Introduction
Methods
Results
Discharge within 28 days | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clinical features | Available data | All (N = 2796) | No (n = 1392) | Yes (n = 1404) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Age-adjusted p value |
Sex (female) | 2796 | 1014/2796 (36.3) | 467/1392 (33.5) | 547/1404 (39.0) | 1.26 (1.08, 1.48) | 1.38 (1.18, 1.62) | <0.001 |
Age (years) | 2796 | 69.7 ± 13.2 | 73.1 ± 12.4 | 66.3 ± 13.1 | 0.96 (0.95, 0.97) | – | <0.001 |
Age class (years) | 2796 | <0.001 | |||||
<55 | 367/2796 (13.1) | 117/1392 (8.4) | 250/1404 (17.8) | 1 | |||
55–64 | 565/2796 (20.2) | 209/1392 (15.0) | 356/1404 (25.4) | 0.80 (0.60, 1.05) | – | 0.11 | |
65–74 | 797/2796 (28.5) | 394/1392 (28.3) | 403/1404 (28.7) | 0.48 (0.37, 0.62) | – | <0.001 | |
≥75 | 1067/2796 (38.2) | 672/1392 (48.3) | 395/1404 (28.1) | 0.28 (0.21, 0.35) | – | <0.001 | |
Ethnicity | 2384 | 0.13 | |||||
EU | 1385/2384 (58.1) | 745/1193 (62.4) | 640/1191 (53.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
MENA | 497/2384 (20.8) | 227/1193 (19.0) | 270/1191 (22.7) | 1.38 (1.13, 1.70) | 1.17 (0.95, 1.45) | 0.15 | |
AC | 415/2384 (17.4) | 174/1193 (14.6) | 241/1191 (20.2) | 1.61 (1.29, 2.01) | 1.06 (0.83, 1.34) | 0.65 | |
AS | 87/2384 (3.6) | 47/1193 (3.9) | 40/1191 (3.4) | 0.99 (0.64, 1.53) | 0.68 (0.43, 1.08) | 0.10 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 2460 | 28.4 (25–32.4) | 28.2 (24.8–32.2) | 28.7 (25.3–32.5) | 1.09 (1.01, 1.18) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.07) | 0.77 |
BMI class | 2460 | 0.66 | |||||
<25 kg/m2 | 611/2460 (24.8) | 325/1226 (26.5) | 286/1234 (23.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
25–29.9 kg/m2 | 890/2460 (36.2) | 437/1226 (35.6) | 453/1234 (36.7) | 1.18 (0.96, 1.45) | 1.09 (0.88, 1.35) | 0.42 | |
30–39.9 kg/m2 | 823/2460 (33.5) | 398/1226 (32.5) | 425/1234 (34.4) | 1.21 (0.98, 1.50) | 1.00 (0.80, 1.25) | 0.99 | |
≥40 kg/m2 | 136/2460 (5.5) | 66/1226 (5.4) | 70/1234 (5.7) | 1.21 (0.83, 1.75) | 0.90 (0.61, 1.32) | 0.58 | |
Diabetes duration (years) | 1767 | 11 (5–20) | 12 (5–20) | 10 (4–18) | 0.84 (0.76, 0.92) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.10) | 0.92 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol)a | 1800 | 60.7 (50.8–74.9) | 59.6 (50.8–72.7) | 61.8 (50.8–77.1) | 1.19 (1.08, 1.31) | 1.06 (0.96, 1.17) | 0.24 |
HbA1c (%)a | 1800 | 7.7 (6.8–9.0) | 7.6 (6.8–8.8) | 7.8 (6.8–9.2) | 1.19 (1.08, 1.31) | 1.06 (0.96, 1.17) | 0.24 |
Hypertension | 2769 | 2126/2769 (76.8) | 1122/1379 (81.4) | 1004/1390 (72.2) | 0.60 (0.50, 0.71) | 0.80 (0.66, 0.97) | 0.025 |
Dyslipidaemia | 2710 | 1267/2710 (46.8) | 661/1342 (49.3) | 606/1368 (44.3) | 0.82 (0.70, 0.95) | 0.93 (0.79, 1.08) | 0.35 |
Current tobacco use | 2288 | 131/2288 (5.7) | 63/1109 (5.7) | 68/1179 (5.8) | 1.02 (0.71, 1.45) | 0.93 (0.65, 1.34) | 0.69 |
Long-term diabetes complications | |||||||
Microvascular complicationsb | 1966 | 869/1966 (44.2) | 516/939 (55.0) | 353/1027 (34.4) | 0.43 (0.36, 0.52) | 0.59 (0.49, 0.72) | <0.001 |
Macrovascular complicationsc | 2627 | 1014/2627 (38.6) | 586/1297 (45.2) | 428/1330 (32.2) | 0.58 (0.49, 0.67) | 0.74 (0.63, 0.88) | <0.001 |
Comorbidities | |||||||
Heart failure | 2651 | 302/2651 (11.4) | 190/1308 (14.5) | 112/1343 (8.3) | 0.54 (0.42, 0.69) | 0.71 (0.55, 0.92) | 0.009 |
NAFLD or liver cirrhosis | 2640 | 218/2640 (8.3) | 102/1310 (7.8) | 116/1330 (8.7) | 1.13 (0.86, 1.49) | 0.98 (0.73, 1.30) | 0.87 |
Active cancer | 2742 | 253/2742 (9.2) | 137/1362 (10.1) | 116/1380 (8.4) | 0.82 (0.63, 1.06) | 1.05 (0.80, 1.37) | 0.73 |
COPD | 2732 | 263/2732 (9.6) | 162/1359 (11.9) | 101/1373 (7.4) | 0.59 (0.45, 0.76) | 0.70 (0.54, 0.92) | 0.009 |
Treated OSA | 2593 | 273/2593 (10.5) | 144/1284 (11.2) | 129/1309 (9.9) | 0.87 (0.67, 1.11) | 0.84 (0.65, 1.09) | 0.20 |
Routine treatment before admission | |||||||
Metformin | 2794 | 1553/2794 (55.6) | 690/1391 (49.6) | 863/1403 (61.5) | 1.62 (1.40, 1.89) | 1.46 (1.25, 1.71) | <0.001 |
Sulfonylurea/glinides | 2794 | 782/2794 (28.0) | 378/1391 (27.2) | 404/1403 (28.8) | 1.08 (0.92, 1.28) | 1.13 (0.96, 1.34) | 0.15 |
DPP4-inhibitors | 2794 | 615/2794 (22.0) | 286/1391 (20.6) | 329/1403 (23.4) | 1.18 (0.99, 1.42) | 1.22 (1.02, 1.47) | 0.033 |
GLP-1RA | 2794 | 254/2794 (9.1) | 108/1391 (7.8) | 146/1403 (10.4) | 1.38 (1.06, 1.79) | 1.11 (0.85, 1.45) | 0.45 |
Insulin | 2796 | 1039/2796 (37.2) | 563/1392 (40.4) | 476/1404 (33.9) | 0.76 (0.65, 0.88) | 0.78 (0.67, 0.92) | 0.002 |
Diureticsd | 2794 | 1058/2794 (37.9) | 602/1391 (43.3) | 456/1403 (32.5) | 0.63 (0.54, 0.74) | 0.78 (0.66, 0.91) | 0.002 |
β-Blockers | 2794 | 988/2794 (35.4) | 552/1391 (39.7) | 436/1403 (31.1) | 0.69 (0.59, 0.80) | 0.84 (0.71, 0.99) | 0.033 |
CCB | 2794 | 924/2794 (33.1) | 487/1391 (35.0) | 437/1403 (31.1) | 0.84 (0.72, 0.98) | 0.91 (0.77, 1.07) | 0.25 |
ARBs and/or ACE inhibitors and/or MRAe | 2794 | 1570/2794 (56.2) | 800/1391 (57.5) | 770/1403 (54.9) | 0.90 (0.77, 1.04) | 1.03 (0.88, 1.20) | 0.75 |
Statins | 2794 | 1282/2794 (45.9) | 664/1391 (47.7) | 618/1403 (44.0) | 0.86 (0.74, 1.00) | 0.96 (0.82, 1.12) | 0.63 |
Anti-platelet therapy | 2794 | 1125/2794 (40.3) | 594/1391 (42.7) | 531/1403 (37.8) | 0.82 (0.70, 0.95) | 1.03 (0.88, 1.20) | 0.75 |
Anticoagulation therapy | 2794 | 501/2794 (17.9) | 321/1391 (23.1) | 180/1403 (12.8) | 0.49 (0.40, 0.60) | 0.65 (0.53, 0.80) | <0.001 |
Discharge within 28 days | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Available data | All (N = 2796) | No (n = 1392) | Yes (n = 1404) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Age-adjusted p value |
Time from symptom onset to hospital admission (days) | 2743 | 5 (2–9) | 4 (2–7) | 6 (3–9) | 1.05 (1.04, 1.07) | 1.04 (1.02, 1.05) | <0.001 |
Clinical presentation | |||||||
Fever | 2755 | 2077/2755 (75.4) | 1031/1364 (75.6) | 1046/1391 (75.2) | 0.98 (0.82, 1.16) | 0.85 (0.71, 1.01) | 0.068 |
Dyspnoea | 2754 | 1771/2754 (64.3) | 942/1364 (69.1) | 829/1390 (59.6) | 0.66 (0.57, 0.77) | 0.62 (0.52, 0.73) | <0.001 |
Abnormal chest CT scan | 1982 | 1919/1982 (96.8) | 898/927 (96.9) | 1021/1055 (96.8) | 0.97 (0.59, 1.60) | 0.83 (0.49, 1.39) | 0.48 |
Biological findings | |||||||
Positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR | 2705 | 2547/2705 (94.2) | 1286/1340 (96.0) | 1261/1365 (92.4) | 0.51 (0.36, 0.71) | 0.46 (0.33, 0.66) | <0.001 |
Admission plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 1551 | 9.5 (7.0–13.5) | 10.0 (7.1–14.0) | 9.1 (6.9–12.8) | 0.89 (0.80, 0.98) | 0.82 (0.73, 0.91) | <0.001 |
Plasma creatinine (μmol/l) | 2602 | 91 (69–133) | 103 (75–153) | 84 (65–115) | 0.69 (0.63, 0.75) | 0.73 (0.67, 0.80) | <0.001 |
eGFR (ml min−1 [1.73 m]−2)a | 2602 | 68.5 (41.8–89.7) | 57.1 (34.5–82.7) | 78.5 (52.0–95.6) | 1.57 (1.44, 1.71) | 1.36 (1.25, 1.49) | <0.001 |
ALT (%ULN) | 2478 | 0.62 (0.42–1.00) | 0.62 (0.40–0.99) | 0.62 (0.43–1.00) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) | 0.87 (0.80, 0.95) | 0.002 |
AST (%ULN) | 2444 | 1.06 (0.75–1.60) | 1.17 (0.80–1.85) | 0.98 (0.70–1.38) | 0.68 (0.62, 0.74) | 0.64 (0.58, 0.71) | <0.001 |
GGT (%ULN) | 2317 | 0.95 (0.55–1.77) | 0.99 (0.56–1.88) | 0.92 (0.55–1.63) | 0.89 (0.82, 0.96) | 0.85 (0.78, 0.92) | <0.001 |
Haemoglobin (g/l) | 2728 | 127 (114–142) | 125 (110–141) | 129 (118–143) | 1.28 (1.18, 1.38) | 1.21 (1.12, 1.31) | <0.001 |
White cell count (103/mm3) | 2726 | 6580 (5000–8818) | 6800 (5150–9370) | 6310 (4900–8400) | 0.82 (0.76, 0.88) | 0.82 (0.76, 0.89) | <0.001 |
Lymphocyte count (103/mm3) | 2646 | 990 (690–1400) | 900 (600–1300) | 1100 (780–1470) | 1.29 (1.19, 1.40) | 1.23 (1.13, 1.33) | <0.001 |
Platelet count (103/mm3) | 2725 | 201 (156–260) | 196 (150–254) | 205 (164–264) | 1.17 (1.08, 1.26) | 1.13 (1.04, 1.22) | 0.003 |
CRP (mg/l) | 2612 | 86.0 (40.3–148.0) | 98.6 (49.2–166.5) | 73.0 (33.4–128.0) | 0.74 (0.68, 0.80) | 0.70 (0.65, 0.76) | <0.001 |
LDH (U/l) | 1427 | 351 (266–498) | 402 (290–567) | 319 (250–419) | 0.60 (0.52, 0.70) | 0.56 (0.48, 0.66) | <0.001 |
CPK (U/l) | 1385 | 132 (67–305) | 164 (72–416) | 108 (61–222) | 0.70 (0.62, 0.78) | 0.67 (0.60, 0.75) | <0.001 |
Fibrinogen (g/l) | 1424 | 6.3 (5.0–7.4) | 6.3 (5.0–7.6) | 6.2 (5.0–7.3) | 0.99 (0.89, 1.10) | 0.96 (0.87, 1.07) | 0.51 |
Death within 28 days | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clinical features | Available data | No (n = 2219) | Yes (n = 577) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Age-adjusted p value |
Sex (female) | 2796 | 826/2219 (37.2) | 188/577 (32.6) | 0.82 (0.67, 0.99) | 0.69 (0.56, 0.84) | <0.001 |
Age (years) | 2796 | 67.9 ± 13.0 | 76.8 ± 11.3 | 1.06 (1.05, 1.07) | – | <0.001 |
Age class (years) | 2796 | <0.001 | ||||
<55 | 345/2219 (15.5) | 22/577 (3.8) | 1 | |||
55–64 | 511/2219 (23.0) | 54/577 (9.4) | 1.66 (0.99, 2.77) | – | 0.054 | |
65–74 | 657/2219 (29.6) | 140/577 (24.3) | 3.34 (2.09, 5.34) | – | <0.001 | |
≥75 | 706/2219 (31.8) | 361/577 (62.6) | 8.02 (5.12, 12.6) | – | <0.001 | |
Ethnicity | 2384 | 0.35 | ||||
EU | 1065/1895 (56.2) | 320/489 (65.4) | 1 | 1 | ||
MENA | 406/1895 (21.4) | 91/489 (18.6) | 0.75 (0.58, 0.97) | 0.98 (0.74, 1.28) | 0.86 | |
AC | 357/1895 (18.8) | 58/489 (11.9) | 0.54 (0.40, 0.73) | 1.01 (0.73, 1.41) | 0.94 | |
AS | 67/1895 (3.5) | 20/489 (4.1) | 0.99 (0.59, 1.66) | 1.67 (0.96, 2.88) | 0.068 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 2460 | 28.6 (25.2–32.6) | 27.8 (24.5–31.7) | 0.91 (0.82, 1.00) | 1.06 (0.95, 1.18) | 0.31 |
BMI class | 2460 | 0.17 | ||||
<25 kg/m2 | 473/1973 (24.0) | 138/487 (28.3) | 1 | 1 | ||
25–29.9 kg/m2 | 716/1973 (36.3) | 174/487 (35.7) | 0.83 (0.65, 1.07) | 0.96 (0.74, 1.25) | 0.78 | |
30–39.9 kg/m2 | 679/1973 (34.4) | 144/487 (29.6) | 0.73 (0.56, 0.94) | 0.98 (0.74, 1.29) | 0.89 | |
≥40 kg/m2 | 105/1973 (5.3) | 31/487 (6.4) | 1.01 (0.65, 1.58) | 1.63 (1.02, 2.60) | 0.042 | |
Diabetes duration (years) | 1767 | 10 (4–18) | 15 (8–23) | 1.47 (1.27, 1.69) | 1.20 (1.04, 1.39) | 0.015 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol)a | 1800 | 61.6 (50.8–76.0) | 59.6 (50.8–69.4) | 0.80 (0.70, 0.91) | 0.90 (0.78, 1.04) | 0.16 |
HbA1c (%)a | 1800 | 7.8 (6.8–9.1) | 7.6 (6.8–8.5) | 0.80 (0.70, 0.91) | 0.90 (0.78, 1.04) | 0.16 |
Hypertension | 2769 | 1644/2198 (74.8) | 482/571 (84.4) | 1.83 (1.43, 2.33) | 1.25 (0.97, 1.62) | 0.090 |
Dyslipidaemia | 2710 | 981/2157 (45.5) | 286/553 (51.7) | 1.28 (1.06, 1.55) | 1.15 (0.95, 1.40) | 0.16 |
Current tobacco use | 2288 | 109/1855 (5.9) | 22/433 (5.1) | 0.86 (0.54, 1.37) | 1.00 (0.61, 1.62) | 0.99 |
Long-term diabetes complications | ||||||
Microvascular complicationsb | 1966 | 604/1591 (38.0) | 265/375 (70.7) | 3.94 (3.08, 5.03) | 2.63 (2.03, 3.40) | <0.001 |
Macrovascular complicationsc | 2627 | 725/2089 (34.7) | 289/538 (53.7) | 2.18 (1.80, 2.65) | 1.60 (1.30, 1.95) | <0.001 |
Comorbidities | ||||||
Heart failure | 2651 | 200/2121 (9.4) | 102/530 (19.2) | 2.29 (1.76, 2.97) | 1.59 (1.21, 2.10) | 0.001 |
NAFLD or liver cirrhosis | 2640 | 178/2098 (8.5) | 40/542 (7.4) | 0.86 (0.60, 1.23) | 1.10 (0.76, 1.59) | 0.63 |
Active cancer | 2742 | 194/2175 (8.9) | 59/567 (10.4) | 1.19 (0.87, 1.61) | 0.89 (0.65, 1.22) | 0.47 |
COPD | 2732 | 180/2168 (8.3) | 83/564 (14.7) | 1.91 (1.44, 2.52) | 1.58 (1.18, 2.10) | 0.002 |
Treated OSA | 2593 | 211/2049 (10.3) | 62/544 (11.4) | 1.12 (0.83, 1.51) | 1.22 (0.89, 1.67) | 0.21 |
Routine treatment before admission | ||||||
Metformin | 2794 | 1306/2217 (58.9) | 247/577 (42.8) | 0.52 (0.43, 0.63) | 0.63 (0.52, 0.77) | <0.001 |
Sulfonylurea/glinides | 2794 | 633/2217 (28.6) | 149/577 (25.8) | 0.87 (0.71, 1.07) | 0.83 (0.67, 1.03) | 0.093 |
DPP4-inhibitors | 2794 | 502/2217 (22.6) | 113/577 (19.6) | 0.83 (0.66, 1.05) | 0.83 (0.65, 1.05) | 0.12 |
GLP-1RA | 2794 | 221/2217 (10.0) | 33/577 (5.7) | 0.55 (0.38, 0.80) | 0.78 (0.53, 1.15) | 0.21 |
Insulin | 2796 | 762/2219 (34.3) | 277/577 (48.0) | 1.77 (1.47, 2.12) | 1.72 (1.41, 2.08) | <0.001 |
Diureticsd | 2794 | 768/2217 (34.6) | 290/577 (50.3) | 1.91 (1.58, 2.29) | 1.48 (1.22, 1.80) | <0.001 |
β-Blockers | 2794 | 732/2217 (33.0) | 256/577 (44.4) | 1.62 (1.34, 1.95) | 1.27 (1.04, 1.54) | 0.017 |
CCB | 2794 | 710/2217 (32.0) | 214/577 (37.1) | 1.25 (1.03, 1.51) | 1.17 (0.96, 1.43) | 0.12 |
ARBs and/or ACE inhibitors and/or MRAe | 2794 | 1219/2217 (55.0) | 351/577 (60.8) | 1.27 (1.05, 1.53) | 1.15 (0.94, 1.40) | 0.17 |
Statins | 2794 | 983/2217 (44.3) | 299/577 (51.8) | 1.35 (1.12, 1.62) | 1.27 (1.05, 1.54) | 0.015 |
Anti-platelet therapy | 2794 | 834/2217 (37.6) | 291/577 (50.4) | 1.69 (1.40, 2.03) | 1.34 (1.11, 1.63) | 0.003 |
Anticoagulation therapy | 2794 | 352/2217 (15.9) | 149/577 (25.8) | 1.84 (1.48, 2.29) | 1.25 (0.99, 1.58) | 0.057 |
Death within 28 days | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Available data | No (n = 2219) | Yes (n = 577) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI)a | Age-adjusted OR (95% CI)a | Age-adjusted p value |
Time from symptom onset to hospital admission (days) | 2743 | 6 (3–9) | 4 (1–7) | 0.94 (0.92, 0.96) | 0.97 (0.95, 0.98) | <0.001 |
Clinical presentation | ||||||
Fever | 2755 | 1647/2190 (75.2) | 430/565 (76.1) | 1.05 (0.85, 1.30) | 1.28 (1.02, 1.60) | 0.034 |
Dyspnoea | 2754 | 1338/2188 (61.2) | 433/566 (76.5) | 2.07 (1.67, 2.56) | 2.34 (1.87, 2.92) | <0.001 |
Abnormal chest CT scan | 1982 | 1560/1615 (96.6) | 359/367 (97.8) | 1.58 (0.75, 3.35) | 2.05 (0.95, 4.46) | 0.069 |
Biological findings | ||||||
Positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR | 2705 | 2018/2155 (93.6) | 529/550 (96.2) | 1.71 (1.07, 2.73) | 1.92 (1.18, 3.12) | 0.008 |
Admission plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 1551 | 9.2 (7.0–13.2) | 10.2 (7.1–14.5) | 1.07 (0.94, 1.21) | 1.21 (1.06, 1.38) | 0.005 |
Plasma creatinine (μmol/l) | 2602 | 87 (66–121) | 121 (85–185) | 1.69 (1.54, 1.85) | 1.65 (1.49, 1.81) | <0.001 |
eGFR (ml min−1 [1.73 m]−2)a | 2602 | 74.8 (47.6–93.1) | 45.7 (27.2–70.1) | 0.56 (0.51, 0.61) | 0.62 (0.56, 0.68) | <0.001 |
ALT (%ULN) | 2478 | 0.63 (0.43–1.00) | 0.59 (0.39–0.98) | 1.01 (0.92, 1.12) | 1.15 (1.05, 1.27) | 0.004 |
AST (%ULN) | 2444 | 1.03 (0.72–1.50) | 1.33 (0.87–2.03) | 1.46 (1.33, 1.60) | 1.58 (1.43, 1.75) | <0.001 |
GGT (%ULN) | 2317 | 0.95 (0.56–1.75) | 0.95 (0.54–1.83) | 1.04 (0.94, 1.16) | 1.10 (0.99, 1.22) | 0.067 |
Haemoglobin (g/l) | 2728 | 128 (115–142) | 124 (109–139) | 0.81 (0.74, 0.89) | 0.86 (0.78, 0.95) | 0.003 |
White cell count (103/mm3) | 2726 | 6450 (4900–8510) | 7260 (5420–10,100) | 1.35 (1.23, 1.48) | 1.34 (1.22, 1.48) | <0.001 |
Lymphocyte count (103/mm3) | 2646 | 1015 (710–1430) | 845 (550–1200) | 0.74 (0.66, 0.82) | 0.80 (0.72, 0.89) | <0.001 |
Platelet count (103/mm3) | 2725 | 205 (159–263) | 186 (142–241) | 0.77 (0.70, 0.84) | 0.79 (0.72, 0.87) | <0.001 |
CRP (mg/l) | 2612 | 80 (36–140) | 111 (59–181) | 1.49 (1.33, 1.66) | 1.62 (1.44, 1.82) | <0.001 |
LDH (U/l) | 1427 | 338 (257–464) | 436 (311–620) | 1.97 (1.61, 2.42) | 2.20 (1.78, 2.72) | <0.001 |
CPK (U/l) | 1385 | 120 (63–265) | 202 (82–485) | 1.45 (1.28, 1.65) | 1.52 (1.33, 1.74) | <0.001 |
Fibrinogen (g/l) | 1424 | 6.3 (5.0–7.4) | 6.3 (4.9–7.5) | 1.04 (0.92, 1.18) | 1.10 (0.97, 1.24) | 0.13 |