Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Translational Stroke Research 1/2010

01.03.2010 | Review Article

Pharmacologic Preconditioning: Translating the Promise

verfasst von: Jeffrey M. Gidday

Erschienen in: Translational Stroke Research | Ausgabe 1/2010

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

A transient, ischemia-resistant phenotype known as “ischemic tolerance” can be established in brain in a rapid or delayed fashion by a preceding noninjurious “preconditioning” stimulus. Initial preclinical studies of this phenomenon relied primarily on brief periods of ischemia or hypoxia as preconditioning stimuli, but it was later realized that many other stressors, including pharmacologic ones, are also effective. This review highlights the surprisingly wide variety of drugs now known to promote ischemic tolerance, documented and to some extent mechanistically characterized in preclinical animal models of stroke. Although considerably more experimentation is needed to thoroughly validate the ability of any currently identified preconditioning agent to protect ischemic brain, the fact that some of these drugs are already clinically approved for other indications implies that the growing enthusiasm for translational success in the field of pharmacologic preconditioning may be well justified.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Gidday JM (2006) Cerebral preconditioning and ischaemic tolerance. Nat Rev Neurosci 7(6):437–448PubMed Gidday JM (2006) Cerebral preconditioning and ischaemic tolerance. Nat Rev Neurosci 7(6):437–448PubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Dirnagl U, Becker K, Meisel A (2009) Preconditioning and tolerance against cerebral ischaemia: from experimental strategies to clinical use. Lancet Neurol 8(4):398–412PubMed Dirnagl U, Becker K, Meisel A (2009) Preconditioning and tolerance against cerebral ischaemia: from experimental strategies to clinical use. Lancet Neurol 8(4):398–412PubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Endres M, Engelhardt B, Koistinaho J, Lindvall O, Meairs S, Mohr JP et al (2008) Improving outcome after stroke: overcoming the translational roadblock. Cerebrovasc Dis (Basel, Switzerland) 25(3):268–278 Endres M, Engelhardt B, Koistinaho J, Lindvall O, Meairs S, Mohr JP et al (2008) Improving outcome after stroke: overcoming the translational roadblock. Cerebrovasc Dis (Basel, Switzerland) 25(3):268–278
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Kapinya KJ, Prass K, Dirnagl U (2002) Isoflurane induced prolonged protection against cerebral ischemia in mice: a redox sensitive mechanism? NeuroReport 13(11):1431–1435PubMed Kapinya KJ, Prass K, Dirnagl U (2002) Isoflurane induced prolonged protection against cerebral ischemia in mice: a redox sensitive mechanism? NeuroReport 13(11):1431–1435PubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Zheng S, Zuo Z (2004) Isoflurane preconditioning induces neuroprotection against ischemia via activation of P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases. Mol Pharmacol 65(5):1172–1180PubMed Zheng S, Zuo Z (2004) Isoflurane preconditioning induces neuroprotection against ischemia via activation of P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases. Mol Pharmacol 65(5):1172–1180PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Kitano H, Kirsch JR, Hurn PD, Murphy SJ (2007) Inhalational anesthetics as neuroprotectants or chemical preconditioning agents in ischemic brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 27(6):1108–1128PubMed Kitano H, Kirsch JR, Hurn PD, Murphy SJ (2007) Inhalational anesthetics as neuroprotectants or chemical preconditioning agents in ischemic brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 27(6):1108–1128PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhao P, Zuo Z (2004) Isoflurane preconditioning induces neuroprotection that is inducible nitric oxide synthase-dependent in neonatal rats. Anesthesiology 101(3):695–703PubMed Zhao P, Zuo Z (2004) Isoflurane preconditioning induces neuroprotection that is inducible nitric oxide synthase-dependent in neonatal rats. Anesthesiology 101(3):695–703PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat McAuliffe JJ, Joseph B, Vorhees CV (2007) Isoflurane-delayed preconditioning reduces immediate mortality and improves striatal function in adult mice after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Anesthes Analges 104(5):1066–1077, tables of contents McAuliffe JJ, Joseph B, Vorhees CV (2007) Isoflurane-delayed preconditioning reduces immediate mortality and improves striatal function in adult mice after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Anesthes Analges 104(5):1066–1077, tables of contents
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhao P, Peng L, Li L, Xu X, Zuo Z (2007) Isoflurane preconditioning improves long-term neurologic outcome after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats. Anesthesiology 107(6):963–970PubMed Zhao P, Peng L, Li L, Xu X, Zuo Z (2007) Isoflurane preconditioning improves long-term neurologic outcome after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats. Anesthesiology 107(6):963–970PubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Ma D, Hossain M, Pettet GK, Luo Y, Lim T, Akimov S et al (2006) Xenon preconditioning reduces brain damage from neonatal asphyxia in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 26(2):199–208PubMed Ma D, Hossain M, Pettet GK, Luo Y, Lim T, Akimov S et al (2006) Xenon preconditioning reduces brain damage from neonatal asphyxia in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 26(2):199–208PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Luo Y, Ma D, Ieong E, Sanders RD, Yu B, Hossain M et al (2008) Xenon and sevoflurane protect against brain injury in a neonatal asphyxia model. Anesthesiology 109(5):782–789PubMed Luo Y, Ma D, Ieong E, Sanders RD, Yu B, Hossain M et al (2008) Xenon and sevoflurane protect against brain injury in a neonatal asphyxia model. Anesthesiology 109(5):782–789PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Payne RS, Akca O, Roewer N, Schurr A, Kehl F (2005) Sevoflurane-induced preconditioning protects against cerebral ischemic neuronal damage in rats. Brain Res 1034(1–2):147–152PubMed Payne RS, Akca O, Roewer N, Schurr A, Kehl F (2005) Sevoflurane-induced preconditioning protects against cerebral ischemic neuronal damage in rats. Brain Res 1034(1–2):147–152PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Codaccioni JL, Velly LJ, Moubarik C, Bruder NJ, Pisano PS, Guillet BA (2009) Sevoflurane preconditioning against focal cerebral ischemia: inhibition of apoptosis in the face of transient improvement of neurological outcome. Anesthesiology 110(6):1271–1278PubMed Codaccioni JL, Velly LJ, Moubarik C, Bruder NJ, Pisano PS, Guillet BA (2009) Sevoflurane preconditioning against focal cerebral ischemia: inhibition of apoptosis in the face of transient improvement of neurological outcome. Anesthesiology 110(6):1271–1278PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Ding Q, Wang Q, Deng J, Gu Q, Hu S, Li Y et al (2009) Sevoflurane preconditioning induces rapid ischemic tolerance against spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in rabbits. Anesthes Analges 109(4):1263–1272 Ding Q, Wang Q, Deng J, Gu Q, Hu S, Li Y et al (2009) Sevoflurane preconditioning induces rapid ischemic tolerance against spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in rabbits. Anesthes Analges 109(4):1263–1272
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Clarkson AN (2007) Anesthetic-mediated protection/preconditioning during cerebral ischemia. Life Sci 80(13):1157–1175PubMed Clarkson AN (2007) Anesthetic-mediated protection/preconditioning during cerebral ischemia. Life Sci 80(13):1157–1175PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang L, Traystman RJ, Murphy SJ (2008) Inhalational anesthetics as preconditioning agents in ischemic brain. Curr Opinion Pharmacol 8(1):104–110 Wang L, Traystman RJ, Murphy SJ (2008) Inhalational anesthetics as preconditioning agents in ischemic brain. Curr Opinion Pharmacol 8(1):104–110
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Heurteaux C, Lauritzen I, Widmann C, Lazdunski M (1995) Essential role of adenosine, adenosine A1 receptors, and ATP-sensitive K+ channels in cerebral ischemic preconditioning. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92(10):4666–4670PubMed Heurteaux C, Lauritzen I, Widmann C, Lazdunski M (1995) Essential role of adenosine, adenosine A1 receptors, and ATP-sensitive K+ channels in cerebral ischemic preconditioning. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92(10):4666–4670PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Lenzser G, Kis B, Bari F, Busija DW (2005) Diazoxide preconditioning attenuates global cerebral ischemia-induced blood-brain barrier permeability. Brain Res 1051(1–2):72–80PubMed Lenzser G, Kis B, Bari F, Busija DW (2005) Diazoxide preconditioning attenuates global cerebral ischemia-induced blood-brain barrier permeability. Brain Res 1051(1–2):72–80PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Watanabe M, Katsura K, Ohsawa I, Mizukoshi G, Takahashi K, Asoh S et al (2008) Involvement of mitoKATP channel in protective mechanisms of cerebral ischemic tolerance. Brain Res 1238:199–207PubMed Watanabe M, Katsura K, Ohsawa I, Mizukoshi G, Takahashi K, Asoh S et al (2008) Involvement of mitoKATP channel in protective mechanisms of cerebral ischemic tolerance. Brain Res 1238:199–207PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Mayanagi K, Gaspar T, Katakam PV, Busija DW (2007) Systemic administration of diazoxide induces delayed preconditioning against transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res 1168:106–111PubMed Mayanagi K, Gaspar T, Katakam PV, Busija DW (2007) Systemic administration of diazoxide induces delayed preconditioning against transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res 1168:106–111PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Shake JG, Peck EA, Marban E, Gott VL, Johnston MV, Troncoso JC et al (2001) Pharmacologically induced preconditioning with diazoxide: a novel approach to brain protection. Annals Thorac Surg 72(6):1849–1854 Shake JG, Peck EA, Marban E, Gott VL, Johnston MV, Troncoso JC et al (2001) Pharmacologically induced preconditioning with diazoxide: a novel approach to brain protection. Annals Thorac Surg 72(6):1849–1854
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Dirnagl U, Meisel A (2008) Endogenous neuroprotection: mitochondria as gateways to cerebral preconditioning? Neuropharmacology 55(3):334–344PubMed Dirnagl U, Meisel A (2008) Endogenous neuroprotection: mitochondria as gateways to cerebral preconditioning? Neuropharmacology 55(3):334–344PubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Selim M (2009) Deferoxamine mesylate: a new hope for intracerebral hemorrhage: from bench to clinical trials. Stroke 40(3 Suppl):S90–S91PubMed Selim M (2009) Deferoxamine mesylate: a new hope for intracerebral hemorrhage: from bench to clinical trials. Stroke 40(3 Suppl):S90–S91PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Bergeron M, Gidday JM, Yu AY, Semenza GL, Ferriero DM, Sharp FR (2000) Role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 in hypoxia-induced ischemic tolerance in neonatal rat brain. Ann Neurol 48(3):285–296PubMed Bergeron M, Gidday JM, Yu AY, Semenza GL, Ferriero DM, Sharp FR (2000) Role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 in hypoxia-induced ischemic tolerance in neonatal rat brain. Ann Neurol 48(3):285–296PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones NM, Kardashyan L, Callaway JK, Lee EM, Beart PM (2008) Long-term functional and protective actions of preconditioning with hypoxia, cobalt chloride, and desferrioxamine against hypoxic-ischemic injury in neonatal rats. Pediatr Res 63(6):620–624PubMed Jones NM, Kardashyan L, Callaway JK, Lee EM, Beart PM (2008) Long-term functional and protective actions of preconditioning with hypoxia, cobalt chloride, and desferrioxamine against hypoxic-ischemic injury in neonatal rats. Pediatr Res 63(6):620–624PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Prass K, Ruscher K, Karsch M, Isaev N, Megow D, Priller J et al (2002) Desferrioxamine induces delayed tolerance against cerebral ischemia in vivo and in vitro. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 22(5):520–525PubMed Prass K, Ruscher K, Karsch M, Isaev N, Megow D, Priller J et al (2002) Desferrioxamine induces delayed tolerance against cerebral ischemia in vivo and in vitro. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 22(5):520–525PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Ratan RR, Siddiq A, Aminova L, Langley B, McConoughey S, Karpisheva K et al (2008) Small molecule activation of adaptive gene expression: tilorone or its analogs are novel potent activators of hypoxia inducible factor-1 that provide prophylaxis against stroke and spinal cord injury. Ann NY Acad Sci 1147:383–394PubMedCrossRef Ratan RR, Siddiq A, Aminova L, Langley B, McConoughey S, Karpisheva K et al (2008) Small molecule activation of adaptive gene expression: tilorone or its analogs are novel potent activators of hypoxia inducible factor-1 that provide prophylaxis against stroke and spinal cord injury. Ann NY Acad Sci 1147:383–394PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Papandreou I, Cairns RA, Fontana L, Lim AL, Denko NC (2006) HIF-1 mediates adaptation to hypoxia by actively downregulating mitochondrial oxygen consumption. Cell Metab 3(3):187–197PubMed Papandreou I, Cairns RA, Fontana L, Lim AL, Denko NC (2006) HIF-1 mediates adaptation to hypoxia by actively downregulating mitochondrial oxygen consumption. Cell Metab 3(3):187–197PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Aragones J, Fraisl P, Baes M, Carmeliet P (2009) Oxygen sensors at the crossroad of metabolism. Cell Metab 9(1):11–22PubMed Aragones J, Fraisl P, Baes M, Carmeliet P (2009) Oxygen sensors at the crossroad of metabolism. Cell Metab 9(1):11–22PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Helton R, Cui J, Scheel JR, Ellison JA, Ames C, Gibson C et al (2005) Brain-specific knock-out of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha reduces rather than increases hypoxic-ischemic damage. J Neurosci 25(16):4099–4107PubMed Helton R, Cui J, Scheel JR, Ellison JA, Ames C, Gibson C et al (2005) Brain-specific knock-out of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha reduces rather than increases hypoxic-ischemic damage. J Neurosci 25(16):4099–4107PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Baranova O, Miranda LF, Pichiule P, Dragatsis I, Johnson RS, Chavez JC (2007) Neuron-specific inactivation of the hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha increases brain injury in a mouse model of transient focal cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci 27(23):6320–6332PubMed Baranova O, Miranda LF, Pichiule P, Dragatsis I, Johnson RS, Chavez JC (2007) Neuron-specific inactivation of the hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha increases brain injury in a mouse model of transient focal cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci 27(23):6320–6332PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernaudin M, Marti HH, Roussel S, Divoux D, Nouvelot A, MacKenzie ET et al (1999) A potential role for erythropoietin in focal permanent cerebral ischemia in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 19(6):643–651PubMed Bernaudin M, Marti HH, Roussel S, Divoux D, Nouvelot A, MacKenzie ET et al (1999) A potential role for erythropoietin in focal permanent cerebral ischemia in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 19(6):643–651PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Ruscher K, Freyer D, Karsch M, Isaev N, Megow D, Sawitzki B et al (2002) Erythropoietin is a paracrine mediator of ischemic tolerance in the brain: evidence from an in vitro model. J Neurosci 22(23):10291–10301PubMed Ruscher K, Freyer D, Karsch M, Isaev N, Megow D, Sawitzki B et al (2002) Erythropoietin is a paracrine mediator of ischemic tolerance in the brain: evidence from an in vitro model. J Neurosci 22(23):10291–10301PubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Prass K, Scharff A, Ruscher K, Lowl D, Muselmann C, Victorov I et al (2003) Hypoxia-induced stroke tolerance in the mouse is mediated by erythropoietin. Stroke 34(8):1981–1986PubMed Prass K, Scharff A, Ruscher K, Lowl D, Muselmann C, Victorov I et al (2003) Hypoxia-induced stroke tolerance in the mouse is mediated by erythropoietin. Stroke 34(8):1981–1986PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Malhotra S, Savitz SI, Ocava L, Rosenbaum DM (2006) Ischemic preconditioning is mediated by erythropoietin through PI-3 kinase signaling in an animal model of transient ischemic attack. J Neurosci Res 83(1):19–27PubMed Malhotra S, Savitz SI, Ocava L, Rosenbaum DM (2006) Ischemic preconditioning is mediated by erythropoietin through PI-3 kinase signaling in an animal model of transient ischemic attack. J Neurosci Res 83(1):19–27PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Gu GJ, Li YP, Peng ZY, Xu JJ, Kang ZM, Xu WG et al (2008) Mechanism of ischemic tolerance induced by hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning involves upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and erythropoietin in rats. J Appl Physiol 104(4):1185–1191PubMed Gu GJ, Li YP, Peng ZY, Xu JJ, Kang ZM, Xu WG et al (2008) Mechanism of ischemic tolerance induced by hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning involves upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and erythropoietin in rats. J Appl Physiol 104(4):1185–1191PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Chavez JC, Baranova O, Lin J, Pichiule P (2006) The transcriptional activator hypoxia inducible factor 2 (HIF-2/EPAS-1) regulates the oxygen-dependent expression of erythropoietin in cortical astrocytes. J Neurosci 26(37):9471–9481PubMed Chavez JC, Baranova O, Lin J, Pichiule P (2006) The transcriptional activator hypoxia inducible factor 2 (HIF-2/EPAS-1) regulates the oxygen-dependent expression of erythropoietin in cortical astrocytes. J Neurosci 26(37):9471–9481PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Rabie T, Marti HH (2008) Brain protection by erythropoietin: a manifold task. Physiology 23:263–274PubMed Rabie T, Marti HH (2008) Brain protection by erythropoietin: a manifold task. Physiology 23:263–274PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Minnerup J, Heidrich J, Rogalewski A, Schabitz WR, Wellmann J (2009) The efficacy of erythropoietin and its analogues in animal stroke models: a meta-analysis. Stroke 40(9):3113–3120PubMed Minnerup J, Heidrich J, Rogalewski A, Schabitz WR, Wellmann J (2009) The efficacy of erythropoietin and its analogues in animal stroke models: a meta-analysis. Stroke 40(9):3113–3120PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Siren AL, Fasshauer T, Bartels C, Ehrenreich H (2009) Therapeutic potential of erythropoietin and its structural or functional variants in the nervous system. Neurotherapeutics 6(1):108–127PubMed Siren AL, Fasshauer T, Bartels C, Ehrenreich H (2009) Therapeutic potential of erythropoietin and its structural or functional variants in the nervous system. Neurotherapeutics 6(1):108–127PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Ehrenreich H, Hasselblatt M, Dembowski C, Cepek L, Lewczuk P, Stiefel M et al (2002) Erythropoietin therapy for acute stroke is both safe and beneficial. Mol Med 8(8):495–505PubMed Ehrenreich H, Hasselblatt M, Dembowski C, Cepek L, Lewczuk P, Stiefel M et al (2002) Erythropoietin therapy for acute stroke is both safe and beneficial. Mol Med 8(8):495–505PubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Ehrenreich H, Weissenborn K, Prange H, Schneider D, Weimar C, Wartenberg K et al (2009) Recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 40(12):e647–e656PubMed Ehrenreich H, Weissenborn K, Prange H, Schneider D, Weimar C, Wartenberg K et al (2009) Recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 40(12):e647–e656PubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Huber R, Kasischke K, Ludolph AC, Riepe MW (1999) Increase of cellular hypoxic tolerance by erythromycin and other antibiotics. NeuroReport 10(7):1543–1546PubMed Huber R, Kasischke K, Ludolph AC, Riepe MW (1999) Increase of cellular hypoxic tolerance by erythromycin and other antibiotics. NeuroReport 10(7):1543–1546PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Brambrink AM, Koerner IP, Diehl K, Strobel G, Noppens R, Kempski O (2006) The antibiotic erythromycin induces tolerance against transient global cerebral ischemia in rats (pharmacologic preconditioning). Anesthesiology 104(6):1208–1215PubMed Brambrink AM, Koerner IP, Diehl K, Strobel G, Noppens R, Kempski O (2006) The antibiotic erythromycin induces tolerance against transient global cerebral ischemia in rats (pharmacologic preconditioning). Anesthesiology 104(6):1208–1215PubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Koerner IP, Gatting M, Noppens R, Kempski O, Brambrink AM (2007) Induction of cerebral ischemic tolerance by erythromycin preconditioning reprograms the transcriptional response to ischemia and suppresses inflammation. Anesthesiology 106(3):538–547PubMed Koerner IP, Gatting M, Noppens R, Kempski O, Brambrink AM (2007) Induction of cerebral ischemic tolerance by erythromycin preconditioning reprograms the transcriptional response to ischemia and suppresses inflammation. Anesthesiology 106(3):538–547PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Chu K, Lee ST, Sinn DI, Ko SY, Kim EH, Kim JM et al (2007) Pharmacological induction of ischemic tolerance by glutamate transporter-1 (EAAT2) upregulation. Stroke 38(1):177–182PubMed Chu K, Lee ST, Sinn DI, Ko SY, Kim EH, Kim JM et al (2007) Pharmacological induction of ischemic tolerance by glutamate transporter-1 (EAAT2) upregulation. Stroke 38(1):177–182PubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Meisel C, Prass K, Braun J, Victorov I, Wolf T, Megow D et al (2004) Preventive antibacterial treatment improves the general medical and neurological outcome in a mouse model of stroke. Stroke 35(1):2–6PubMed Meisel C, Prass K, Braun J, Victorov I, Wolf T, Megow D et al (2004) Preventive antibacterial treatment improves the general medical and neurological outcome in a mouse model of stroke. Stroke 35(1):2–6PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Klehmet J, Harms H, Richter M, Prass K, Volk HD, Dirnagl U et al (2009) Stroke-induced immunodepression and post-stroke infections: lessons from the preventive antibacterial therapy in stroke trial. Neuroscience 158(3):1184–1193PubMed Klehmet J, Harms H, Richter M, Prass K, Volk HD, Dirnagl U et al (2009) Stroke-induced immunodepression and post-stroke infections: lessons from the preventive antibacterial therapy in stroke trial. Neuroscience 158(3):1184–1193PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Lim YJ, Zheng S, Zuo Z (2004) Morphine preconditions Purkinje cells against cell death under in vitro simulated ischemia–reperfusion conditions. Anesthesiology 100(3):562–568PubMed Lim YJ, Zheng S, Zuo Z (2004) Morphine preconditions Purkinje cells against cell death under in vitro simulated ischemia–reperfusion conditions. Anesthesiology 100(3):562–568PubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang J, Qian H, Zhao P, Hong SS, Xia Y (2006) Rapid hypoxia preconditioning protects cortical neurons from glutamate toxicity through delta-opioid receptor. Stroke 37(4):1094–1099PubMed Zhang J, Qian H, Zhao P, Hong SS, Xia Y (2006) Rapid hypoxia preconditioning protects cortical neurons from glutamate toxicity through delta-opioid receptor. Stroke 37(4):1094–1099PubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Xiong LZ, Yang J, Wang Q, Lu ZH (2007) Involvement of delta- and mu-opioid receptors in the delayed cerebral ischemic tolerance induced by repeated electroacupuncture preconditioning in rats. Chin Med J 120(5):394–399PubMed Xiong LZ, Yang J, Wang Q, Lu ZH (2007) Involvement of delta- and mu-opioid receptors in the delayed cerebral ischemic tolerance induced by repeated electroacupuncture preconditioning in rats. Chin Med J 120(5):394–399PubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Husain S, Potter DE, Crosson CE (2009) Opioid receptor-activation: retina protected from ischemic injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50(8):3853–3859PubMed Husain S, Potter DE, Crosson CE (2009) Opioid receptor-activation: retina protected from ischemic injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50(8):3853–3859PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Amarenco P, Bogousslavsky J, Callahan A 3rd, Goldstein LB, Hennerici M, Rudolph AE et al (2006) High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. New Engl J Med 355(6):549–559PubMed Amarenco P, Bogousslavsky J, Callahan A 3rd, Goldstein LB, Hennerici M, Rudolph AE et al (2006) High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. New Engl J Med 355(6):549–559PubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Balduini W, Mazzoni E, Carloni S, De Simoni MG, Perego C, Sironi L et al (2003) Prophylactic but not delayed administration of simvastatin protects against long-lasting cognitive and morphological consequences of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, reduces interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA induction, and does not affect endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression. Stroke 34(8):2007–2012PubMed Balduini W, Mazzoni E, Carloni S, De Simoni MG, Perego C, Sironi L et al (2003) Prophylactic but not delayed administration of simvastatin protects against long-lasting cognitive and morphological consequences of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, reduces interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA induction, and does not affect endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression. Stroke 34(8):2007–2012PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Domoki F, Kis B, Gaspar T, Snipes JA, Parks JS, Bari F et al (2009) Rosuvastatin induces delayed preconditioning against oxygen-glucose deprivation in cultured cortical neurons. Am J Physiol 296(1):C97–C105 Domoki F, Kis B, Gaspar T, Snipes JA, Parks JS, Bari F et al (2009) Rosuvastatin induces delayed preconditioning against oxygen-glucose deprivation in cultured cortical neurons. Am J Physiol 296(1):C97–C105
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Carloni S, Girelli S, Buonocore G, Longini M, Balduini W (2009) Simvastatin acutely reduces ischemic brain damage in the immature rat via Akt and CREB activation. Exp Neurol 220(1):82–89PubMed Carloni S, Girelli S, Buonocore G, Longini M, Balduini W (2009) Simvastatin acutely reduces ischemic brain damage in the immature rat via Akt and CREB activation. Exp Neurol 220(1):82–89PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Mattson MP, Cheng A (2006) Neurohormetic phytochemicals: low-dose toxins that induce adaptive neuronal stress responses. Trends Neurosci 29(11):632–639PubMed Mattson MP, Cheng A (2006) Neurohormetic phytochemicals: low-dose toxins that induce adaptive neuronal stress responses. Trends Neurosci 29(11):632–639PubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Gao D, Zhang X, Jiang X, Peng Y, Huang W, Cheng G et al (2006) Resveratrol reduces the elevated level of MMP-9 induced by cerebral ischemia–reperfusion in mice. Life Sci 78(22):2564–2570PubMed Gao D, Zhang X, Jiang X, Peng Y, Huang W, Cheng G et al (2006) Resveratrol reduces the elevated level of MMP-9 induced by cerebral ischemia–reperfusion in mice. Life Sci 78(22):2564–2570PubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu YG, Wang XD, Zhang XB (2007) Effects of resveratrol on inflammatory process induced by focal cerebral ischemia–reperfusion in rats. China Journal Chinese Materia Medica 32(17):1792–1795 Liu YG, Wang XD, Zhang XB (2007) Effects of resveratrol on inflammatory process induced by focal cerebral ischemia–reperfusion in rats. China Journal Chinese Materia Medica 32(17):1792–1795
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Della-Morte D, Dave KR, DeFazio RA, Bao YC, Raval AP, Perez-Pinzon MA (2009) Resveratrol pretreatment protects rat brain from cerebral ischemic damage via a sirtuin 1-uncoupling protein 2 pathway. Neuroscience 159(3):993–1002PubMed Della-Morte D, Dave KR, DeFazio RA, Bao YC, Raval AP, Perez-Pinzon MA (2009) Resveratrol pretreatment protects rat brain from cerebral ischemic damage via a sirtuin 1-uncoupling protein 2 pathway. Neuroscience 159(3):993–1002PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang Q, Sun AY, Simonyi A, Miller DK, Smith RE, Luchtefeld RG et al (2009) Oral administration of grape polyphenol extract ameliorates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced neuronal damage and behavioral deficits in gerbils: comparison of pre- and post-ischemic administration. J Nut Biochem 20(5):369–377 Wang Q, Sun AY, Simonyi A, Miller DK, Smith RE, Luchtefeld RG et al (2009) Oral administration of grape polyphenol extract ameliorates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced neuronal damage and behavioral deficits in gerbils: comparison of pre- and post-ischemic administration. J Nut Biochem 20(5):369–377
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Blondeau N, Widmann C, Lazdunski M, Heurteaux C (2002) Polyunsaturated fatty acids induce ischemic and epileptic tolerance. Neuroscience 109(2):231–241PubMed Blondeau N, Widmann C, Lazdunski M, Heurteaux C (2002) Polyunsaturated fatty acids induce ischemic and epileptic tolerance. Neuroscience 109(2):231–241PubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang Q, Sun AY, Simonyi A, Kalogeris TJ, Miller DK, Sun GY et al (2007) Ethanol preconditioning protects against ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain damage: role of NADPH oxidase-derived ROS. Free Radic Biol Med 43(7):1048–1060PubMed Wang Q, Sun AY, Simonyi A, Kalogeris TJ, Miller DK, Sun GY et al (2007) Ethanol preconditioning protects against ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain damage: role of NADPH oxidase-derived ROS. Free Radic Biol Med 43(7):1048–1060PubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat He W (2008) Qian Zhong M, Zhu L, Christopher Q, Du F, Yung WH, et al. Ginkgolides mimic the effects of hypoxic preconditioning to protect C6 cells against ischemic injury by up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha and erythropoietin. Intl J. Biochem Cell Biol 40(4):651–662 He W (2008) Qian Zhong M, Zhu L, Christopher Q, Du F, Yung WH, et al. Ginkgolides mimic the effects of hypoxic preconditioning to protect C6 cells against ischemic injury by up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha and erythropoietin. Intl J. Biochem Cell Biol 40(4):651–662
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Collino M, Patel NS, Thiemermann C (2008) PPARs as new therapeutic targets for the treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Therap Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2(3):179–197 Collino M, Patel NS, Thiemermann C (2008) PPARs as new therapeutic targets for the treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Therap Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2(3):179–197
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Deplanque D, Gele P, Petrault O, Six I, Furman C, Bouly M et al (2003) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha activation as a mechanism of preventive neuroprotection induced by chronic fenofibrate treatment. J Neurosci 23(15):6264–6271PubMed Deplanque D, Gele P, Petrault O, Six I, Furman C, Bouly M et al (2003) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha activation as a mechanism of preventive neuroprotection induced by chronic fenofibrate treatment. J Neurosci 23(15):6264–6271PubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Ouk T, Laprais M, Bastide M, Mostafa K, Gautier S, Bordet R (2009) Withdrawal of fenofibrate treatment partially abrogates preventive neuroprotection in stroke via loss of vascular protection. Vasc Pharmacol 51(5–6):323–330 Ouk T, Laprais M, Bastide M, Mostafa K, Gautier S, Bordet R (2009) Withdrawal of fenofibrate treatment partially abrogates preventive neuroprotection in stroke via loss of vascular protection. Vasc Pharmacol 51(5–6):323–330
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Villacorta L, Schopfer FJ, Zhang J, Freeman BA, Chen YE (2009) PPARgamma and its ligands: therapeutic implications in cardiovascular disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 116(3):205–218 Villacorta L, Schopfer FJ, Zhang J, Freeman BA, Chen YE (2009) PPARgamma and its ligands: therapeutic implications in cardiovascular disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 116(3):205–218
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Raval AP, Bramlett H, Perez-Pinzon MA (2006) Estrogen preconditioning protects the hippocampal CA1 against ischemia. Neuroscience 141(4):1721–1730PubMed Raval AP, Bramlett H, Perez-Pinzon MA (2006) Estrogen preconditioning protects the hippocampal CA1 against ischemia. Neuroscience 141(4):1721–1730PubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Raval AP, Saul I, Dave KR, DeFazio RA, Perez-Pinzon MA, Bramlett H (2009) Pretreatment with a single estradiol-17beta bolus activates cyclic-AMP response element binding protein and protects CA1 neurons against global cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience 160(2):307–318PubMed Raval AP, Saul I, Dave KR, DeFazio RA, Perez-Pinzon MA, Bramlett H (2009) Pretreatment with a single estradiol-17beta bolus activates cyclic-AMP response element binding protein and protects CA1 neurons against global cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience 160(2):307–318PubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Wacker BK, Park TS, Gidday JM (2009) Hypoxic preconditioning-induced cerebral ischemic tolerance: role of microvascular sphingosine kinase 2. Stroke 40(10):3342–3348PubMed Wacker BK, Park TS, Gidday JM (2009) Hypoxic preconditioning-induced cerebral ischemic tolerance: role of microvascular sphingosine kinase 2. Stroke 40(10):3342–3348PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Riepe MW, Kasischke K, Raupach A (1997) Acetylsalicylic acid increases tolerance against hypoxic and chemical hypoxia. Stroke 28(10):2006–2011PubMed Riepe MW, Kasischke K, Raupach A (1997) Acetylsalicylic acid increases tolerance against hypoxic and chemical hypoxia. Stroke 28(10):2006–2011PubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Kasischke K, Huber R, Li H, Timmler M, Riepe MW (1999) Primary hypoxic tolerance and chemical preconditioning during estrus cycle in mice. Stroke 30(6):1256–1262PubMed Kasischke K, Huber R, Li H, Timmler M, Riepe MW (1999) Primary hypoxic tolerance and chemical preconditioning during estrus cycle in mice. Stroke 30(6):1256–1262PubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Endres M, Gertz K, Lindauer U, Katchanov J, Schultze J, Schrock H et al (2003) Mechanisms of stroke protection by physical activity. Ann Neurol 54(5):582–590PubMed Endres M, Gertz K, Lindauer U, Katchanov J, Schultze J, Schrock H et al (2003) Mechanisms of stroke protection by physical activity. Ann Neurol 54(5):582–590PubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Ding YH, Young CN, Luan X, Li J, Rafols JA, Clark JC et al (2005) Exercise preconditioning ameliorates inflammatory injury in ischemic rats during reperfusion. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 109(3):237–246 Ding YH, Young CN, Luan X, Li J, Rafols JA, Clark JC et al (2005) Exercise preconditioning ameliorates inflammatory injury in ischemic rats during reperfusion. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 109(3):237–246
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Guo M, Lin V, Davis W, Huang T, Carranza A, Sprague S et al (2008) Preischemic induction of TNF-alpha by physical exercise reduces blood-brain barrier dysfunction in stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 28(8):1422–1430PubMed Guo M, Lin V, Davis W, Huang T, Carranza A, Sprague S et al (2008) Preischemic induction of TNF-alpha by physical exercise reduces blood-brain barrier dysfunction in stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 28(8):1422–1430PubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Krarup LH, Truelsen T, Gluud C, Andersen G, Zeng X, Korv J et al (2008) Prestroke physical activity is associated with severity and long-term outcome from first-ever stroke. Neurology 71(17):1313–1318PubMed Krarup LH, Truelsen T, Gluud C, Andersen G, Zeng X, Korv J et al (2008) Prestroke physical activity is associated with severity and long-term outcome from first-ever stroke. Neurology 71(17):1313–1318PubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Xiong L, Lu Z, Hou L, Zheng H, Zhu Z, Wang Q et al (2003) Pretreatment with repeated electroacupuncture attenuates transient focal cerebral ischemic injury in rats. Chin Med J 116(1):108–111PubMed Xiong L, Lu Z, Hou L, Zheng H, Zhu Z, Wang Q et al (2003) Pretreatment with repeated electroacupuncture attenuates transient focal cerebral ischemic injury in rats. Chin Med J 116(1):108–111PubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang Q, Xiong L, Chen S, Liu Y, Zhu X (2005) Rapid tolerance to focal cerebral ischemia in rats is induced by preconditioning with electroacupuncture: window of protection and the role of adenosine. Neurosci Lett 381(1-2):158–162PubMed Wang Q, Xiong L, Chen S, Liu Y, Zhu X (2005) Rapid tolerance to focal cerebral ischemia in rats is induced by preconditioning with electroacupuncture: window of protection and the role of adenosine. Neurosci Lett 381(1-2):158–162PubMed
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Ogiue-Ikeda M, Kawato S, Ueno S (2005) Acquisition of ischemic tolerance by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the rat hippocampus. Brain Res 1037(1–2):7–11PubMed Ogiue-Ikeda M, Kawato S, Ueno S (2005) Acquisition of ischemic tolerance by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the rat hippocampus. Brain Res 1037(1–2):7–11PubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Yu ZF, Mattson MP (1999) Dietary restriction and 2-deoxyglucose administration reduce focal ischemic brain damage and improve behavioral outcome: evidence for a preconditioning mechanism. J Neurosci Res 57(6):830–839PubMed Yu ZF, Mattson MP (1999) Dietary restriction and 2-deoxyglucose administration reduce focal ischemic brain damage and improve behavioral outcome: evidence for a preconditioning mechanism. J Neurosci Res 57(6):830–839PubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Jiang Y, Wu J, Hua Y, Keep RF, Xiang J, Hoff JT et al (2002) Thrombin-receptor activation and thrombin-induced brain tolerance. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 22(4):404–410PubMed Jiang Y, Wu J, Hua Y, Keep RF, Xiang J, Hoff JT et al (2002) Thrombin-receptor activation and thrombin-induced brain tolerance. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 22(4):404–410PubMed
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Granziera C, Thevenet J, Price M, Wiegler K, Magistretti PJ, Badaut J et al (2007) Thrombin-induced ischemic tolerance is prevented by inhibiting c-jun N-terminal kinase. Brain Res 1148:217–225PubMed Granziera C, Thevenet J, Price M, Wiegler K, Magistretti PJ, Badaut J et al (2007) Thrombin-induced ischemic tolerance is prevented by inhibiting c-jun N-terminal kinase. Brain Res 1148:217–225PubMed
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Blondeau N, Plamondon H, Richelme C, Heurteaux C, Lazdunski M (2000) K(ATP) channel openers, adenosine agonists and epileptic preconditioning are stress signals inducing hippocampal neuroprotection. Neuroscience 100(3):465–474PubMed Blondeau N, Plamondon H, Richelme C, Heurteaux C, Lazdunski M (2000) K(ATP) channel openers, adenosine agonists and epileptic preconditioning are stress signals inducing hippocampal neuroprotection. Neuroscience 100(3):465–474PubMed
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Nawashiro H, Tasaki K, Ruetzler CA, Hallenbeck JM (1997) TNF-alpha pretreatment induces protective effects against focal cerebral ischemia in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 17(5):483–490PubMed Nawashiro H, Tasaki K, Ruetzler CA, Hallenbeck JM (1997) TNF-alpha pretreatment induces protective effects against focal cerebral ischemia in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 17(5):483–490PubMed
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Ping A, Chun ZX, Xue XY (2005) Bradykinin preconditioning induces protective effects against focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res 1059(2):105–112PubMed Ping A, Chun ZX, Xue XY (2005) Bradykinin preconditioning induces protective effects against focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res 1059(2):105–112PubMed
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Ohtsuki T, Matsumoto M, Kuwabara K, Kitagawa K, Suzuki K, Taniguchi N et al (1992) Influence of oxidative stress on induced tolerance to ischemia in gerbil hippocampal neurons. Brain Res 599(2):246–252PubMed Ohtsuki T, Matsumoto M, Kuwabara K, Kitagawa K, Suzuki K, Taniguchi N et al (1992) Influence of oxidative stress on induced tolerance to ischemia in gerbil hippocampal neurons. Brain Res 599(2):246–252PubMed
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Tasaki K, Ruetzler CA, Ohtsuki T, Martin D, Nawashiro H, Hallenbeck JM (1997) Lipopolysaccharide pre-treatment induces resistance against subsequent focal cerebral ischemic damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Brain Res 748(1–2):267–270PubMed Tasaki K, Ruetzler CA, Ohtsuki T, Martin D, Nawashiro H, Hallenbeck JM (1997) Lipopolysaccharide pre-treatment induces resistance against subsequent focal cerebral ischemic damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Brain Res 748(1–2):267–270PubMed
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Bordet R, Deplanque D, Maboudou P, Puisieux F, Pu Q, Robin E et al (2000) Increase in endogenous brain superoxide dismutase as a potential mechanism of lipopolysaccharide-induced brain ischemic tolerance. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 20(8):1190–1196PubMed Bordet R, Deplanque D, Maboudou P, Puisieux F, Pu Q, Robin E et al (2000) Increase in endogenous brain superoxide dismutase as a potential mechanism of lipopolysaccharide-induced brain ischemic tolerance. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 20(8):1190–1196PubMed
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Bastide M, Gele P, Petrault O, Pu Q, Caliez A, Robin E et al (2003) Delayed cerebrovascular protective effect of lipopolysaccharide in parallel to brain ischemic tolerance. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 23(4):399–405PubMed Bastide M, Gele P, Petrault O, Pu Q, Caliez A, Robin E et al (2003) Delayed cerebrovascular protective effect of lipopolysaccharide in parallel to brain ischemic tolerance. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 23(4):399–405PubMed
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosenzweig HL, Minami M, Lessov NS, Coste SC, Stevens SL, Henshall DC et al (2007) Endotoxin preconditioning protects against the cytotoxic effects of TNFalpha after stroke: a novel role for TNFalpha in LPS-ischemic tolerance. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 27(10):1663–1674PubMed Rosenzweig HL, Minami M, Lessov NS, Coste SC, Stevens SL, Henshall DC et al (2007) Endotoxin preconditioning protects against the cytotoxic effects of TNFalpha after stroke: a novel role for TNFalpha in LPS-ischemic tolerance. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 27(10):1663–1674PubMed
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Eklind S, Mallard C, Arvidsson P, Hagberg H (2005) Lipopolysaccharide induces both a primary and a secondary phase of sensitization in the developing rat brain. Pediatr Res 58(1):112–116PubMed Eklind S, Mallard C, Arvidsson P, Hagberg H (2005) Lipopolysaccharide induces both a primary and a secondary phase of sensitization in the developing rat brain. Pediatr Res 58(1):112–116PubMed
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Hickey EJ, You X, Kaimaktchiev V, Stenzel-Poore M, Ungerleider RM (2007) Lipopolysaccharide preconditioning induces robust protection against brain injury resulting from deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 133(6):1588–1596PubMed Hickey EJ, You X, Kaimaktchiev V, Stenzel-Poore M, Ungerleider RM (2007) Lipopolysaccharide preconditioning induces robust protection against brain injury resulting from deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 133(6):1588–1596PubMed
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Marsh BJ, Williams-Karnesky RL, Stenzel-Poore MP (2009) Toll-like receptor signaling in endogenous neuroprotection and stroke. Neuroscience 158(3):1007–1020PubMed Marsh BJ, Williams-Karnesky RL, Stenzel-Poore MP (2009) Toll-like receptor signaling in endogenous neuroprotection and stroke. Neuroscience 158(3):1007–1020PubMed
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Riepe MW, Esclaire F, Kasischke K, Schreiber S, Nakase H, Kempski O et al (1997) Increased hypoxic tolerance by chemical inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation: “chemical preconditioning”. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 17(3):257–264PubMed Riepe MW, Esclaire F, Kasischke K, Schreiber S, Nakase H, Kempski O et al (1997) Increased hypoxic tolerance by chemical inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation: “chemical preconditioning”. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 17(3):257–264PubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Horiguchi T, Kis B, Rajapakse N, Shimizu K, Busija DW (2003) Opening of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels is a trigger of 3-nitropropionic acid-induced tolerance to transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Stroke 34(4):1015–1020PubMed Horiguchi T, Kis B, Rajapakse N, Shimizu K, Busija DW (2003) Opening of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels is a trigger of 3-nitropropionic acid-induced tolerance to transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Stroke 34(4):1015–1020PubMed
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Pera J, Zawadzka M, Kaminska B, Szczudlik A (2004) Influence of chemical and ischemic preconditioning on cytokine expression after focal brain ischemia. J Neurosci Res 78(1):132–140PubMed Pera J, Zawadzka M, Kaminska B, Szczudlik A (2004) Influence of chemical and ischemic preconditioning on cytokine expression after focal brain ischemia. J Neurosci Res 78(1):132–140PubMed
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Wiegand F, Liao W, Busch C, Castell S, Knapp F, Lindauer U et al (1999) Respiratory chain inhibition induces tolerance to focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 19(11):1229–1237PubMed Wiegand F, Liao W, Busch C, Castell S, Knapp F, Lindauer U et al (1999) Respiratory chain inhibition induces tolerance to focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 19(11):1229–1237PubMed
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoshi A, Nakahara T, Ogata M, Yamamoto T (2005) The critical threshold of 3-nitropropionic acid-induced ischemic tolerance in the rat. Brain Res 1050(1–2):33–39PubMed Hoshi A, Nakahara T, Ogata M, Yamamoto T (2005) The critical threshold of 3-nitropropionic acid-induced ischemic tolerance in the rat. Brain Res 1050(1–2):33–39PubMed
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Sugino T, Nozaki K, Hashimoto N (2000) Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in gerbil hippocampus with ischemic tolerance induced by 3-nitropropionic acid. Neurosci Lett 278(1–2):101–104PubMed Sugino T, Nozaki K, Hashimoto N (2000) Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in gerbil hippocampus with ischemic tolerance induced by 3-nitropropionic acid. Neurosci Lett 278(1–2):101–104PubMed
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Kato K, Shimazaki K, Kamiya T, Amemiya S, Inaba T, Oguro K et al (2005) Differential effects of sublethal ischemia and chemical preconditioning with 3-nitropropionic acid on protein expression in gerbil hippocampus. Life Sci 77(23):2867–2878PubMed Kato K, Shimazaki K, Kamiya T, Amemiya S, Inaba T, Oguro K et al (2005) Differential effects of sublethal ischemia and chemical preconditioning with 3-nitropropionic acid on protein expression in gerbil hippocampus. Life Sci 77(23):2867–2878PubMed
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Garnier P, Bertrand N, Demougeot C, Prigent-Tessier A, Marie C, Beley A (2002) Chemical preconditioning with 3-nitropropionic acid: lack of induction of neuronal tolerance in gerbil hippocampus subjected to transient forebrain ischemia. Brain Res Bull 58(1):33–39PubMed Garnier P, Bertrand N, Demougeot C, Prigent-Tessier A, Marie C, Beley A (2002) Chemical preconditioning with 3-nitropropionic acid: lack of induction of neuronal tolerance in gerbil hippocampus subjected to transient forebrain ischemia. Brain Res Bull 58(1):33–39PubMed
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu J, Ginis I, Spatz M, Hallenbeck JM (2000) Hypoxic preconditioning protects cultured neurons against hypoxic stress via TNF-alpha and ceramide. Am J Physiol 278(1):C144–C153 Liu J, Ginis I, Spatz M, Hallenbeck JM (2000) Hypoxic preconditioning protects cultured neurons against hypoxic stress via TNF-alpha and ceramide. Am J Physiol 278(1):C144–C153
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Pradillo JM, Romera C, Hurtado O, Cardenas A, Moro MA, Leza JC et al (2005) TNFR1 upregulation mediates tolerance after brain ischemic preconditioning. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 25(2):193–203PubMed Pradillo JM, Romera C, Hurtado O, Cardenas A, Moro MA, Leza JC et al (2005) TNFR1 upregulation mediates tolerance after brain ischemic preconditioning. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 25(2):193–203PubMed
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Dave KR, Saul I, Prado R, Busto R, Perez-Pinzon MA (2006) Remote organ ischemic preconditioning protect brain from ischemic damage following asphyxial cardiac arrest. Neurosci Lett 404(1–2):170–175PubMed Dave KR, Saul I, Prado R, Busto R, Perez-Pinzon MA (2006) Remote organ ischemic preconditioning protect brain from ischemic damage following asphyxial cardiac arrest. Neurosci Lett 404(1–2):170–175PubMed
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Ren C, Gao X, Steinberg GK, Zhao H (2008) Limb remote-preconditioning protects against focal ischemia in rats and contradicts the dogma of therapeutic time windows for preconditioning. Neuroscience 151(4):1099–1103PubMed Ren C, Gao X, Steinberg GK, Zhao H (2008) Limb remote-preconditioning protects against focal ischemia in rats and contradicts the dogma of therapeutic time windows for preconditioning. Neuroscience 151(4):1099–1103PubMed
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Kitano H, Young JM, Cheng J, Wang L, Hurn PD, Murphy SJ (2007) Gender-specific response to isoflurane preconditioning in focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 27(7):1377–1386PubMed Kitano H, Young JM, Cheng J, Wang L, Hurn PD, Murphy SJ (2007) Gender-specific response to isoflurane preconditioning in focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 27(7):1377–1386PubMed
108.
Zurück zum Zitat He Z, Crook JE, Meschia JF, Brott TG, Dickson DW, McKinney M (2005) Aging blunts ischemic-preconditioning-induced neuroprotection following transient global ischemia in rats. Curr Neurovasc Res 2(5):365–374PubMed He Z, Crook JE, Meschia JF, Brott TG, Dickson DW, McKinney M (2005) Aging blunts ischemic-preconditioning-induced neuroprotection following transient global ischemia in rats. Curr Neurovasc Res 2(5):365–374PubMed
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Methy D, Bertrand N, Prigent-Tessier A, Mossiat C, Stanimirovic D, Beley A et al (2008) Beneficial effect of dipyridyl, a liposoluble iron chelator against focal cerebral ischemia: in vivo and in vitro evidence of protection of cerebral endothelial cells. Brain Res 1193:136–142PubMed Methy D, Bertrand N, Prigent-Tessier A, Mossiat C, Stanimirovic D, Beley A et al (2008) Beneficial effect of dipyridyl, a liposoluble iron chelator against focal cerebral ischemia: in vivo and in vitro evidence of protection of cerebral endothelial cells. Brain Res 1193:136–142PubMed
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Marsh BJ, Stevens SL, Hunter B, Stenzel-Poore MP (2009) Inflammation and the emerging role of the toll-like receptor system in acute brain ischemia. Stroke 40(3 Suppl):S34–S37PubMed Marsh BJ, Stevens SL, Hunter B, Stenzel-Poore MP (2009) Inflammation and the emerging role of the toll-like receptor system in acute brain ischemia. Stroke 40(3 Suppl):S34–S37PubMed
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Stevens SL, Ciesielski TM, Marsh BJ, Yang T, Homen DS, Boule JL et al (2008) Toll-like receptor 9: a new target of ischemic preconditioning in the brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 28(5):1040–1047PubMed Stevens SL, Ciesielski TM, Marsh BJ, Yang T, Homen DS, Boule JL et al (2008) Toll-like receptor 9: a new target of ischemic preconditioning in the brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 28(5):1040–1047PubMed
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Toyoda T, Kassell NF, Lee KS (2000) Induction of tolerance against ischemia/reperfusion injury in the rat brain by preconditioning with the endotoxin analog diphosphoryl lipid A. J Neurosurg 92(3):435–441PubMed Toyoda T, Kassell NF, Lee KS (2000) Induction of tolerance against ischemia/reperfusion injury in the rat brain by preconditioning with the endotoxin analog diphosphoryl lipid A. J Neurosurg 92(3):435–441PubMed
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Gaspar T, Snipes JA, Busija AR, Kis B, Domoki F, Bari F et al (2008) ROS-independent preconditioning in neurons via activation of mitoK(ATP) channels by BMS-191095. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 28(6):1090–1103PubMed Gaspar T, Snipes JA, Busija AR, Kis B, Domoki F, Bari F et al (2008) ROS-independent preconditioning in neurons via activation of mitoK(ATP) channels by BMS-191095. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 28(6):1090–1103PubMed
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Gaspar T, Kis B, Snipes JA, Lenzser G, Mayanagi K, Bari F et al (2007) Neuronal preconditioning with the antianginal drug, bepridil. J Neurochem 102(3):595–608PubMed Gaspar T, Kis B, Snipes JA, Lenzser G, Mayanagi K, Bari F et al (2007) Neuronal preconditioning with the antianginal drug, bepridil. J Neurochem 102(3):595–608PubMed
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhu HL, Luo WQ, Wang H (2008) Iptakalim protects against hypoxic brain injury through multiple pathways associated with ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Neuroscience 157(4):884–894PubMed Zhu HL, Luo WQ, Wang H (2008) Iptakalim protects against hypoxic brain injury through multiple pathways associated with ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Neuroscience 157(4):884–894PubMed
116.
Zurück zum Zitat Fisher M, Feuerstein G, Howells DW, Hurn PD, Kent TA, Savitz SI et al (2009) Update of the stroke therapy academic industry roundtable preclinical recommendations. Stroke 40(6):2244–2250PubMed Fisher M, Feuerstein G, Howells DW, Hurn PD, Kent TA, Savitz SI et al (2009) Update of the stroke therapy academic industry roundtable preclinical recommendations. Stroke 40(6):2244–2250PubMed
117.
Zurück zum Zitat Meschia JF (2009) Pharmacogenetics and Stroke. Stroke 40(11):3641–3645PubMed Meschia JF (2009) Pharmacogenetics and Stroke. Stroke 40(11):3641–3645PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Pharmacologic Preconditioning: Translating the Promise
verfasst von
Jeffrey M. Gidday
Publikationsdatum
01.03.2010
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Translational Stroke Research / Ausgabe 1/2010
Print ISSN: 1868-4483
Elektronische ISSN: 1868-601X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12975-010-0011-y

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2010

Translational Stroke Research 1/2010 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Neurologie

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Hirnblutung unter DOAK und VKA ähnlich bedrohlich

17.05.2024 Direkte orale Antikoagulanzien Nachrichten

Kommt es zu einer nichttraumatischen Hirnblutung, spielt es keine große Rolle, ob die Betroffenen zuvor direkt wirksame orale Antikoagulanzien oder Marcumar bekommen haben: Die Prognose ist ähnlich schlecht.

Was nützt die Kraniektomie bei schwerer tiefer Hirnblutung?

17.05.2024 Hirnblutung Nachrichten

Eine Studie zum Nutzen der druckentlastenden Kraniektomie nach schwerer tiefer supratentorieller Hirnblutung deutet einen Nutzen der Operation an. Für überlebende Patienten ist das dennoch nur eine bedingt gute Nachricht.

Thrombektomie auch bei großen Infarkten von Vorteil

16.05.2024 Ischämischer Schlaganfall Nachrichten

Auch ein sehr ausgedehnter ischämischer Schlaganfall scheint an sich kein Grund zu sein, von einer mechanischen Thrombektomie abzusehen. Dafür spricht die LASTE-Studie, an der Patienten und Patientinnen mit einem ASPECTS von maximal 5 beteiligt waren.

Update Neurologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.