Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 12/2010

01.12.2010 | Original Paper

Racism, mental illness and social support in the UK

verfasst von: Apu T. Chakraborty, Kwame J. McKenzie, Shakoor Hajat, Stephen A. Stansfeld

Erschienen in: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology | Ausgabe 12/2010

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose

The difference in risk of mental illness in UK ethnic minorities may be related to a balance between specific risk factors such as racial discrimination and mediating factors such as social support. We investigated whether social support from friends or relatives reduces the cross-sectional association between perceived racism and the risk of mental illness in an ethnic minority group.

Methods

We conducted secondary analyses of nationally representative community samples of five UK ethnic minority groups (EMPIRIC dataset; n = 4,281) using multiple regression techniques.

Results

We found that the associations between perceived racism, common mental disorder and potentially psychotic symptoms were mainly independent of social support as measured by the number of close persons and their proximity to the individual.

Conclusion

Social support when measured in this way does not mediate the associations between perceived racism and mental ill health in this population-based sample.
Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Bebbington PE, Nayani T (1995) The psychosis screening questionnaire. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 5(1):11–19 Bebbington PE, Nayani T (1995) The psychosis screening questionnaire. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 5(1):11–19
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Bécares L, Nazroo J, Stafford M (2009) The buffering effects of ethnic density on experienced racism and health. Health Place 15(3):670–678CrossRefPubMed Bécares L, Nazroo J, Stafford M (2009) The buffering effects of ethnic density on experienced racism and health. Health Place 15(3):670–678CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Bender M, Cook S, Kaslow N (2003) Social support as a mediator of revictimisation of low-income African American women. Violence Vict 18(4):419–431CrossRefPubMed Bender M, Cook S, Kaslow N (2003) Social support as a mediator of revictimisation of low-income African American women. Violence Vict 18(4):419–431CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Berkman L, Glass T, Brissette I, Seeman TE (2000) From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium. Soc Sci Med 51:843–857CrossRefPubMed Berkman L, Glass T, Brissette I, Seeman TE (2000) From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium. Soc Sci Med 51:843–857CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Berkman LF, Syme SL (1979) Social networks, host resistance and mortality: a nine-year follow-up study of Alameda County residents. Am J Epidemiol 109:186–203PubMed Berkman LF, Syme SL (1979) Social networks, host resistance and mortality: a nine-year follow-up study of Alameda County residents. Am J Epidemiol 109:186–203PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhui K, Stansfeld S, McKenzie K, Karlsen S, Nazroo J, Weich S (2005) Racial/ethnic discrimination and common mental disorders among workers: findings from the EMPIRIC study of ethnic minority groups in the United Kingdom. Am J Public Health 95:496–501CrossRefPubMed Bhui K, Stansfeld S, McKenzie K, Karlsen S, Nazroo J, Weich S (2005) Racial/ethnic discrimination and common mental disorders among workers: findings from the EMPIRIC study of ethnic minority groups in the United Kingdom. Am J Public Health 95:496–501CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Boydell J, van Os J, McKenzie K, Allardyce J, Goel R, McCreadie RG, Murray RM (2001) Incidence of schizophrenia in ethnic minorities in London: ecological study of interaction with environment. BMJ 323:1336CrossRefPubMed Boydell J, van Os J, McKenzie K, Allardyce J, Goel R, McCreadie RG, Murray RM (2001) Incidence of schizophrenia in ethnic minorities in London: ecological study of interaction with environment. BMJ 323:1336CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Broadhead WE, Kaplan BH, James SA, Wagner EH, Schoenbach VJ, Grimson R, Heyden S, Tibblin G (1983) Epidemiologic evidence for a relationship between social support and health. Am J Epidemiol 117(5):521–537PubMed Broadhead WE, Kaplan BH, James SA, Wagner EH, Schoenbach VJ, Grimson R, Heyden S, Tibblin G (1983) Epidemiologic evidence for a relationship between social support and health. Am J Epidemiol 117(5):521–537PubMed
9.
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Chakraborty A, McKenzie K, Leavey G, King M (2009) Measuring perceived racism and psychosis in African-Caribbean patients in the United Kingdom: the modified perceived racism scale. Clin Pract Epidemiol Mental Health 5:10CrossRef Chakraborty A, McKenzie K, Leavey G, King M (2009) Measuring perceived racism and psychosis in African-Caribbean patients in the United Kingdom: the modified perceived racism scale. Clin Pract Epidemiol Mental Health 5:10CrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Chakraborty A, McKenzie K (2002) Does racial discrimination cause mental illness? Br J Psychiatry 180:475–477CrossRefPubMed Chakraborty A, McKenzie K (2002) Does racial discrimination cause mental illness? Br J Psychiatry 180:475–477CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Chapple B, Chant D, Nolan P, Cardy S, Whiteford H, McGrath J (2004) Correlates of victimisation amongst people with psychosis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 39(10):836–840PubMed Chapple B, Chant D, Nolan P, Cardy S, Whiteford H, McGrath J (2004) Correlates of victimisation amongst people with psychosis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 39(10):836–840PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen S, Mermelstein R, Kamarck T, Hoberman HM (1985) Measuring the functional components of social support. In: Sarason IG, Sarason BR (eds) Social support: theory, research and applications. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 73–94 Cohen S, Mermelstein R, Kamarck T, Hoberman HM (1985) Measuring the functional components of social support. In: Sarason IG, Sarason BR (eds) Social support: theory, research and applications. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 73–94
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Collins CA, Williams DR (1999) Segregation and mortality: the deadly effects of racism? Sociol Forum 14:493–521CrossRef Collins CA, Williams DR (1999) Segregation and mortality: the deadly effects of racism? Sociol Forum 14:493–521CrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Compton MT, Thompson NJ, Kaslow NJ (2005) Social environment factors associated with suicide attempt among low-income African Americans: the protective role of family relationships and social support. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 40(3):175–185CrossRefPubMed Compton MT, Thompson NJ, Kaslow NJ (2005) Social environment factors associated with suicide attempt among low-income African Americans: the protective role of family relationships and social support. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 40(3):175–185CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Erens B, Primatesta P, Prior G (2001) The Health Survey for England 1999: the health of minority ethnic groups. The Stationery Office, London Erens B, Primatesta P, Prior G (2001) The Health Survey for England 1999: the health of minority ethnic groups. The Stationery Office, London
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Fearon P, Kirkbride JB, Dazzan P, Morgan C, Morgan K, Lloyd T, Hutchinson G, Tarrant J, Fung WLA, Holloway J, Mallett R, Harrison G, Leff J, Jones PB, Murray RM (2006) Incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses in ethnic minority groups: results from the MRC AESOP Study. Psychol Med 26:1–10 Fearon P, Kirkbride JB, Dazzan P, Morgan C, Morgan K, Lloyd T, Hutchinson G, Tarrant J, Fung WLA, Holloway J, Mallett R, Harrison G, Leff J, Jones PB, Murray RM (2006) Incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses in ethnic minority groups: results from the MRC AESOP Study. Psychol Med 26:1–10
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Gee G, Chen J, Spencer M, See S, Kuester O, Tran D, Takeuchi D (2006) Social support as a buffer for perceived unfair treatment among Filipino Americans: differences between San Francisco and Honolulu. Am J Public Health 96:677–684CrossRefPubMed Gee G, Chen J, Spencer M, See S, Kuester O, Tran D, Takeuchi D (2006) Social support as a buffer for perceived unfair treatment among Filipino Americans: differences between San Francisco and Honolulu. Am J Public Health 96:677–684CrossRefPubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Gee G (2002) A multilevel analysis of the relationship between institutional and individual racial discrimination and health status. Am J Public Health 92(4):615–623CrossRefPubMed Gee G (2002) A multilevel analysis of the relationship between institutional and individual racial discrimination and health status. Am J Public Health 92(4):615–623CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Gini G, Carli G, Pozzoli T (2009) Social support, peer victimisation, and somatic complaints: a meditational analysis. J Paediatr Child Health May 28 (Epub) Gini G, Carli G, Pozzoli T (2009) Social support, peer victimisation, and somatic complaints: a meditational analysis. J Paediatr Child Health May 28 (Epub)
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldberg D, Huxley P (1992) Common mental disorders: a bio-social model. Routledge, London Goldberg D, Huxley P (1992) Common mental disorders: a bio-social model. Routledge, London
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Helgeson VS (1993) Two important distinctions in social support: kind of support and perceived versus received. J Appl Soc Psychol 23:825–845CrossRef Helgeson VS (1993) Two important distinctions in social support: kind of support and perceived versus received. J Appl Soc Psychol 23:825–845CrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Hodgins S, Lincoln T, Mak T (2009) Experiences of victimisation and depression are associated with community functioning among men with schizophrenia. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 44(6):448–457CrossRefPubMed Hodgins S, Lincoln T, Mak T (2009) Experiences of victimisation and depression are associated with community functioning among men with schizophrenia. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 44(6):448–457CrossRefPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Jablonska B, Lindberg L (2007) Risk behaviours, victimisation and mental distress among adolescents in different family structures. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 42(8):656–663CrossRefPubMed Jablonska B, Lindberg L (2007) Risk behaviours, victimisation and mental distress among adolescents in different family structures. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 42(8):656–663CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Jacob KS, Everitt BS, Patel V, Weich S, Araya R, Lewis GH (1998) The comparison of latent variable models of non-psychotic psychiatric morbidity in four culturally diverse populations. Psychol Med 28:145–152CrossRefPubMed Jacob KS, Everitt BS, Patel V, Weich S, Araya R, Lewis GH (1998) The comparison of latent variable models of non-psychotic psychiatric morbidity in four culturally diverse populations. Psychol Med 28:145–152CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaplan G A (2001) Alameda County Health and Ways of Living Study, 1994 and 1995 panels. ICPSR version. California Dept of Health Services, Berkeley, CA, Human Population Laboratory, 1995, Ann Arbor, MI, Inter-university consortium for Political and Social Research Kaplan G A (2001) Alameda County Health and Ways of Living Study, 1994 and 1995 panels. ICPSR version. California Dept of Health Services, Berkeley, CA, Human Population Laboratory, 1995, Ann Arbor, MI, Inter-university consortium for Political and Social Research
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Kelaher M, Paul S, Lambert H, Ahmad W, Paradies Y, Smith G (2008) Discrimination and health in an English study. Soc Sci Med 66:1627–1636CrossRefPubMed Kelaher M, Paul S, Lambert H, Ahmad W, Paradies Y, Smith G (2008) Discrimination and health in an English study. Soc Sci Med 66:1627–1636CrossRefPubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Kessler RC, McLeod JD (1985) Social support and mental health in community samples. In: Cohen S, Syme SL (eds) Social support and health. Academic Press, New York, pp 219–240 Kessler RC, McLeod JD (1985) Social support and mental health in community samples. In: Cohen S, Syme SL (eds) Social support and health. Academic Press, New York, pp 219–240
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Klineberg E, Clark C, Bhui KS, Haines MM, Viner RM, Head J, Woodley-Jones D, Stansfeld SA (2006) Social support, ethnicity and mental health in adolescents. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 41(9):755–760CrossRefPubMed Klineberg E, Clark C, Bhui KS, Haines MM, Viner RM, Head J, Woodley-Jones D, Stansfeld SA (2006) Social support, ethnicity and mental health in adolescents. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 41(9):755–760CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Krol B, Sanderman R, Suurmeijer TPBM (1993) Social support, rheumatoid arthritis and quality of life: concepts, measurement and research. Patient Educ Couns 20:101CrossRefPubMed Krol B, Sanderman R, Suurmeijer TPBM (1993) Social support, rheumatoid arthritis and quality of life: concepts, measurement and research. Patient Educ Couns 20:101CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat LaVeist TA (1989) Linking residential segregation to the infant-mortality race disparity in US cities. Soc Sci Res 73:94 LaVeist TA (1989) Linking residential segregation to the infant-mortality race disparity in US cities. Soc Sci Res 73:94
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Lewis G, Pelosi AJ, Araya RC, Dunn G (1992) Measuring psychiatric disorder in the community: the development of a standardised assessment for use by lay interviewers. Psychol Med 22:465–486CrossRefPubMed Lewis G, Pelosi AJ, Araya RC, Dunn G (1992) Measuring psychiatric disorder in the community: the development of a standardised assessment for use by lay interviewers. Psychol Med 22:465–486CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Meagher DM, Gregor F, Stewart MJ (1987) Dyadic social support for cardiac surgery patients—a Canadian approach. Soc Sci Med 25(7):833–837CrossRefPubMed Meagher DM, Gregor F, Stewart MJ (1987) Dyadic social support for cardiac surgery patients—a Canadian approach. Soc Sci Med 25(7):833–837CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Mitchell MD, Hargrove GL, Collins MH, Thompson MP, Reddick TL, Kaslow NJ (2006) Coping variables that mediate the relation between intimate partner violence and mental health outcomes among low-income, African American women. J Clin Psychol 62(12):1503–1520CrossRefPubMed Mitchell MD, Hargrove GL, Collins MH, Thompson MP, Reddick TL, Kaslow NJ (2006) Coping variables that mediate the relation between intimate partner violence and mental health outcomes among low-income, African American women. J Clin Psychol 62(12):1503–1520CrossRefPubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Modood T, Berthhoud R, Lakey J, Nazroo J, Smith P, Virdee S, Beishon S (1997) Ethnic minorities in Britain: diversity and disadvantage. Fourth national survey of ethnic minorities. Policy Studies Institute, London Modood T, Berthhoud R, Lakey J, Nazroo J, Smith P, Virdee S, Beishon S (1997) Ethnic minorities in Britain: diversity and disadvantage. Fourth national survey of ethnic minorities. Policy Studies Institute, London
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Nazroo J (1997) Ethnicity and mental health: findings from a national community survey. Policy Studies Institute, London Nazroo J (1997) Ethnicity and mental health: findings from a national community survey. Policy Studies Institute, London
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Nazroo J, King M (2002) Psychosis—symptoms and estimated rates. In: Sproston K and Nazroo J (eds) Ethnic Minority Psychiatric Illness Rates in the Community (EMPIRIC). TSO, London, pp 47–62 Nazroo J, King M (2002) Psychosis—symptoms and estimated rates. In: Sproston K and Nazroo J (eds) Ethnic Minority Psychiatric Illness Rates in the Community (EMPIRIC). TSO, London, pp 47–62
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Neeleman J, Wilson-Jones C, Wessely S (2001) Ethnic density and deliberate self-harm; a small area study in south east London. J Epidemiol Community Health 55:85–90CrossRefPubMed Neeleman J, Wilson-Jones C, Wessely S (2001) Ethnic density and deliberate self-harm; a small area study in south east London. J Epidemiol Community Health 55:85–90CrossRefPubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Neeleman J, Mak V, Wessely S (1997) Suicide by age, ethnic group, coroner’s verdict and country of birth. A three-year survey in inner London. Br J Psychiatry 171:463–467CrossRefPubMed Neeleman J, Mak V, Wessely S (1997) Suicide by age, ethnic group, coroner’s verdict and country of birth. A three-year survey in inner London. Br J Psychiatry 171:463–467CrossRefPubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Noh S, Kaspar V (2003) Perceived discrimination and depression: moderating effects of coping, acculturation, and ethnic support. Am J Public Health 93(2):232–238CrossRefPubMed Noh S, Kaspar V (2003) Perceived discrimination and depression: moderating effects of coping, acculturation, and ethnic support. Am J Public Health 93(2):232–238CrossRefPubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Connor W, Nazroo J (2002) Ethnic differences in the context and experience of psychiatric illness: a qualitative study. NatCen, London O’Connor W, Nazroo J (2002) Ethnic differences in the context and experience of psychiatric illness: a qualitative study. NatCen, London
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Olstad R, Sexton H, Søgaard AJ (2001) The Finnmark Study. A prospective population study of the social support buffer hypothesis, specific stressors and mental distress. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 36(12):582–589CrossRefPubMed Olstad R, Sexton H, Søgaard AJ (2001) The Finnmark Study. A prospective population study of the social support buffer hypothesis, specific stressors and mental distress. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 36(12):582–589CrossRefPubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Paradies Y (2006) A systematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health. Int J Epidemiol 35:888–901CrossRefPubMed Paradies Y (2006) A systematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health. Int J Epidemiol 35:888–901CrossRefPubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Pickett K, Wilkinson R (2008) People like us: ethnic group density effects on health. Ethn Health 13(4):321–334CrossRefPubMed Pickett K, Wilkinson R (2008) People like us: ethnic group density effects on health. Ethn Health 13(4):321–334CrossRefPubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Pilisuk M (1978) Kinship, social networks, social support and health. Soc Sci Med 12(4B):273–280PubMed Pilisuk M (1978) Kinship, social networks, social support and health. Soc Sci Med 12(4B):273–280PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Polednak AP (1996) Segregation, discrimination and mortality in US blacks. Ethn Dis 6:99–108PubMed Polednak AP (1996) Segregation, discrimination and mortality in US blacks. Ethn Dis 6:99–108PubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Polowczyk D, Brutus M, Orvieto A, Vidal J, Cipriania D (1993) Comparison of patient and staff surveys of consumer satisfaction. Hosp Community Psychiatry 44:589–591PubMed Polowczyk D, Brutus M, Orvieto A, Vidal J, Cipriania D (1993) Comparison of patient and staff surveys of consumer satisfaction. Hosp Community Psychiatry 44:589–591PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Procidano MA, Heller K (1983) Measures of perceived social support from friends and from family: three validation studies. Am J Commun Psychol 11:1CrossRef Procidano MA, Heller K (1983) Measures of perceived social support from friends and from family: three validation studies. Am J Commun Psychol 11:1CrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Sarason IG, Levine HM, Basham RB, Sarason BR (1983) Assessing social support: the social support questionnaire. J Personal Soc Psychol 44:127CrossRef Sarason IG, Levine HM, Basham RB, Sarason BR (1983) Assessing social support: the social support questionnaire. J Personal Soc Psychol 44:127CrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Schuster TL, Kessler RC, Aseltine RH (1990) Supportive interactions, negative interactions and depressed mood. Am J Community Psychol 18:423–438CrossRefPubMed Schuster TL, Kessler RC, Aseltine RH (1990) Supportive interactions, negative interactions and depressed mood. Am J Community Psychol 18:423–438CrossRefPubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Seeman TE, Berkman LF, Blazer D, Rowe JW (1994) Social ties and support and neuroendocrine function. MacArthur studies of successful aging. Ann Behav Med 16:95–106 Seeman TE, Berkman LF, Blazer D, Rowe JW (1994) Social ties and support and neuroendocrine function. MacArthur studies of successful aging. Ann Behav Med 16:95–106
52.
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Sproston K, Nazroo J (eds) (2002) Ethnic minority psychiatric illness rates in the community (EMPIRIC). The Stationery Office, London Sproston K, Nazroo J (eds) (2002) Ethnic minority psychiatric illness rates in the community (EMPIRIC). The Stationery Office, London
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Sproston K, Pitson L, Whitfield G (1998) The health and lifestyles of Chinese people living in England. HMSO, London Sproston K, Pitson L, Whitfield G (1998) The health and lifestyles of Chinese people living in England. HMSO, London
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Stansfeld SA, Marmot MG (1992) Deriving a survey measure of social support: the reliability and validity of the close persons questionnaire. Soc Sci Med 35:1027–1035CrossRefPubMed Stansfeld SA, Marmot MG (1992) Deriving a survey measure of social support: the reliability and validity of the close persons questionnaire. Soc Sci Med 35:1027–1035CrossRefPubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat StataCorp (2001) Stata Statistical Software, Release 7.0. Stata Corporation, College Station, TX StataCorp (2001) Stata Statistical Software, Release 7.0. Stata Corporation, College Station, TX
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Strine TW, Chapman DP, Balluz L, Mokdad AH (2008) Health-related quality of life and health behaviours by social and emotional support. Their relevance to psychiatry and medicine. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 43(2):151–159CrossRefPubMed Strine TW, Chapman DP, Balluz L, Mokdad AH (2008) Health-related quality of life and health behaviours by social and emotional support. Their relevance to psychiatry and medicine. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 43(2):151–159CrossRefPubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Thoits PA (1983) Main and interactive effects of social support: response to LaRocco. J Health Soc Behav 7.4:92 Thoits PA (1983) Main and interactive effects of social support: response to LaRocco. J Health Soc Behav 7.4:92
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Thoits PA (1982) Conceptual, methodological, and theoretical problems in studying social support as a buffer against life stresses. J Health Soc Behav 23:145 Thoits PA (1982) Conceptual, methodological, and theoretical problems in studying social support as a buffer against life stresses. J Health Soc Behav 23:145
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Vaux A (1988) Social support. theory, research and intervention. Praeger, New York Vaux A (1988) Social support. theory, research and intervention. Praeger, New York
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Weich S, Nazroo J, Sproston K, McManus S, Blanchard M, Erens B, Karlsen S, King M, Lloyd K, Stansfeld S, Tyrer P (2004) Common mental disorders and ethnicity in England: the EMPIRIC Study. Psychol Med 34:1543–1551CrossRefPubMed Weich S, Nazroo J, Sproston K, McManus S, Blanchard M, Erens B, Karlsen S, King M, Lloyd K, Stansfeld S, Tyrer P (2004) Common mental disorders and ethnicity in England: the EMPIRIC Study. Psychol Med 34:1543–1551CrossRefPubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Weich S, McManus S (2002) Common mental disorders. In: Sproston K, Nazroo J (eds) Ethnic minority psychiatric illness rates in the community (EMPIRIC). TSO, London, pp 47–62 Weich S, McManus S (2002) Common mental disorders. In: Sproston K, Nazroo J (eds) Ethnic minority psychiatric illness rates in the community (EMPIRIC). TSO, London, pp 47–62
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Whitley R, Prince M, McKenzie K, Stewart R (2006) Exploring the ethnic density effect: a qualitative study of a London electoral ward. Int J Soc Psychiatry 52(4):376–391CrossRefPubMed Whitley R, Prince M, McKenzie K, Stewart R (2006) Exploring the ethnic density effect: a qualitative study of a London electoral ward. Int J Soc Psychiatry 52(4):376–391CrossRefPubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Wing JK, Cooper JE, Sartorius N (1974) Measurement and classification of psychiatric symptoms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Wing JK, Cooper JE, Sartorius N (1974) Measurement and classification of psychiatric symptoms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Metadaten
Titel
Racism, mental illness and social support in the UK
verfasst von
Apu T. Chakraborty
Kwame J. McKenzie
Shakoor Hajat
Stephen A. Stansfeld
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2010
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology / Ausgabe 12/2010
Print ISSN: 0933-7954
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-9285
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-009-0156-8

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 12/2010

Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 12/2010 Zur Ausgabe

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

23.04.2024 Demenz Nachrichten

Wenn Demenzkranke aufgrund von Symptomen wie Agitation oder Aggressivität mit Antipsychotika behandelt werden, sind damit offenbar noch mehr Risiken verbunden als bislang angenommen.

Weniger postpartale Depressionen nach Esketamin-Einmalgabe

Bislang gibt es kein Medikament zur Prävention von Wochenbettdepressionen. Das Injektionsanästhetikum Esketamin könnte womöglich diese Lücke füllen.

„Psychotherapie ist auch bei sehr alten Menschen hochwirksam!“

22.04.2024 DGIM 2024 Kongressbericht

Die Kombination aus Medikamenten und Psychotherapie gilt als effektivster Ansatz bei Depressionen. Das ist bei betagten Menschen nicht anders, trotz Besonderheiten.

Auf diese Krankheiten bei Geflüchteten sollten Sie vorbereitet sein

22.04.2024 DGIM 2024 Nachrichten

Um Menschen nach der Flucht aus einem Krisengebiet bestmöglich medizinisch betreuen zu können, ist es gut zu wissen, welche Erkrankungen im jeweiligen Herkunftsland häufig sind. Dabei hilft eine Internetseite der CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).

Update Psychiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.