) Expression of Ki-67, p53 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concomitantly in growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas; which one has a role in tumor behavior? Neuro Endocrinol Lett 31(6):823–828PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Thapar K, Kovacs K, Stefaneanu L, Scheithauer B, Killinger DW, Lioyd RV, Smyth HS, Barr A, Thorner MO, Gaylinn B, Laws ER Jr (1997) Overexpression of the growth-hormone-releasing hormone gene in acromegaly-associated pituitary tumors. An event associated with neoplastic progression and aggressive behavior. Am J Pathol 151(3):769–784PubMedCentralPubMed Thapar K, Kovacs K, Stefaneanu L, Scheithauer B, Killinger DW, Lioyd RV, Smyth HS, Barr A, Thorner MO, Gaylinn B, Laws ER Jr (1997) Overexpression of the growth-hormone-releasing hormone gene in acromegaly-associated pituitary tumors. An event associated with neoplastic progression and aggressive behavior. Am J Pathol 151(3):769–784PubMedCentralPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Daly AF, Tichomirowa MA, Petrossians P, Heliovaara E, Jaffrain-Rea ML, Barlier A, Naves LA, Ebeling T, Karhu A, Raappana A, Cazabat L, De Menis E, Montanana CF, Raverot G, Weil RJ, Sane T, Maiter D, Neggers S, Yaneva M, Tabarin A, Verrua E, Eloranta E, Murat A, Vierimaa O, Salmela PI, Emy P, Toledo RA, Sabate MI, Villa C, Popelier M, Salvatori R, Jennings J, Longas AF, Labarta Aizpun JI, Georgitsi M, Paschke R, Ronchi C, Valimaki M, Saloranta C, De Herder W, Cozzi R, Guitelman M, Magri F, Lagonigro MS, Halaby G, Corman V, Hagelstein MT, Vanbellinghen JF, Barra GB, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Cameron FJ, Borson-Chazot F, Holdaway I, Toledo SP, Stalla GK, Spada A, Zacharieva S, Bertherat J, Brue T, Bours V, Chanson P, Aaltonen LA, Beckers A (2010) Clinical characteristics and therapeutic responses in patients with germ-line AIP mutations and pituitary adenomas: an international collaborative study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95(11):E373–E383. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2556 PubMedCrossRef Daly AF, Tichomirowa MA, Petrossians P, Heliovaara E, Jaffrain-Rea ML, Barlier A, Naves LA, Ebeling T, Karhu A, Raappana A, Cazabat L, De Menis E, Montanana CF, Raverot G, Weil RJ, Sane T, Maiter D, Neggers S, Yaneva M, Tabarin A, Verrua E, Eloranta E, Murat A, Vierimaa O, Salmela PI, Emy P, Toledo RA, Sabate MI, Villa C, Popelier M, Salvatori R, Jennings J, Longas AF, Labarta Aizpun JI, Georgitsi M, Paschke R, Ronchi C, Valimaki M, Saloranta C, De Herder W, Cozzi R, Guitelman M, Magri F, Lagonigro MS, Halaby G, Corman V, Hagelstein MT, Vanbellinghen JF, Barra GB, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Cameron FJ, Borson-Chazot F, Holdaway I, Toledo SP, Stalla GK, Spada A, Zacharieva S, Bertherat J, Brue T, Bours V, Chanson P, Aaltonen LA, Beckers A (2010) Clinical characteristics and therapeutic responses in patients with germ-line AIP mutations and pituitary adenomas: an international collaborative study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95(11):E373–E383. doi:10.​1210/​jc.​2009-2556 PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Williams F, Hunter S, Bradley L, Chahal HS, Storr H, Akker SA, Kumar AV, Orme SM, Evanson J, Morrison PJ, Korbonits M, Atkinson AB (2013) Clinical experience in the screening and management of a large kindred with familial isolated pituitary adenoma due to an aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein (AIP) mutation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, jc20132868. doi:10.1210/jc.2013-2868 Williams F, Hunter S, Bradley L, Chahal HS, Storr H, Akker SA, Kumar AV, Orme SM, Evanson J, Morrison PJ, Korbonits M, Atkinson AB (2013) Clinical experience in the screening and management of a large kindred with familial isolated pituitary adenoma due to an aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein (AIP) mutation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, jc20132868. doi:10.​1210/​jc.​2013-2868
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang X, Horwitz GA, Heaney AP, Nakashima M, Prezant TR, Bronstein MD, Melmed S (1999) Pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) expression in pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84(2):761–767PubMedCrossRef Zhang X, Horwitz GA, Heaney AP, Nakashima M, Prezant TR, Bronstein MD, Melmed S (1999) Pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) expression in pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84(2):761–767PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Filippella M, Galland F, Kujas M, Young J, Faggiano A, Lombardi G, Colao A, Meduri G, Chanson P (2006) Pituitary tumour transforming gene (PTTG) expression correlates with the proliferative activity and recurrence status of pituitary adenomas: a clinical and immunohistochemical study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 65(4):536–543. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02630.x CrossRef Filippella M, Galland F, Kujas M, Young J, Faggiano A, Lombardi G, Colao A, Meduri G, Chanson P (2006) Pituitary tumour transforming gene (PTTG) expression correlates with the proliferative activity and recurrence status of pituitary adenomas: a clinical and immunohistochemical study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 65(4):536–543. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1365-2265.​2006.​02630.​x CrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Sanchez-Tejada L, Sanchez-Ortiga R, Moreno-Perez O, Montanana CF, Niveiro M, Tritos NA, Alfonso AM (2013) Pituitary tumor transforming gene and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor expression and immunohistochemical measurement of Ki-67 as potential prognostic markers of pituitary tumors aggressiveness. Endocrinol Nutr 60(7):358–367. doi:10.1016/j.endonu.2012.09.005 PubMedCrossRef Sanchez-Tejada L, Sanchez-Ortiga R, Moreno-Perez O, Montanana CF, Niveiro M, Tritos NA, Alfonso AM (2013) Pituitary tumor transforming gene and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor expression and immunohistochemical measurement of Ki-67 as potential prognostic markers of pituitary tumors aggressiveness. Endocrinol Nutr 60(7):358–367. doi:10.​1016/​j.​endonu.​2012.​09.​005 PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang Z, Melmed S (2000) Pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) transforming and transactivation activity. J Biol Chem 275(11):7459–7461PubMedCrossRef Wang Z, Melmed S (2000) Pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) transforming and transactivation activity. J Biol Chem 275(11):7459–7461PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Salehi F, Kovacs K, Scheithauer BW, Lloyd RV, Cusimano M (2008) Pituitary tumor-transforming gene in endocrine and other neoplasms: a review and update. Endocr Relat Cancer 15(3):721–743. doi:10.1677/ERC-08-0012 PubMedCrossRef Salehi F, Kovacs K, Scheithauer BW, Lloyd RV, Cusimano M (2008) Pituitary tumor-transforming gene in endocrine and other neoplasms: a review and update. Endocr Relat Cancer 15(3):721–743. doi:10.​1677/​ERC-08-0012 PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Pantel J, Machinis K, Sobrier ML, Duquesnoy P, Goossens M, Amselem S (2000) Species-specific alternative splice mimicry at the growth hormone receptor locus revealed by the lineage of retroelements during primate evolution. J Biol Chem 275(25):18664–18669. doi:10.1074/jbc.M001615200 PubMedCrossRef Pantel J, Machinis K, Sobrier ML, Duquesnoy P, Goossens M, Amselem S (2000) Species-specific alternative splice mimicry at the growth hormone receptor locus revealed by the lineage of retroelements during primate evolution. J Biol Chem 275(25):18664–18669. doi:10.​1074/​jbc.​M001615200 PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmid C, Krayenbuehl PA, Bernays RL, Zwimpfer C, Maly FE, Wiesli P (2007) Growth hormone (GH) receptor isoform in acromegaly: lower concentrations of GH but not insulin-like growth factor-1 in patients with a genomic deletion of exon 3 in the GH receptor gene. Clin Chem 53(8):1484–1488. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2007.085712 PubMedCrossRef Schmid C, Krayenbuehl PA, Bernays RL, Zwimpfer C, Maly FE, Wiesli P (2007) Growth hormone (GH) receptor isoform in acromegaly: lower concentrations of GH but not insulin-like growth factor-1 in patients with a genomic deletion of exon 3 in the GH receptor gene. Clin Chem 53(8):1484–1488. doi:10.​1373/​clinchem.​2007.​085712 PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Mercado M, Gonzalez B, Sandoval C, Esquenazi Y, Mier F, Vargas G, de los Monteros AL, Sosa E (2008) Clinical and biochemical impact of the d3 growth hormone receptor genotype in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(9):3411–3415. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0391 PubMedCrossRef Mercado M, Gonzalez B, Sandoval C, Esquenazi Y, Mier F, Vargas G, de los Monteros AL, Sosa E (2008) Clinical and biochemical impact of the d3 growth hormone receptor genotype in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(9):3411–3415. doi:10.​1210/​jc.​2008-0391 PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Wassenaar MJ, Biermasz NR, Pereira AM, van der Klaauw AA, Smit JW, Roelfsema F, van der Straaten T, Cazemier M, Hommes DW, Kroon HM, Kloppenburg M, Guchelaar HJ, Romijn JA (2009) The exon-3 deleted growth hormone receptor polymorphism predisposes to long-term complications of acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94(12):4671–4678. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-1172 PubMedCrossRef Wassenaar MJ, Biermasz NR, Pereira AM, van der Klaauw AA, Smit JW, Roelfsema F, van der Straaten T, Cazemier M, Hommes DW, Kroon HM, Kloppenburg M, Guchelaar HJ, Romijn JA (2009) The exon-3 deleted growth hormone receptor polymorphism predisposes to long-term complications of acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94(12):4671–4678. doi:10.​1210/​jc.​2009-1172 PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Filopanti M, Olgiati L, Mantovani G, Corbetta S, Arosio M, Gasco V, De Marinis L, Martini C, Bogazzi F, Cannavo S, Colao A, Ferone D, Arnaldi G, Pigliaru F, Peri A, Angeletti G, Jaffrain-Rea ML, Lania AG, Spada A (2012) Growth hormone receptor variants and response to pegvisomant in monotherapy or in combination with somatostatin analogs in acromegalic patients: a multicenter study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97(2):E165–E172. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-1769 PubMedCrossRef Filopanti M, Olgiati L, Mantovani G, Corbetta S, Arosio M, Gasco V, De Marinis L, Martini C, Bogazzi F, Cannavo S, Colao A, Ferone D, Arnaldi G, Pigliaru F, Peri A, Angeletti G, Jaffrain-Rea ML, Lania AG, Spada A (2012) Growth hormone receptor variants and response to pegvisomant in monotherapy or in combination with somatostatin analogs in acromegalic patients: a multicenter study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97(2):E165–E172. doi:10.​1210/​jc.​2011-1769 PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosen CJ, Kurland ES, Vereault D, Adler RA, Rackoff PJ, Craig WY, Witte S, Rogers J, Bilezikian JP (1998) Association between serum insulin growth factor-I (IGF-I) and a simple sequence repeat in IGF-I gene: implications for genetic studies of bone mineral density. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83(7):2286–2290PubMedCrossRef Rosen CJ, Kurland ES, Vereault D, Adler RA, Rackoff PJ, Craig WY, Witte S, Rogers J, Bilezikian JP (1998) Association between serum insulin growth factor-I (IGF-I) and a simple sequence repeat in IGF-I gene: implications for genetic studies of bone mineral density. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83(7):2286–2290PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Vaessen N, Heutink P, Janssen JA, Witteman JC, Testers L, Hofman A, Lamberts SW, Oostra BA, Pols HA, van Duijn CM (2001) A polymorphism in the gene for IGF-I: functional properties and risk for type 2 diabetes and myocardial infarction. Diabetes 50(3):637–642PubMedCrossRef Vaessen N, Heutink P, Janssen JA, Witteman JC, Testers L, Hofman A, Lamberts SW, Oostra BA, Pols HA, van Duijn CM (2001) A polymorphism in the gene for IGF-I: functional properties and risk for type 2 diabetes and myocardial infarction. Diabetes 50(3):637–642PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Vaessen N, Janssen JA, Heutink P, Hofman A, Lamberts SW, Oostra BA, Pols HA, van Duijn CM (2002) Association between genetic variation in the gene for insulin-like growth factor-I and low birthweight. Lancet 359(9311):1036–1037. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08067-4 PubMedCrossRef Vaessen N, Janssen JA, Heutink P, Hofman A, Lamberts SW, Oostra BA, Pols HA, van Duijn CM (2002) Association between genetic variation in the gene for insulin-like growth factor-I and low birthweight. Lancet 359(9311):1036–1037. doi:10.​1016/​S0140-6736(02)08067-4 PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Bleumink GS, Rietveld I, Janssen JA, van Rossum EF, Deckers JW, Hofman A, Witteman JC, van Duijn CM, Stricker BH (2004) Insulin-like growth factor-I gene polymorphism and risk of heart failure (the Rotterdam Study). Am J Cardiol 94(3):384–386. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.04.044 PubMedCrossRef Bleumink GS, Rietveld I, Janssen JA, van Rossum EF, Deckers JW, Hofman A, Witteman JC, van Duijn CM, Stricker BH (2004) Insulin-like growth factor-I gene polymorphism and risk of heart failure (the Rotterdam Study). Am J Cardiol 94(3):384–386. doi:10.​1016/​j.​amjcard.​2004.​04.​044 PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Miletta MC, Scheidegger UA, Giordano M, Bozzola M, Pagani S, Bona G, Dattani M, Hindmarsh PC, Petkovic V, Oser-Meier M, Fluck CE, Mullis PE (2012) Association of the (CA)n repeat polymorphism of insulin-like growth factor-I and -202 A/C IGF-binding protein-3 promoter polymorphism with adult height in patients with severe growth hormone deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 76(5):683–690. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04267.x CrossRef Miletta MC, Scheidegger UA, Giordano M, Bozzola M, Pagani S, Bona G, Dattani M, Hindmarsh PC, Petkovic V, Oser-Meier M, Fluck CE, Mullis PE (2012) Association of the (CA)n repeat polymorphism of insulin-like growth factor-I and -202 A/C IGF-binding protein-3 promoter polymorphism with adult height in patients with severe growth hormone deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 76(5):683–690. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1365-2265.​2011.​04267.​x CrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Giustina A, Bronstein MD, Casanueva FF, Chanson P, Ghigo E, Ho KK, Klibanski A, Lamberts S, Trainer P, Melmed S (2011) Current management practices for acromegaly: an international survey. Pituitary 14(2):125–133. doi:10.1007/s11102-010-0269-9 PubMedCrossRef Giustina A, Bronstein MD, Casanueva FF, Chanson P, Ghigo E, Ho KK, Klibanski A, Lamberts S, Trainer P, Melmed S (2011) Current management practices for acromegaly: an international survey. Pituitary 14(2):125–133. doi:10.​1007/​s11102-010-0269-9 PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Kreutzer J, Vance ML, Lopes MB, Laws ER Jr (2001) Surgical management of GH-secreting pituitary adenomas: an outcome study using modern remission criteria. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86(9):4072–4077PubMedCrossRef Kreutzer J, Vance ML, Lopes MB, Laws ER Jr (2001) Surgical management of GH-secreting pituitary adenomas: an outcome study using modern remission criteria. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86(9):4072–4077PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat De P, Rees DA, Davies N, John R, Neal J, Mills RG, Vafidis J, Davies JS, Scanlon MF (2003) Transsphenoidal surgery for acromegaly in wales: results based on stringent criteria of remission. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88(8):3567–3572PubMedCrossRef De P, Rees DA, Davies N, John R, Neal J, Mills RG, Vafidis J, Davies JS, Scanlon MF (2003) Transsphenoidal surgery for acromegaly in wales: results based on stringent criteria of remission. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88(8):3567–3572PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Salaun C, Foubert L, Vialatou M, Kujas M, Turpin G (1999) Prognostic factors in the surgical management of acromegaly. Ann Med Intern (Paris) 150(3):195–198 Salaun C, Foubert L, Vialatou M, Kujas M, Turpin G (1999) Prognostic factors in the surgical management of acromegaly. Ann Med Intern (Paris) 150(3):195–198
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Bevan JS, Atkin SL, Atkinson AB, Bouloux PM, Hanna F, Harris PE, James RA, McConnell M, Roberts GA, Scanlon MF, Stewart PM, Teasdale E, Turner HE, Wass JA, Wardlaw JM (2002) Primary medical therapy for acromegaly: an open, prospective, multicenter study of the effects of subcutaneous and intramuscular slow-release octreotide on growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, and tumor size. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87(10):4554–4563PubMedCrossRef Bevan JS, Atkin SL, Atkinson AB, Bouloux PM, Hanna F, Harris PE, James RA, McConnell M, Roberts GA, Scanlon MF, Stewart PM, Teasdale E, Turner HE, Wass JA, Wardlaw JM (2002) Primary medical therapy for acromegaly: an open, prospective, multicenter study of the effects of subcutaneous and intramuscular slow-release octreotide on growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, and tumor size. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87(10):4554–4563PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Abe T, Sanno N, Osamura YR, Matsumoto K (1997) Proliferative potential in pituitary adenomas: measurement by monoclonal antibody MIB-1. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 139(7):613–618CrossRef Abe T, Sanno N, Osamura YR, Matsumoto K (1997) Proliferative potential in pituitary adenomas: measurement by monoclonal antibody MIB-1. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 139(7):613–618CrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Ekramullah SM, Saitoh Y, Arita N, Ohnishi T, Hayakawa T (1996) The correlation of Ki-67 staining indices with tumour doubling times in regrowing non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 138(12):1449–1455CrossRef Ekramullah SM, Saitoh Y, Arita N, Ohnishi T, Hayakawa T (1996) The correlation of Ki-67 staining indices with tumour doubling times in regrowing non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 138(12):1449–1455CrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Losa M, Franzin A, Mangili F, Terreni MR, Barzaghi R, Veglia F, Mortini P, Giovanelli M (2000) Proliferation index of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: correlations with clinical characteristics and long-term follow-up results. Neurosurgery 47(6):1313–1318; discussion 1318–1319 Losa M, Franzin A, Mangili F, Terreni MR, Barzaghi R, Veglia F, Mortini P, Giovanelli M (2000) Proliferation index of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: correlations with clinical characteristics and long-term follow-up results. Neurosurgery 47(6):1313–1318; discussion 1318–1319
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Carlsen SM, Lund-Johansen M, Schreiner T, Aanderud S, Johannesen O, Svartberg J, Cooper JG, Hald JK, Fougner SL, Bollerslev J (2008) Preoperative octreotide treatment in newly diagnosed acromegalic patients with macroadenomas increases cure short-term postoperative rates: a prospective, randomized trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(8):2984–2990. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0315 PubMedCrossRef Carlsen SM, Lund-Johansen M, Schreiner T, Aanderud S, Johannesen O, Svartberg J, Cooper JG, Hald JK, Fougner SL, Bollerslev J (2008) Preoperative octreotide treatment in newly diagnosed acromegalic patients with macroadenomas increases cure short-term postoperative rates: a prospective, randomized trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(8):2984–2990. doi:10.​1210/​jc.​2008-0315 PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Mao ZG, Zhu YH, Tang HL, Wang DY, Zhou J, He DS, Lan H, Luo BN, Wang HJ (2010) Preoperative lanreotide treatment in acromegalic patients with macroadenomas increases short-term postoperative cure rates: a prospective, randomised trial. Eur J Endocrinol 162(4):661–666. doi:10.1530/EJE-09-0908 PubMedCrossRef Mao ZG, Zhu YH, Tang HL, Wang DY, Zhou J, He DS, Lan H, Luo BN, Wang HJ (2010) Preoperative lanreotide treatment in acromegalic patients with macroadenomas increases short-term postoperative cure rates: a prospective, randomised trial. Eur J Endocrinol 162(4):661–666. doi:10.​1530/​EJE-09-0908 PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Shen M, Shou X, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Wu J, Mao Y, Li S, Zhao Y (2010) Effect of presurgical long-acting octreotide treatment in acromegaly patients with invasive pituitary macroadenomas: a prospective randomized study. Endocr J 57(12):1035–1044. doi:10.1507/endocrj.K10E-203 PubMedCrossRef Shen M, Shou X, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Wu J, Mao Y, Li S, Zhao Y (2010) Effect of presurgical long-acting octreotide treatment in acromegaly patients with invasive pituitary macroadenomas: a prospective randomized study. Endocr J 57(12):1035–1044. doi:10.​1507/​endocrj.​K10E-203 PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Colao A, Bronstein M, Freda P, Gu F, Shen CC, Gadelha M, Fleseriu M, van der Lely A, Farrall A, Hermosillo Resendiz K, Ruffin M, Chen Y, Sheppard M (2014) Pasireotide versus octreotide in acromegaly: a head-to-head superiority study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, jc20132480. doi:10.1210/jc.2013-2480 Colao A, Bronstein M, Freda P, Gu F, Shen CC, Gadelha M, Fleseriu M, van der Lely A, Farrall A, Hermosillo Resendiz K, Ruffin M, Chen Y, Sheppard M (2014) Pasireotide versus octreotide in acromegaly: a head-to-head superiority study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, jc20132480. doi:10.​1210/​jc.​2013-2480
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Freda PU (2002) Somatostatin analogs in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87(7):3013–3018PubMedCrossRef Freda PU (2002) Somatostatin analogs in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87(7):3013–3018PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Arosio M, Macchelli S, Rossi CM, Casati G, Biella O, Faglia G (1995) Effects of treatment with octreotide in acromegalic patients—a multicenter Italian study. Italian Multicenter Octreotide Study Group. Eur J Endocrinol 133(4):430–439PubMedCrossRef Arosio M, Macchelli S, Rossi CM, Casati G, Biella O, Faglia G (1995) Effects of treatment with octreotide in acromegalic patients—a multicenter Italian study. Italian Multicenter Octreotide Study Group. Eur J Endocrinol 133(4):430–439PubMedCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Ezzat S, Snyder PJ, Young WF, Boyajy LD, Newman C, Klibanski A, Molitch ME, Boyd AE, Sheeler L, Cook DM et al (1992) Octreotide treatment of acromegaly. A randomized, multicenter study. Ann Intern Med 117(9):711–718PubMedCrossRef Ezzat S, Snyder PJ, Young WF, Boyajy LD, Newman C, Klibanski A, Molitch ME, Boyd AE, Sheeler L, Cook DM et al (1992) Octreotide treatment of acromegaly. A randomized, multicenter study. Ann Intern Med 117(9):711–718PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Colao A, Ferone D, Marzullo P, Cappabianca P, Cirillo S, Boerlin V, Lancranjan I, Lombardi G (2001) Long-term effects of depot long-acting somatostatin analog octreotide on hormone levels and tumor mass in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86(6):2779–2786PubMed Colao A, Ferone D, Marzullo P, Cappabianca P, Cirillo S, Boerlin V, Lancranjan I, Lombardi G (2001) Long-term effects of depot long-acting somatostatin analog octreotide on hormone levels and tumor mass in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86(6):2779–2786PubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Freda PU, Katznelson L, van der Lely AJ, Reyes CM, Zhao S, Rabinowitz D (2005) Long-acting somatostatin analog therapy of acromegaly: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90(8):4465–4473. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0260 PubMedCrossRef Freda PU, Katznelson L, van der Lely AJ, Reyes CM, Zhao S, Rabinowitz D (2005) Long-acting somatostatin analog therapy of acromegaly: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90(8):4465–4473. doi:10.​1210/​jc.​2005-0260 PubMedCrossRef
72.
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Cozzi R, Attanasio R, Montini M, Pagani G, Lasio G, Lodrini S, Barausse M, Albizzi M, Dallabonzana D, Pedroncelli AM (2003) Four-year treatment with octreotide-long-acting repeatable in 110 acromegalic patients: predictive value of short-term results? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88(7):3090–3098PubMedCrossRef Cozzi R, Attanasio R, Montini M, Pagani G, Lasio G, Lodrini S, Barausse M, Albizzi M, Dallabonzana D, Pedroncelli AM (2003) Four-year treatment with octreotide-long-acting repeatable in 110 acromegalic patients: predictive value of short-term results? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88(7):3090–3098PubMedCrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Colao A, Pivonello R, Auriemma RS, Briganti F, Galdiero M, Tortora F, Caranci F, Cirillo S, Lombardi G (2006) Predictors of tumor shrinkage after primary therapy with somatostatin analogs in acromegaly: a prospective study in 99 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(6):2112–2118. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-2110 PubMedCrossRef Colao A, Pivonello R, Auriemma RS, Briganti F, Galdiero M, Tortora F, Caranci F, Cirillo S, Lombardi G (2006) Predictors of tumor shrinkage after primary therapy with somatostatin analogs in acromegaly: a prospective study in 99 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(6):2112–2118. doi:10.​1210/​jc.​2005-2110 PubMedCrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Resmini E, Dadati P, Ravetti JL, Zona G, Spaziante R, Saveanu A, Jaquet P, Culler MD, Bianchi F, Rebora A, Minuto F, Ferone D (2007) Rapid pituitary tumor shrinkage with dissociation between antiproliferative and antisecretory effects of a long-acting octreotide in an acromegalic patient. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92(5):1592–1599. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-2084 PubMedCrossRef Resmini E, Dadati P, Ravetti JL, Zona G, Spaziante R, Saveanu A, Jaquet P, Culler MD, Bianchi F, Rebora A, Minuto F, Ferone D (2007) Rapid pituitary tumor shrinkage with dissociation between antiproliferative and antisecretory effects of a long-acting octreotide in an acromegalic patient. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92(5):1592–1599. doi:10.​1210/​jc.​2006-2084 PubMedCrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Casarini AP, Jallad RS, Pinto EM, Soares IC, Nonogaki S, Giannella-Neto D, Musolino NR, Alves VA, Bronstein MD (2009) Acromegaly: correlation between expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes and response to octreotide-lar treatment. Pituitary 12(4):297–303. doi:10.1007/s11102-009-0175-1 PubMedCrossRef Casarini AP, Jallad RS, Pinto EM, Soares IC, Nonogaki S, Giannella-Neto D, Musolino NR, Alves VA, Bronstein MD (2009) Acromegaly: correlation between expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes and response to octreotide-lar treatment. Pituitary 12(4):297–303. doi:10.​1007/​s11102-009-0175-1 PubMedCrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Duran-Prado M, Saveanu A, Luque RM, Gahete MD, Gracia-Navarro F, Jaquet P, Dufour H, Malagon MM, Culler MD, Barlier A, Castano JP (2010) A potential inhibitory role for the new truncated variant of somatostatin receptor 5, sst5TMD4, in pituitary adenomas poorly responsive to somatostatin analogs. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95(5):2497–2502. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2247 PubMedCrossRef Duran-Prado M, Saveanu A, Luque RM, Gahete MD, Gracia-Navarro F, Jaquet P, Dufour H, Malagon MM, Culler MD, Barlier A, Castano JP (2010) A potential inhibitory role for the new truncated variant of somatostatin receptor 5, sst5TMD4, in pituitary adenomas poorly responsive to somatostatin analogs. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95(5):2497–2502. doi:10.​1210/​jc.​2009-2247 PubMedCrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Filopanti M, Ronchi C, Ballare E, Bondioni S, Lania AG, Losa M, Gelmini S, Peri A, Orlando C, Beck-Peccoz P, Spada A (2005) Analysis of somatostatin receptors 2 and 5 polymorphisms in patients with acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90(8):4824–4828. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0132 PubMedCrossRef Filopanti M, Ronchi C, Ballare E, Bondioni S, Lania AG, Losa M, Gelmini S, Peri A, Orlando C, Beck-Peccoz P, Spada A (2005) Analysis of somatostatin receptors 2 and 5 polymorphisms in patients with acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90(8):4824–4828. doi:10.​1210/​jc.​2005-0132 PubMedCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Fougner SL, Casar-Borota O, Heck A, Berg JP, Bollerslev J (2012) Adenoma granulation pattern correlates with clinical variables and effect of somatostatin analogue treatment in a large series of patients with acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 76(1):96–102. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04163.x CrossRef Fougner SL, Casar-Borota O, Heck A, Berg JP, Bollerslev J (2012) Adenoma granulation pattern correlates with clinical variables and effect of somatostatin analogue treatment in a large series of patients with acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 76(1):96–102. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1365-2265.​2011.​04163.​x CrossRef
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhayana S, Booth GL, Asa SL, Kovacs K, Ezzat S (2005) The implication of somatotroph adenoma phenotype to somatostatin analog responsiveness in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90(11):6290–6295. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0998 PubMedCrossRef Bhayana S, Booth GL, Asa SL, Kovacs K, Ezzat S (2005) The implication of somatotroph adenoma phenotype to somatostatin analog responsiveness in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90(11):6290–6295. doi:10.​1210/​jc.​2005-0998 PubMedCrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Colao A, Attanasio R, Pivonello R, Cappabianca P, Cavallo LM, Lasio G, Lodrini A, Lombardi G, Cozzi R (2006) Partial surgical removal of growth hormone-secreting pituitary tumors enhances the response to somatostatin analogs in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(1):85–92. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1208 PubMedCrossRef Colao A, Attanasio R, Pivonello R, Cappabianca P, Cavallo LM, Lasio G, Lodrini A, Lombardi G, Cozzi R (2006) Partial surgical removal of growth hormone-secreting pituitary tumors enhances the response to somatostatin analogs in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(1):85–92. doi:10.​1210/​jc.​2005-1208 PubMedCrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Ezzat S, Kontogeorgos G, Redelmeier DA, Horvath E, Harris AG, Kovacs K (1995) In vivo responsiveness of morphological variants of growth hormone-producing pituitary adenomas to octreotide. Eur J Endocrinol 133(6):686–690PubMedCrossRef Ezzat S, Kontogeorgos G, Redelmeier DA, Horvath E, Harris AG, Kovacs K (1995) In vivo responsiveness of morphological variants of growth hormone-producing pituitary adenomas to octreotide. Eur J Endocrinol 133(6):686–690PubMedCrossRef
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Buchfelder M, Weigel D, Droste M, Mann K, Saller B, Brubach K, Stalla GK, Bidlingmaier M, Strasburger CJ (2009) Pituitary tumor size in acromegaly during pegvisomant treatment: experience from MR re-evaluations of the German Pegvisomant Observational Study. Eur J Endocrinol 161(1):27–35. doi:10.1530/EJE-08-0910 PubMedCrossRef Buchfelder M, Weigel D, Droste M, Mann K, Saller B, Brubach K, Stalla GK, Bidlingmaier M, Strasburger CJ (2009) Pituitary tumor size in acromegaly during pegvisomant treatment: experience from MR re-evaluations of the German Pegvisomant Observational Study. Eur J Endocrinol 161(1):27–35. doi:10.​1530/​EJE-08-0910 PubMedCrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Jimenez C, Burman P, Abs R, Clemmons DR, Drake WM, Hutson KR, Messig M, Thorner MO, Trainer PJ, Gagel RF (2008) Follow-up of pituitary tumor volume in patients with acromegaly treated with pegvisomant in clinical trials. Eur J Endocrinol 159(5):517–523. doi:10.1530/EJE-08-0205 PubMedCrossRef Jimenez C, Burman P, Abs R, Clemmons DR, Drake WM, Hutson KR, Messig M, Thorner MO, Trainer PJ, Gagel RF (2008) Follow-up of pituitary tumor volume in patients with acromegaly treated with pegvisomant in clinical trials. Eur J Endocrinol 159(5):517–523. doi:10.​1530/​EJE-08-0205 PubMedCrossRef
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Marazuela M, Paniagua AE, Gahete MD, Lucas T, Alvarez-Escola C, Manzanares R, Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Luque-Ramirez M, Luque RM, Fernandez-Rodriguez E, Castano JP, Bernabeu I (2010) Somatotroph tumor progression during pegvisomant therapy: a clinical and molecular study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. doi:10.1210/jc.2010-1742 Marazuela M, Paniagua AE, Gahete MD, Lucas T, Alvarez-Escola C, Manzanares R, Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Luque-Ramirez M, Luque RM, Fernandez-Rodriguez E, Castano JP, Bernabeu I (2010) Somatotroph tumor progression during pegvisomant therapy: a clinical and molecular study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. doi:10.​1210/​jc.​2010-1742
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernabeu I, Alvarez-Escola C, Quinteiro C, Lucas T, Puig-Domingo M, Luque-Ramirez M, de Miguel-Novoa P, Fernandez-Rodriguez E, Halperin I, Loidi L, Casanueva FF, Marazuela M (2010) The exon 3-deleted growth hormone receptor is associated with better response to pegvisomant therapy in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95(1):222–229. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-1630 PubMedCrossRef Bernabeu I, Alvarez-Escola C, Quinteiro C, Lucas T, Puig-Domingo M, Luque-Ramirez M, de Miguel-Novoa P, Fernandez-Rodriguez E, Halperin I, Loidi L, Casanueva FF, Marazuela M (2010) The exon 3-deleted growth hormone receptor is associated with better response to pegvisomant therapy in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95(1):222–229. doi:10.​1210/​jc.​2009-1630 PubMedCrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Bianchi A, Mazziotti G, Tilaro L, Cimino V, Veltri F, Gaetani E, Pecorini G, Pontecorvi A, Giustina A, De Marinis L (2009) Growth hormone receptor polymorphism and the effects of pegvisomant in acromegaly. Pituitary 12(3):196–199. doi:10.1007/s11102-008-0157-8 PubMedCrossRef Bianchi A, Mazziotti G, Tilaro L, Cimino V, Veltri F, Gaetani E, Pecorini G, Pontecorvi A, Giustina A, De Marinis L (2009) Growth hormone receptor polymorphism and the effects of pegvisomant in acromegaly. Pituitary 12(3):196–199. doi:10.​1007/​s11102-008-0157-8 PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Update on prognostic factors in acromegaly: Is a risk score possible?
verfasst von
E. Fernandez-Rodriguez
F. F. Casanueva
I. Bernabeu
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2015
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Pituitary / Ausgabe 3/2015
Print ISSN: 1386-341X
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-7403
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-014-0574-9

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2015

Pituitary 3/2015 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Erhebliches Risiko für Kehlkopfkrebs bei mäßiger Dysplasie

29.05.2024 Larynxkarzinom Nachrichten

Fast ein Viertel der Personen mit mäßig dysplastischen Stimmlippenläsionen entwickelt einen Kehlkopftumor. Solche Personen benötigen daher eine besonders enge ärztliche Überwachung.

Nach Herzinfarkt mit Typ-1-Diabetes schlechtere Karten als mit Typ 2?

29.05.2024 Herzinfarkt Nachrichten

Bei Menschen mit Typ-2-Diabetes sind die Chancen, einen Myokardinfarkt zu überleben, in den letzten 15 Jahren deutlich gestiegen – nicht jedoch bei Betroffenen mit Typ 1.

15% bedauern gewählte Blasenkrebs-Therapie

29.05.2024 Urothelkarzinom Nachrichten

Ob Patienten und Patientinnen mit neu diagnostiziertem Blasenkrebs ein Jahr später Bedauern über die Therapieentscheidung empfinden, wird einer Studie aus England zufolge von der Radikalität und dem Erfolg des Eingriffs beeinflusst.

Costims – das nächste heiße Ding in der Krebstherapie?

28.05.2024 Onkologische Immuntherapie Nachrichten

„Kalte“ Tumoren werden heiß – CD28-kostimulatorische Antikörper sollen dies ermöglichen. Am besten könnten diese in Kombination mit BiTEs und Checkpointhemmern wirken. Erste klinische Studien laufen bereits.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.