Skip to main content
Erschienen in: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology 1/2014

01.02.2014 | Therapy in Practice

Acne in Patients with Skin of Color: Practical Management

verfasst von: Natalie C. Yin, Amy J. McMichael

Erschienen in: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology | Ausgabe 1/2014

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Acne vulgaris is a prevalent and non-discriminatory condition affecting individuals of all races and ethnicities. As people with skin of color make up a rapidly expanding segment of the US population, dermatologic care must evolve accordingly to address their distinct concerns. Patients with skin of color with acne can be particularly challenging, given their potential for cosmetically disturbing complications, including post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation and keloid development. A variety of treatments have been shown to be effective in preventing or treating these complications. Topical retinoids are considered first-line therapy for acne in patients of color; topical alternatives include azelaic acid, dapsone, and antimicrobials. Hydroquinone may be used in combating post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, specifically. For more severe acne, oral agents, including oral antibiotics or isotretinoin, may be used. Most recently, various lasers and phototherapies have been suggested for their safety and efficacy in patients with skin of color with acne. Ultimately, recognizing the clinical and histologic differences, as well as the variations in treatment regimens for darker skin types will allow for better care and patient satisfaction.
Literatur
2.
Zurück zum Zitat White GM. Recent findings in the epidemiologic evidence, classification, and subtypes of acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;39(2 Pt 3):S34–7.PubMedCrossRef White GM. Recent findings in the epidemiologic evidence, classification, and subtypes of acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;39(2 Pt 3):S34–7.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Halder RM, Brooks HL, Callender VD. Acne in ethnic skin. Dermatol Clin. 2003;21(4):609–15, vii. Halder RM, Brooks HL, Callender VD. Acne in ethnic skin. Dermatol Clin. 2003;21(4):609–15, vii.
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Schachner L, Ling NS, Press S. A statistical analysis of a pediatric dermatology clinic. Pediatr Dermatol. 1983;1(2):157–64.PubMedCrossRef Schachner L, Ling NS, Press S. A statistical analysis of a pediatric dermatology clinic. Pediatr Dermatol. 1983;1(2):157–64.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Child FJ, Fuller LC, Higgins EM, Du Vivier AW. A study of the spectrum of skin disease occurring in a black population in south-east London. Br J Dermatol. 1999;141(3):512–7.PubMedCrossRef Child FJ, Fuller LC, Higgins EM, Du Vivier AW. A study of the spectrum of skin disease occurring in a black population in south-east London. Br J Dermatol. 1999;141(3):512–7.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Alexis AF, Sergay AB, Taylor SC. Common dermatologic disorders in skin of color: a comparative practice survey. Cutis. 2007;80(5):387–94.PubMed Alexis AF, Sergay AB, Taylor SC. Common dermatologic disorders in skin of color: a comparative practice survey. Cutis. 2007;80(5):387–94.PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Halder RM, Grimes PE, McLaurin CI, et al.. Incidence of common dermatoses in a predominantly black dermatologic practice. Cutis. 1983;32(4):388–390. Halder RM, Grimes PE, McLaurin CI, et al.. Incidence of common dermatoses in a predominantly black dermatologic practice. Cutis. 1983;32(4):388–390.
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Taylor SC. Epidemiology of skin diseases in ethnic populations. Dermatol Clin. 2003;21(4):601–7.PubMedCrossRef Taylor SC. Epidemiology of skin diseases in ethnic populations. Dermatol Clin. 2003;21(4):601–7.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Arsouze A, Fitoussi C, Cabotin PP, Chaine B, Delebecque C, Raynaud E, et al. Presenting skin disorders in black Afro-Caribbean patients: a multicentre study conducted in the Paris region. Annales de dermatologie et de venereologie. 2008;135(3):177–82. doi:10.1016/j.annder.2007.11.008.PubMedCrossRef Arsouze A, Fitoussi C, Cabotin PP, Chaine B, Delebecque C, Raynaud E, et al. Presenting skin disorders in black Afro-Caribbean patients: a multicentre study conducted in the Paris region. Annales de dermatologie et de venereologie. 2008;135(3):177–82. doi:10.​1016/​j.​annder.​2007.​11.​008.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Dunwell P, Rose A. Study of the skin disease spectrum occurring in an Afro-Caribbean population. Int J Dermatol. 2003;42(4):287–9.PubMedCrossRef Dunwell P, Rose A. Study of the skin disease spectrum occurring in an Afro-Caribbean population. Int J Dermatol. 2003;42(4):287–9.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Davis SA, Narahari S, Feldman SR, Huang W, Pichardo-Geisinger RO, McMichael AJ. Top dermatologic conditions in patients of color: an analysis of nationally representative data. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(4):466–73.PubMed Davis SA, Narahari S, Feldman SR, Huang W, Pichardo-Geisinger RO, McMichael AJ. Top dermatologic conditions in patients of color: an analysis of nationally representative data. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(4):466–73.PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Davis EC, Callender VD. A review of acne in ethnic skin: pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and management strategies. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2010;3(4):24–38.PubMedCentralPubMed Davis EC, Callender VD. A review of acne in ethnic skin: pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and management strategies. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2010;3(4):24–38.PubMedCentralPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Davis EC, Callender VD. Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: a review of the epidemiology, clinical features, and treatment options in skin of color. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2010;3(7):20–31.PubMedCentralPubMed Davis EC, Callender VD. Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: a review of the epidemiology, clinical features, and treatment options in skin of color. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2010;3(7):20–31.PubMedCentralPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Grimes PE, Stockton T. Pigmentary disorders in blacks. Dermatol Clin. 1988;6(2):271–81.PubMed Grimes PE, Stockton T. Pigmentary disorders in blacks. Dermatol Clin. 1988;6(2):271–81.PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Halder RM, Holmes YC, Bridgeman-Shah S, Klingman AM. A clinicohistopathological study of acne vulgaris in black females. J Invest Dermatol. 1996;106:888. Halder RM, Holmes YC, Bridgeman-Shah S, Klingman AM. A clinicohistopathological study of acne vulgaris in black females. J Invest Dermatol. 1996;106:888.
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Halder RM, Roberts CI, Nootheti PK. Cutaneous diseases in the black races. Dermatol Clin. 2003;21(4):679–87, ix. Halder RM, Roberts CI, Nootheti PK. Cutaneous diseases in the black races. Dermatol Clin. 2003;21(4):679–87, ix.
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Taylor SC, Cook-Bolden F, Rahman Z, et al. Acne vulgaris in skin of color. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46(2 Suppl Understanding):S98–106. Taylor SC, Cook-Bolden F, Rahman Z, et al. Acne vulgaris in skin of color. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46(2 Suppl Understanding):S98–106.
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Kelly AP. Keloids: pathogenesis and treatment. Cosmetic Dermatol. 2003;16:29–32. Kelly AP. Keloids: pathogenesis and treatment. Cosmetic Dermatol. 2003;16:29–32.
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Marneros AG, Norris JE, Olsen BR, Reichenberger E. Clinical genetics of familial keloids. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137(11):1429–34.PubMedCrossRef Marneros AG, Norris JE, Olsen BR, Reichenberger E. Clinical genetics of familial keloids. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137(11):1429–34.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilkins JW Jr, Voorhees JJ. Prevalence of nodulocystic acne in white and Negro males. Arch Dermatol. 1970;102(6):631–4.PubMedCrossRef Wilkins JW Jr, Voorhees JJ. Prevalence of nodulocystic acne in white and Negro males. Arch Dermatol. 1970;102(6):631–4.PubMedCrossRef
29.
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Luther N, Darvin ME, Sterry W, Lademann J, Patzelt A. Ethnic differences in skin physiology, hair follicle morphology and follicular penetration. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2012;25(4):182–91. doi:10.1159/000337933.PubMedCrossRef Luther N, Darvin ME, Sterry W, Lademann J, Patzelt A. Ethnic differences in skin physiology, hair follicle morphology and follicular penetration. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2012;25(4):182–91. doi:10.​1159/​000337933.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Nicolaides N, Rothman S. Studies on the chemical composition of human hair fat: II. The overall composition with regard to age, sex and race. J Invest Dermatol. 1953;21(1):9–14.PubMed Nicolaides N, Rothman S. Studies on the chemical composition of human hair fat: II. The overall composition with regard to age, sex and race. J Invest Dermatol. 1953;21(1):9–14.PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Kligman AM, Shelley WB. An investigation of the biology of the human sebaceous gland. J Invest Dermatol. 1958;30(3):99–125.PubMed Kligman AM, Shelley WB. An investigation of the biology of the human sebaceous gland. J Invest Dermatol. 1958;30(3):99–125.PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Pochi PE, Strauss JS. Sebaceous gland activity in black skin. Dermatol Clin. 1988;6(3):349–51.PubMed Pochi PE, Strauss JS. Sebaceous gland activity in black skin. Dermatol Clin. 1988;6(3):349–51.PubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Grimes P, Edison BL, Green BA, Wildnauer RH. Evaluation of inherent differences between African American and white skin surface properties using subjective and objective measures. Cutis. 2004;73(6):392–6.PubMed Grimes P, Edison BL, Green BA, Wildnauer RH. Evaluation of inherent differences between African American and white skin surface properties using subjective and objective measures. Cutis. 2004;73(6):392–6.PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuenali S. Retinoids. Dermatology. 2nd ed. Elsevier Mosby; 2009. Kuenali S. Retinoids. Dermatology. 2nd ed. Elsevier Mosby; 2009.
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Bulengo-Ransby SM, Griffiths CE, Kimbrough-Green CK, Finkel LJ, Hamilton TA, Ellis CN, et al. Topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) therapy for hyperpigmented lesions caused by inflammation of the skin in black patients. N Engl J Med. 1993;328(20):1438–43. doi:10.1056/NEJM199305203282002.PubMedCrossRef Bulengo-Ransby SM, Griffiths CE, Kimbrough-Green CK, Finkel LJ, Hamilton TA, Ellis CN, et al. Topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) therapy for hyperpigmented lesions caused by inflammation of the skin in black patients. N Engl J Med. 1993;328(20):1438–43. doi:10.​1056/​NEJM199305203282​002.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Grimes P, Callender V. Tazarotene cream for postinflammatory hyperpigmentation and acne vulgaris in darker skin: a double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled study. Cutis. 2006;77(1):45–50.PubMed Grimes P, Callender V. Tazarotene cream for postinflammatory hyperpigmentation and acne vulgaris in darker skin: a double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled study. Cutis. 2006;77(1):45–50.PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Halder RM. The role of retinoids in the management of cutaneous conditions in blacks. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;39(2 Pt 3):S98–103.PubMedCrossRef Halder RM. The role of retinoids in the management of cutaneous conditions in blacks. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;39(2 Pt 3):S98–103.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Jacyk WK, Mpofu P. Adapalene gel 0.1 % for topical treatment of acne vulgaris in African patients. Cutis. 2001;68(4 Suppl):48–54. Jacyk WK, Mpofu P. Adapalene gel 0.1 % for topical treatment of acne vulgaris in African patients. Cutis. 2001;68(4 Suppl):48–54.
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Czernielewski J, Poncet M, Mizzi F. Efficacy and cutaneous safety of adapalene in black patients versus white patients with acne vulgaris. Cutis. 2002;70(4):243–8.PubMed Czernielewski J, Poncet M, Mizzi F. Efficacy and cutaneous safety of adapalene in black patients versus white patients with acne vulgaris. Cutis. 2002;70(4):243–8.PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhu XJ, Tu P, Zhen J, et al. Adapalene gel 0.1%: effective and well tolerated in the topical treatment of acne vulgaris in Chinese patients. Cutis. 2001;68(4 Suppl):55–9. Zhu XJ, Tu P, Zhen J, et al. Adapalene gel 0.1%: effective and well tolerated in the topical treatment of acne vulgaris in Chinese patients. Cutis. 2001;68(4 Suppl):55–9.
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Fernandez-Obregon A, Davis MW. The BEST study: evaluating efficacy by selected demographic subsets. Cutis. 2003;71(2 Suppl):18–26.PubMed Fernandez-Obregon A, Davis MW. The BEST study: evaluating efficacy by selected demographic subsets. Cutis. 2003;71(2 Suppl):18–26.PubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Shavin J, Weiss J. Implications of the BEST study. Cutis. 2003;71(2 Suppl):35–6.PubMed Shavin J, Weiss J. Implications of the BEST study. Cutis. 2003;71(2 Suppl):35–6.PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Taylor SC. Utilizing combination therapy for ethnic skin. Cutis. 2007;80(1 Suppl):15–20.PubMed Taylor SC. Utilizing combination therapy for ethnic skin. Cutis. 2007;80(1 Suppl):15–20.PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Callender VD, Preston N, Osborn C, Johnson L, Gottschalk RW. A meta-analysis to investigate the relation between Fitzpatrick skin types and tolerability of adapalene-benzoyl peroxide topical gel in subjects with mild or moderate acne. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2010;3(8):15–9.PubMedCentralPubMed Callender VD, Preston N, Osborn C, Johnson L, Gottschalk RW. A meta-analysis to investigate the relation between Fitzpatrick skin types and tolerability of adapalene-benzoyl peroxide topical gel in subjects with mild or moderate acne. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2010;3(8):15–9.PubMedCentralPubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Eichenfield LF, Krakowski AC. Moderate to severe acne in adolescents with skin of color: benefits of a fixed combination clindamycin phosphate 1.2% and benzoyl peroxide 2.5% aqueous gel. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(7):818–24.PubMed Eichenfield LF, Krakowski AC. Moderate to severe acne in adolescents with skin of color: benefits of a fixed combination clindamycin phosphate 1.2% and benzoyl peroxide 2.5% aqueous gel. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(7):818–24.PubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Cook-Bolden FE. Treatment of moderate to severe acne vulgaris in a Hispanic population: a post-hoc analysis of efficacy and tolerability of clindamycin phosphate 1.2%/benzoyl peroxide 2.5% gel. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(4):455–9.PubMed Cook-Bolden FE. Treatment of moderate to severe acne vulgaris in a Hispanic population: a post-hoc analysis of efficacy and tolerability of clindamycin phosphate 1.2%/benzoyl peroxide 2.5% gel. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(4):455–9.PubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Callender VD. Fitzpatrick skin types and clindamycin phosphate 1.2%/benzoyl peroxide gel: efficacy and tolerability of treatment in moderate to severe acne. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(5):643–8.PubMed Callender VD. Fitzpatrick skin types and clindamycin phosphate 1.2%/benzoyl peroxide gel: efficacy and tolerability of treatment in moderate to severe acne. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(5):643–8.PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Schlessinger J, Menter A, Gold M, Leonardi C, Eichenfield L, Plott RT, et al. Clinical safety and efficacy studies of a novel formulation combining 1.2% clindamycin phosphate and 0.025% tretinoin for the treatment of acne vulgaris. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007;6(6):607–15.PubMed Schlessinger J, Menter A, Gold M, Leonardi C, Eichenfield L, Plott RT, et al. Clinical safety and efficacy studies of a novel formulation combining 1.2% clindamycin phosphate and 0.025% tretinoin for the treatment of acne vulgaris. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007;6(6):607–15.PubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Callender VD, Young CM, Kindred C, et al. Efficacy and safety of clindamycin phosphate 1.2% and tretinoin 0.025% gel for the treatment of acne and acne-induced post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation in patients with skin of color. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2012;5(7):25–32. Callender VD, Young CM, Kindred C, et al. Efficacy and safety of clindamycin phosphate 1.2% and tretinoin 0.025% gel for the treatment of acne and acne-induced post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation in patients with skin of color. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2012;5(7):25–32.
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Draelos ZD, Carter E, Maloney JM, et al. Two randomized studies demonstrate the efficacy and safety of dapsone gel, 5% for the treatment of acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;56(3):439 e1–10. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2006.10.005. Draelos ZD, Carter E, Maloney JM, et al. Two randomized studies demonstrate the efficacy and safety of dapsone gel, 5% for the treatment of acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;56(3):439 e1–10. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jaad.​2006.​10.​005.
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Fleischer AB Jr, Shalita A, Eichenfield LF, Abramovits W, Lucky A, Garrett S, et al. Dapsone gel 5% in combination with adapalene gel 0.1%, benzoyl peroxide gel 4% or moisturizer for the treatment of acne vulgaris: a 12-week, randomized, double-blind study. J Drugs Dermatol. 2010;9(1):33–40.PubMed Fleischer AB Jr, Shalita A, Eichenfield LF, Abramovits W, Lucky A, Garrett S, et al. Dapsone gel 5% in combination with adapalene gel 0.1%, benzoyl peroxide gel 4% or moisturizer for the treatment of acne vulgaris: a 12-week, randomized, double-blind study. J Drugs Dermatol. 2010;9(1):33–40.PubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Webster GF. Is topical dapsone safe in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient and sulfonamide-allergic patients? J Drugs Dermatol. 2010;9(5):532–6.PubMed Webster GF. Is topical dapsone safe in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient and sulfonamide-allergic patients? J Drugs Dermatol. 2010;9(5):532–6.PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Lucky AW, Maloney JM, Roberts J, Taylor S, Jones T, Ling M, et al. Dapsone gel 5% for the treatment of acne vulgaris: safety and efficacy of long-term (1 year) treatment. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007;6(10):981–7.PubMed Lucky AW, Maloney JM, Roberts J, Taylor S, Jones T, Ling M, et al. Dapsone gel 5% for the treatment of acne vulgaris: safety and efficacy of long-term (1 year) treatment. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007;6(10):981–7.PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Aczone (dapsone) gel 5 % [package insert]. Irvine: Allergan Inc.; 2009. Aczone (dapsone) gel 5 % [package insert]. Irvine: Allergan Inc.; 2009.
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Webster G. Combination azelaic acid therapy for acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;43(2 Pt 3):S47–50.PubMedCrossRef Webster G. Combination azelaic acid therapy for acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;43(2 Pt 3):S47–50.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Gollnick HP, Graupe K, Zaumseil RP. Azelaic acid 15% gel in the treatment of acne vulgaris: combined results of two double-blind clinical comparative studies. J German Soc Dermatol. 2004;2(10):841–7. Gollnick HP, Graupe K, Zaumseil RP. Azelaic acid 15% gel in the treatment of acne vulgaris: combined results of two double-blind clinical comparative studies. J German Soc Dermatol. 2004;2(10):841–7.
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Fitton A, Goa KL. Azelaic acid: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in acne and hyperpigmentary skin disorders. Drugs. 1991;41(5):780–98.PubMedCrossRef Fitton A, Goa KL. Azelaic acid: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in acne and hyperpigmentary skin disorders. Drugs. 1991;41(5):780–98.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Hsu S, Quan LT. Topical antibacterial agents. In: Wolverton SE, editor. Comprehensive dermatologic drug therapy; 2001. p. 473–496. Hsu S, Quan LT. Topical antibacterial agents. In: Wolverton SE, editor. Comprehensive dermatologic drug therapy; 2001. p. 473–496.
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Kircik LH. Efficacy and safety of azelaic acid (AzA) gel 15% in the treatment of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation and acne: a 16-week, baseline-controlled study. J Drugs Dermatol. 2011;10(6):586–90.PubMed Kircik LH. Efficacy and safety of azelaic acid (AzA) gel 15% in the treatment of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation and acne: a 16-week, baseline-controlled study. J Drugs Dermatol. 2011;10(6):586–90.PubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Lowe NJ, Rizk D, Grimes P, Billips M, Pincus S. Azelaic acid 20% cream in the treatment of facial hyperpigmentation in darker-skinned patients. Clin Ther. 1998;20(5):945–59.PubMedCrossRef Lowe NJ, Rizk D, Grimes P, Billips M, Pincus S. Azelaic acid 20% cream in the treatment of facial hyperpigmentation in darker-skinned patients. Clin Ther. 1998;20(5):945–59.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Bolognia J, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP. Dermatology. New York: Mosby; 2003. Bolognia J, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP. Dermatology. New York: Mosby; 2003.
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Chandra M, Levitt J, Pensabene CA. Hydroquinone therapy for post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation secondary to acne: not just prescribable by dermatologists. Acta Derm Venereol. 2012;92(3):232–5. doi:10.2340/00015555-1225.PubMedCrossRef Chandra M, Levitt J, Pensabene CA. Hydroquinone therapy for post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation secondary to acne: not just prescribable by dermatologists. Acta Derm Venereol. 2012;92(3):232–5. doi:10.​2340/​00015555-1225.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Glenn M, Grimes PE, Pitt E, Chalet M, Kelly AP. Evaluation of clinical and light microscopic effects of various concentrations of hydroquinone [abstract]. Clin Res. 1991;39:83A. Glenn M, Grimes PE, Pitt E, Chalet M, Kelly AP. Evaluation of clinical and light microscopic effects of various concentrations of hydroquinone [abstract]. Clin Res. 1991;39:83A.
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Costa A, Moises TA, Cordero T, Alves CR, Marmirori J. Association of emblica, licorice and belides as an alternative to hydroquinone in the clinical treatment of melasma. Anais brasileiros de dermatologia. 2010;85(5):613–20.PubMedCrossRef Costa A, Moises TA, Cordero T, Alves CR, Marmirori J. Association of emblica, licorice and belides as an alternative to hydroquinone in the clinical treatment of melasma. Anais brasileiros de dermatologia. 2010;85(5):613–20.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Kelly AP, Sampson DD. Recalcitrant nodulocystic acne in black Americans: treatment with isotretinoin. J Natl Med Assoc. 1987;79(12):1266–70.PubMed Kelly AP, Sampson DD. Recalcitrant nodulocystic acne in black Americans: treatment with isotretinoin. J Natl Med Assoc. 1987;79(12):1266–70.PubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Goulden V. Guidelines for the management of acne vulgaris in adolescents. Pediatr Drugs. 2003;5(5):301–13. Goulden V. Guidelines for the management of acne vulgaris in adolescents. Pediatr Drugs. 2003;5(5):301–13.
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Gollnick H, Cunliffe W, Berson D, Dreno B, Finlay A, Leyden JJ, et al. Management of acne: a report from a Global Alliance to Improve Outcomes in Acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49(1 Suppl):S1–37. doi:10.1067/mjd.2003.618.PubMedCrossRef Gollnick H, Cunliffe W, Berson D, Dreno B, Finlay A, Leyden JJ, et al. Management of acne: a report from a Global Alliance to Improve Outcomes in Acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49(1 Suppl):S1–37. doi:10.​1067/​mjd.​2003.​618.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Tanghetti E. The impact and importance of resistance. Cutis. 2007;80(1 Suppl):5–9.PubMed Tanghetti E. The impact and importance of resistance. Cutis. 2007;80(1 Suppl):5–9.PubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Eady EA, Gloor M, Leyden JJ. Propionibacterium acnes resistance: a worldwide problem. Dermatology. 2003;206(1):54–6. doi:67822.PubMedCrossRef Eady EA, Gloor M, Leyden JJ. Propionibacterium acnes resistance: a worldwide problem. Dermatology. 2003;206(1):54–6. doi:67822.PubMedCrossRef
80.
81.
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Burns RL, Prevost-Blank PL, Lawry MA, et al. Glycolic acid peels for postinflammatory hyperpigmentation in black patients: a comparative study. Dermatol Surg. 1997;23(3):171–4 (discussion 5). Burns RL, Prevost-Blank PL, Lawry MA, et al. Glycolic acid peels for postinflammatory hyperpigmentation in black patients: a comparative study. Dermatol Surg. 1997;23(3):171–4 (discussion 5).
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Grimes PE. The safety and efficacy of salicylic acid chemical peels in darker racial-ethnic groups. Dermatol Surg. 1999;25(1):18–22.PubMedCrossRef Grimes PE. The safety and efficacy of salicylic acid chemical peels in darker racial-ethnic groups. Dermatol Surg. 1999;25(1):18–22.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Rojanamatin J, Choawawanich P. Treatment of inflammatory facial acne vulgaris with intense pulsed light and short contact of topical 5-aminolevulinic acid: a pilot study. Dermatol Surg. 2006;32(8):991–6 (discussion 6–7). doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2006.32221.x. Rojanamatin J, Choawawanich P. Treatment of inflammatory facial acne vulgaris with intense pulsed light and short contact of topical 5-aminolevulinic acid: a pilot study. Dermatol Surg. 2006;32(8):991–6 (discussion 6–7). doi:10.​1111/​j.​1524-4725.​2006.​32221.​x.
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Alexis AF. Fractional laser resurfacing of acne scarring in patients with Fitzpatrick skin types IV–VI. J Drugs Dermatol. 2011;10(12 Suppl):s6–7.PubMed Alexis AF. Fractional laser resurfacing of acne scarring in patients with Fitzpatrick skin types IV–VI. J Drugs Dermatol. 2011;10(12 Suppl):s6–7.PubMed
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Clark CM, Silverberg JI, Alexis AF. A retrospective chart review to assess the safety of nonablative fractional laser resurfacing in Fitzpatrick skin types IV to VI. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(4):428–31.PubMed Clark CM, Silverberg JI, Alexis AF. A retrospective chart review to assess the safety of nonablative fractional laser resurfacing in Fitzpatrick skin types IV to VI. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(4):428–31.PubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Badawi A, Tome MA, Atteya A, Sami N, Morsy IA. Retrospective analysis of non-ablative scar treatment in dark skin types using the sub-millisecond Nd:YAG 1,064 nm laser. Lasers Surg Med. 2011;43(2):130–6. doi:10.1002/lsm.21031.PubMedCrossRef Badawi A, Tome MA, Atteya A, Sami N, Morsy IA. Retrospective analysis of non-ablative scar treatment in dark skin types using the sub-millisecond Nd:YAG 1,064 nm laser. Lasers Surg Med. 2011;43(2):130–6. doi:10.​1002/​lsm.​21031.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Ruiz-Esparza J, Gomez JB. Nonablative radiofrequency for active acne vulgaris: the use of deep dermal heat in the treatment of moderate to severe active acne vulgaris (thermotherapy): a report of 22 patients. Dermatol Surg. 2003;29(4):333–9 (discussion 9). Ruiz-Esparza J, Gomez JB. Nonablative radiofrequency for active acne vulgaris: the use of deep dermal heat in the treatment of moderate to severe active acne vulgaris (thermotherapy): a report of 22 patients. Dermatol Surg. 2003;29(4):333–9 (discussion 9).
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Terrell S, Aires D, Schweiger ES. Treatment of acne vulgaris using blue light photodynamic therapy in an African-American patient. J Drugs Dermatol. 2009;8(7):669–71.PubMed Terrell S, Aires D, Schweiger ES. Treatment of acne vulgaris using blue light photodynamic therapy in an African-American patient. J Drugs Dermatol. 2009;8(7):669–71.PubMed
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Cayce KA, McMichael AJ, Feldman SR. Hyperpigmentation: an overview of the common afflictions. Dermatol Nursing. 2004;16(5):401–6, 13–16 (quiz 17). Cayce KA, McMichael AJ, Feldman SR. Hyperpigmentation: an overview of the common afflictions. Dermatol Nursing. 2004;16(5):401–6, 13–16 (quiz 17).
Metadaten
Titel
Acne in Patients with Skin of Color: Practical Management
verfasst von
Natalie C. Yin
Amy J. McMichael
Publikationsdatum
01.02.2014
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in
American Journal of Clinical Dermatology / Ausgabe 1/2014
Print ISSN: 1175-0561
Elektronische ISSN: 1179-1888
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-013-0049-1

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2014

American Journal of Clinical Dermatology 1/2014 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Dermatologie

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Studienlage spricht für Isotretinoin zur Rosazea-Therapie

23.05.2024 Rosazea Nachrichten

Isotretinoin wird off-label zur Behandlung von Rosazea eingesetzt. Wie solide die Evidenz dafür ist, wurde jetzt in einem systematischen Review überprüft.

So sicher sind Tattoos: Neue Daten zur Risikobewertung

22.05.2024 Melanom Nachrichten

Das größte medizinische Problem bei Tattoos bleiben allergische Reaktionen. Melanome werden dadurch offensichtlich nicht gefördert, die Farbpigmente könnten aber andere Tumoren begünstigen.

„Übersichtlicher Wegweiser“: Lauterbachs umstrittener Klinik-Atlas ist online

17.05.2024 Klinik aktuell Nachrichten

Sie sei „ethisch geboten“, meint Gesundheitsminister Karl Lauterbach: mehr Transparenz über die Qualität von Klinikbehandlungen. Um sie abzubilden, lässt er gegen den Widerstand vieler Länder einen virtuellen Klinik-Atlas freischalten.

Riesenzellarteriitis: 15% der Patienten sind von okkulter Form betroffen

16.05.2024 Riesenzellarteriitis Nachrichten

In einer retrospektiven Untersuchung haben Forschende aus Belgien und den Niederlanden die okkulte Form der Riesenzellarteriitis genauer unter die Lupe genommen. In puncto Therapie und Rezidivraten stellten sie keinen sehr großen Unterschied zu Erkrankten mit kranialen Symptomen fest.

Update Dermatologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.