Introduction
Background: COVID-19 Vaccine Rollouts in the USA
Motivation: Early Vaccine Distribution and Cumulative Disadvantage
Overview
Data and Methods
Data
City | Source | Time 1 | Time 2 |
---|---|---|---|
New York | New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene | March 22, 2021 | April 13, 2021 |
Chicago | Chicago Department of Public Health | March 22, 2021 | April 13, 2021 |
Houston | Texas Department of State Health Services | March 22, 2021 | April 11, 2021 |
Phoenix | Arizona Department of Health Services | March 22, 2021 | April 13, 2021 |
Philadelphia | Philadelphia Department of Public Health | March 21, 2021 | April 12, 2021 |
San Antonio | Texas Department of State Health Services | March 22, 2021 | April 11, 2021 |
San Diego | County of San Diego Health and Human Services Agency | March 21, 2021 | April 12, 2021 |
Dallas | Texas Department of State Health Services | March 22, 2021 | April 11, 2021 |
Unit of Analysis
Independent Variables
Vaccination Priority Populations
Socioeconomic Composition
Racial/Ethnic Composition
Dependent Variable
Spatial-Statistical Analysis
Results
Descriptive Findings
\(M\) | \({SD}\) | \(M\) | \({SD}\) | \(M\) | \({SD}\) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
New York (\(n=175\)) | Chicago (\(n=53\)) | Houston (\(n=99\)) | ||||||
% vaccinated, March | 28.18 | 7.94 | % vaccinated, March | 28.70 | 5.50 | % vaccinated, March | 27.23 | 10.03 |
% vaccinated, April | 43.60 | 11.71 | % vaccinated, April | 45.08 | 9.46 | % vaccinated, April | 40.97 | 13.64 |
% vaccinated, difference | 15.42 | 5.24 | % vaccinated, difference | 16.38 | 5.21 | % vaccinated, difference | 13.75 | 4.03 |
% 65 + | 14.98 | 5.09 | % 65 + | 12.55 | 4.06 | % 65 + | 10.32 | 3.09 |
% health care workers | 17.42 | 6.49 | % health care workers | 13.93 | 3.73 | % health care workers | 10.81 | 3.31 |
% under poverty line | 15.91 | 9.42 | % under poverty line | 17.93 | 9.90 | % under poverty line | 18.33 | 9.36 |
% w/ Medicaid, etc | 16.61 | 9.96 | % w/ Medicaid, etc | 12.98 | 9.48 | % w/ Medicaid, etc | 6.35 | 4.13 |
% w/o health insurance | 8.16 | 4.40 | % w/o health insurance | 10.13 | 5.97 | % w/o health insurance | 25.09 | 12.31 |
% w/o internet access | 14.62 | 6.47 | % w/o internet access | 16.34 | 9.10 | % w/o internet access | 16.51 | 10.85 |
% Black | 19.82 | 23.39 | % Black | 29.67 | 33.53 | % Black | 22.73 | 18.63 |
% Hispanic | 26.37 | 19.34 | % Hispanic | 22.43 | 21.94 | % Hispanic | 42.58 | 22.27 |
% Asian | 14.77 | 13.96 | % Asian | 7.87 | 8.61 | % Asian | 6.56 | 6.23 |
Phoenix (\(n=50\)) | Philadelphia (\(n=46\)) | San Antonio (\(n=48\)) | ||||||
% vaccinated, March | 27.78 | 11.00 | % vaccinated, March | 23.30 | 7.65 | % vaccinated, March | 29.10 | 9.04 |
% vaccinated, April | 40.17 | 13.48 | % vaccinated, April | 35.58 | 8.74 | % vaccinated, April | 42.21 | 11.90 |
% vaccinated, difference | 12.38 | 3.19 | % vaccinated, difference | 12.28 | 2.01 | % vaccinated, difference | 13.11 | 3.33 |
% 65 + | 11.32 | 4.35 | % 65 + | 14.18 | 4.61 | % 65 + | 11.90 | 3.24 |
% health care workers | 12.08 | 2.16 | % health care workers | 20.63 | 4.38 | % health care workers | 14.06 | 2.31 |
% under poverty line | 16.82 | 10.04 | % under poverty line | 22.25 | 11.17 | % under poverty line | 16.55 | 8.85 |
% w/ Medicaid, etc | 12.38 | 7.14 | % w/ Medicaid, etc | 15.52 | 9.37 | % w/ Medicaid, etc | 4.99 | 3.01 |
% w/o health insurance | 14.37 | 8.32 | % w/o health insurance | 8.74 | 3.58 | % w/o health insurance | 18.89 | 8.42 |
% w/o internet access | 13.49 | 9.36 | % w/o internet access | 18.16 | 8.49 | % w/o internet access | 15.69 | 9.88 |
% Black | 6.04 | 4.29 | % Black | 38.51 | 30.97 | % Black | 7.13 | 7.67 |
% Hispanic | 37.30 | 23.95 | % Hispanic | 11.99 | 13.48 | % Hispanic | 61.79 | 20.90 |
% Asian | 3.96 | 2.77 | % Asian | 6.96 | 5.82 | % Asian | 2.85 | 2.72 |
San Diego (\(n=33\)) | Dallas (\(n=48\)) | Overall (\(N=552\)) | ||||||
% vaccinated, March | 34.16 | 8.45 | % vaccinated, March | 27.02 | 10.40 | % vaccinated, March | 27.95 | 9.00 |
% vaccinated, April | 50.30 | 10.81 | % vaccinated, April | 42.04 | 13.92 | % vaccinated, April | 42.44 | 12.34 |
% vaccinated, difference | 16.13 | 3.45 | % vaccinated, difference | 15.02 | 4.72 | % vaccinated, difference | 14.48 | 4.56 |
% 65 + | 13.18 | 4.36 | % 65 + | 10.55 | 5.72 | % 65 + | 12.75 | 4.81 |
% health care workers | 12.87 | 2.00 | % health care workers | 11.22 | 2.42 | % health care workers | 14.58 | 5.45 |
% under poverty line | 11.98 | 6.68 | % under poverty line | 17.11 | 9.02 | % under poverty line | 17.08 | 9.64 |
% w/ Medicaid, etc | 9.63 | 7.17 | % w/ Medicaid, etc | 5.11 | 3.89 | % w/ Medicaid, etc | 11.52 | 9.04 |
% w/o health insurance | 8.11 | 5.43 | % w/o health insurance | 24.26 | 11.89 | % w/o health insurance | 14.33 | 10.65 |
% w/o internet access | 7.03 | 5.30 | % w/o internet access | 18.29 | 12.72 | % w/o internet access | 15.28 | 9.26 |
% Black | 5.34 | 4.40 | % Black | 22.88 | 19.50 | % Black | 19.89 | 23.32 |
% Hispanic | 26.84 | 21.38 | % Hispanic | 36.52 | 20.75 | % Hispanic | 32.68 | 23.95 |
% Asian | 15.39 | 11.40 | % Asian | 5.23 | 9.70 | % Asian | 9.18 | 10.79 |
Model Estimates
(1) | (2) | (3) | |
---|---|---|---|
% vaccinated, March | % vaccinated, April | Difference | |
Vaccination priority populations | |||
% 65 + | 0.593*** | 0.470*** | − 0.122* |
(0.048) | (0.075) | (0.054) | |
% health care workers | 0.147 | − 0.063 | − 0.201*** |
(0.257) | (0.309) | (0.055) | |
Socioeconomic composition | |||
% under poverty line | − 0.102* | − 0.138** | − 0.039 |
(0.051) | (0.051) | (0.023) | |
% w/ Medicaid, etc | − 0.102*** | − 0.127** | − 0.021 |
(0.024) | (0.046) | (0.029) | |
% w/o health insurance | − 0.418*** | − 0.655*** | − 0.234*** |
(0.039) | (0.053) | (0.023) | |
% w/o internet access | − 0.040 | − 0.036 | 0.003 |
(0.051) | (0.060) | (0.011) | |
Racial/ethnic composition | |||
% Black | − 0.111 | − 0.132 | − 0.021 |
(0.061) | (0.084) | (0.025) | |
% Hispanic | 0.041 | 0.076 | 0.036*** |
(0.035) | (0.041) | (0.010) | |
% Asian | 0.101 | 0.230* | 0.127*** |
(0.067) | (0.103) | (0.037) | |
Residual Moran’s\(I\) | |||
Standard linear model (SLM) | 0.250*** | 0.222*** | 0.202*** |
Spatial error model (SEM) | 0.027 | 0.014 | − 0.015 |