nach oben

Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology

Erschienen in:

21.08.2021 | Original Paper

Home, school, and community violence exposure and emotional and conduct problems among low-income adolescents: the moderating role of age and sex

verfasst von: Isabel Altenfelder Bordin, Bjørn Helge Handegård, Cristiane S. Paula, Cristiane S. Duarte, John Andreas Rønning

Erschienen in: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology | Ausgabe 1/2022

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to assess whether violence exposure is associated with emotional/conduct problems, when adjusting for confounders/covariates and controlling for comorbidity, and to investigate interactions between violence exposure and sex and/or age.

Methods

This cross-sectional study evaluated a community-based sample of 669 in-school 11–15-year-olds. A three-stage probabilistic sampling plan included a random selection of census units, eligible households, and target child. Multivariable logistic regression investigated the effect of severe physical punishment by parents, peer victimization at school, and community violence on the study outcomes (adolescent-reported emotional/conduct problems identified by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire/SDQ) when controlling for confounders (resilience, parental emotional warmth, maternal education/unemployment/anxiety/depression) and covariates (age, sex, stressful life events, parental rejection).

Results

Considering interactions, emotional problems were associated with community violence victimization among girls, while conduct problems were associated with severe physical punishment among the younger, suffering peer aggression among the oldest, bullying victimization among girls, and witnessing community violence among boys. Desensitization (less emotional problems with greater violence exposure) was noted among the youngest exposed to severe physical punishment and the oldest who witnessed community violence.

Conclusion

Age and sex are moderators of the association between violence exposure and emotional/conduct problems. Interventions at local health units, schools, and communities could reduce the use of harsh physical punishment as a parental educational method, help adolescents deal with peer aggression at school and keep them out of the streets by increasing the usual five hours in school per day and making free sports and cultural/leisure activities available near their homes.

Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich

United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) (2020) UNICEF data: Monitoring the situation of children and women - Measurement of mental health among adolescents at the population level (MMAP). https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-health/mental-health/mmap/. Accessed 09 Apr 2021

United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) (2017) UNICEF data: Monitoring the situation of children and women - Violence. https://data.unicef.org/topic/adolescents/violence/. Accessed 09 Apr 2021

Bywaters P, Bunting L, Davidson G, Hanratty J, Mason W, McCartan C et al (2016) The relationship between poverty, child abuse and neglect: An evidence review. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295812966_The_relationship_between_poverty_child_abuse_and_neglect_an_evidence_review. Accessed 09 Apr 2021

Jansen DE, Veenstra R, Ormel J, Verhulst FC, Reijneveld SA (2011) Early risk factors for being a bully, victim, or bully/victim in late elementary and early secondary education. The longitudinal TRAILS study. BMC Public Health 11(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-440CrossRef

Larke C (2014) Adolescents’ perceptions and understandings of the risk and protective factors related to community violence exposure in a low-income community in Cape Town. Dissertation, University of the Western Cape. Larke_c_mpsych_chs_2014%20(1).pdf. Accessed 09 Apr 2021

Vitolo YLC, Fleitlich-Bilyk B, Goodman R, Bordin IAS (2005) Parental beliefs and child-rearing attitudes and mental health problems among schoolchildren. Rev Saude Publica 39:716–724. https://www.scielosp.org/article/rsp/2005.v39n5/716-724/en/. Accessed 09 Apr 2021

Curto BM, Paula CS, Nascimento R, Murray J, Bordin IA (2011) Environmental factors associated with adolescent antisocial behavior in a poor urban community in Brazil. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 46(12):1221–1231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-010-0291-2CrossRefPubMed

Murray J, Anselmi L, Gallo EAG, Fleitlich-Bilyk B, Bordin IA (2013) Epidemiology of childhood conduct problems in Brazil: systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 48(10):1527–1538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-013-0695-xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

LeMoult J, Humphreys KL, Tracy A, Hoffmeister JA, Ip E, Gotlib IH (2019) Meta-analysis: Exposure to early life stress and risk for depression in childhood and adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 59(7):842–855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2019.10.011CrossRefPubMed

10.

Brunstein-Klomek A, Barzilay S, Apter A, Carli V, Hoven CW, Sarchiapone M et al (2019) Bi-directional longitudinal associations between different types of bullying victimization, suicide ideation/attempts, and depression among a large sample of European adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 60(2):209–215. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12951CrossRefPubMed

11.

Bowes L, Maughan B, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Arseneault L (2010) Families promote emotional and behavioural resilience to bullying: evidence of an environmental effect. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 51(7):809–817. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02216.xCrossRefPubMed

12.

Hardaway CR, Sterrett-Hong E, Larkby CA, Cornelius MD (2016) Family resources as protective factors for low-income youth exposed to community violence. J Youth Adolesc 45(7):1309–1322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0410-1CrossRefPubMed

13.

Pierre CL, Burnside A, Gaylord-Harden NK (2020) A longitudinal examination of community violence exposure, school belongingness, and mental health among African-American adolescent males. School Ment Health 12(2):388–399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-020-09359-wCrossRef

14.

Lambert SF, Bettencourt AF, Bradshaw CP, Ialongo NS (2013) Early predictors of urban adolescents’ community violence exposure. J Aggress Maltreat Trauma 22(1):26–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2013.743944CrossRef

15.

Devenish B, Hooley M, Mellor D (2017) The pathways between socioeconomic status and adolescent outcomes: A systematic review. Am J Commun Psychol 59(1–2):219–238. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12115CrossRef

16.

March-Llanes J, Marqués-Feixa L, Mezquita L, Fañanás L, Moya-Higueras J (2017) Stressful life events during adolescence and risk for externalizing and internalizing psychopathology: a meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 26(12):1409–1422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-0996-9CrossRefPubMed

17.

Miranda MC, Affuso G, Esposito C, Bacchini D (2016) Parental acceptance–rejection and adolescent maladjustment: mothers’ and fathers’ combined roles. J Child Fam Stud 25(4):1352–1362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0305-5CrossRef

18.

Atiqul Haque M, Janson S, Moniruzzaman S, Rahman AF, Islam SS, Mashreky SR et al (2019) Children’s exposure to physical abuse from a child perspective: a population-based study in rural Bangladesh. PLoS ONE 14(2):e0212428. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212428CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

19.

Malta DC, Porto DL, Crespo CD, Silva MM, Andrade SS, Mello FC et al (2014) Bullying in Brazilian school children: analysis of the National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (PeNSE 2012). Rev Bras Epidemiol 17(suppl 1):92–105. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4503201400050008CrossRefPubMed

20.

Malhotra S, Sahoo S (2018) Antecedents of depression in children and adolescents. Ind Psychiatry J 27(1):11. https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_29_17CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

21.

Fatori D, Bordin IA, Curto BM, De Paula CS (2013) Influence of psychosocial risk factors on the trajectory of mental health problems from childhood to adolescence: a longitudinal study. BMC Psychiatry 13(1):31. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-31CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

22.

Azeredo CM, Santos IS, Barros AJ, Barros FC, Matijasevich A (2017) Maternal depression and bullying victimization among adolescents: results from the 2004 Pelotas cohort study. Depress Anxiety 34(10):897–907. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22662CrossRefPubMed

23.

Nomaguchi K, Fettro MN (2020) Children’s bullying involvement and maternal depressive symptoms. Soc Sci Med 245:112695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112695CrossRefPubMed

24.

Windle G (2011) What is resilience? a review and concept analysis. Rev Clin Gerontol 21(2):152–169. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959259810000420CrossRef

25.

Fredkove WM, Gower AL, Sieving RE (2019) Association among internal assets, bullying, and emotional distress in eighth grade students. J Sch Health 89(11):883–889. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12833CrossRefPubMed

26.

Kim-Cohen J, Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Taylor A (2004) Genetic and environmental processes in young children’s resilience and vulnerability to socioeconomic deprivation. Child Dev 75(3):651–668. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00699.xCrossRefPubMed

27.

Rothenberg WA, Lansford JE, Bornstein MH, Chang L, Deater-Deckard K, Di Giunta L et al (2020) Effects of parental warmth and behavioral control on adolescent externalizing and internalizing trajectories across cultures. J Res Adolesc 30(4):835–855. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12566CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

28.

Karlsson E, Stickley A, Lindblad F, Schwab-Stone M, Ruchkin V (2014) Risk and protective factors for peer victimization: a 1-year follow-up study of urban American students. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 23(9):773–781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-013-0507-6CrossRefPubMed

29.

Buckner JC, Beardslee WR, Bassuk EL (2004) Exposure to violence and low-income children’s mental health: direct, moderated, and mediated relations. Am J Orthopsychiatry 74(4):413–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.74.4.413CrossRefPubMed

30.

Yen CF, Huang MF, Kim YS, Wang PW, Tang TC, Yeh YC et al (2013) Association between types of involvement in school bullying and different dimensions of anxiety symptoms and the moderating effects of age and gender in Taiwanese adolescents. Child Abuse Negl 37(4):263–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.01.004CrossRefPubMed

31.

McGee ZT, Logan K, Samuel J, Nunn T (2017) A multivariate analysis of gun violence among urban youth: the impact of direct victimization, indirect victimization, and victimization among peers. Cogent Soc Sci 3(1):1328772. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2017.1328772CrossRef

32.

Bordin IA, Duarte CS, Ribeiro WS, Paula CS, Coutinho ES, Sourander A et al (2018) Violence and child mental health in Brazil: the Itaboraí youth study methods and findings. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 27(2):e1605. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1605CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

33.

Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Sinopse do Censo Demográfico 2010 por Estado e Município: População Residente. http://www.censo2010.ibge.gov.br/sinopse/index.php?uf=33&dados=1. Accessed 09 Apr 2021

34.

Woerner W, Fleitlich-Bilyk B, Martinussen R, Fletcher J, Cucchiaro G, Dalgalarrondo P et al (2004) The Strengths and difficulties questionnaire overseas: evaluations and applications of the SDQ beyond Europe. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 13(2):ii47-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-004-2008-0CrossRefPubMed

35.

Goodman A, Goodman R (2009) Strengths and difficulties questionnaire as a dimensional measure of child mental health. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 48(4):400–403. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181985068CrossRefPubMed

36.

Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Muller KE, Nizam A (1998) Applied regression analysis and other multivariable methods. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Pacific Grove

37.

Aiken LS, West SG (1991) Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions. Sage, Newbury Park

38.

Halabi F, Ghandour L, Dib R, Zeinoun P, Maalouf FT (2018) Correlates of bullying and its relationship with psychiatric disorders in Lebanese adolescents. Psychiatry Res 261:94–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.039CrossRefPubMed

39.

Zhu J, Yu C, Zhang W, Bao Z, Jiang Y, Chen Y et al (2016) Peer victimization, deviant peer affiliation and impulsivity: predicting adolescent problem behaviors. Child Abuse Negl 58:39–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.06.008CrossRefPubMed

40.

Lin S, Yu C, Chen W, Tian Y, Zhang W (2018) Peer victimization and aggressive behavior among Chinese adolescents: delinquent peer affiliation as a mediator and parental knowledge as a moderator. Front Psychol 9:1036. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01036CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

41.

Lin S, Yu C, Chen J, Zhang W, Cao L, Liu L (2020) Predicting adolescent aggressive behavior from community violence exposure, deviant peer affiliation and school engagement: a one-year longitudinal study. Child Youth Serv Rev 111:104840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104840CrossRef

42.

Bacchini D, Concetta Miranda M, Affuso G (2011) Effects of parental monitoring and exposure to community violence on antisocial behavior and anxiety/depression among adolescents. J Interpers Violence 26(2):269–292. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260510362879CrossRefPubMed

43.

Margolin G, Gordis EB (2004) Children’s exposure to violence in the family and community. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 13(4):152–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00296.xCrossRef

44.

Heleniak C, King KM, Monahan KC, McLaughlin KA (2018) Disruptions in emotion regulation as a mechanism linking community violence exposure to adolescent internalizing problems. J Res Adolesc 28(1):229–244. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12328CrossRefPubMed

45.

Kersten L, Vriends N, Steppan M, Raschle NM, Praetzlich M, Oldenhof H et al (2017) Community violence exposure and conduct problems in children and adolescents with conduct disorder and healthy controls. Front Behav Neurosci 11:219. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00219CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

46.

Kennedy TM, Ceballo R (2016) Emotionally numb: desensitization to community violence exposure among urban youth. Dev Psychol 52(5):778. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000112CrossRefPubMed

47.

Gaylord-Harden NK, Dickson D, Pierre C (2016) Profiles of community violence exposure among African American youth: an examination of desensitization to violence using latent class analysis. J Interpers Violence 31(11):2077–2101. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515572474CrossRefPubMed

48.

Cooley-Quille M, Boyd RC, Frantz E, Walsh J (2001) Emotional and behavioral impact of exposure to community violence in inner-city adolescents. J Clin Child Psychol 30(2):199–206. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15374424JCCP3002_7CrossRefPubMed

49.

Ng-Mak DS, Salzinger S, Feldman RS, Stueve CA (2004) Pathologic adaptation to community violence among inner-city youth. Am J Orthopsychiatry 74(2):196–208. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.74.2.196CrossRefPubMed

50.

Foster H, Brooks-Gunn J (2009) Toward a stress process model of children’s exposure to physical family and community violence. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 12(2):71–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-009-0049-0CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

51.

Wang M, Liu L (2018) Reciprocal relations between harsh discipline and children’s externalizing behavior in China: a 5-year longitudinal study. Child Dev 89(1):174–187. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12724CrossRefPubMed

52.

McDonald CC, Richmond TR (2008) The relationship between community violence exposure and mental health symptoms in urban adolescents. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 15(10):833–849. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2008.01321.xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

53.

Foster H, Brooks-Gunn J (2015) Children’s exposure to community and war violence and mental health in four African countries. Soc Sci Med 146:292–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.10.020CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

54.

Musicaro RM, Spinazzola J, Arvidson J, Swaroop SR, Goldblatt Grace L, Yarrow A et al (2019) The complexity of adaptation to childhood polyvictimization in youth and young adults: recommendations for multidisciplinary responders. Trauma Violence Abuse 20(1):81–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017692365CrossRefPubMed

55.

Paula CS, Lauridsen-Ribeiro E, Wissow L, Bordin IA, Evans-Lacko S (2012) How to improve the mental health care of children and adolescents in Brazil: actions needed in the public sector. Braz J Psychiatry 34(3):334–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbp.2012.04.001CrossRefPubMed

56.

Ribeiro MCSDA, Barata RB, Almeida MFD, Silva ZPD (2006) Perfil sociodemográfico e padrão de utilização de serviços de saúde para usuários e não-usuários do SUS-PNAD 2003 [Sociodemographic profile and utilization patterns of the public health care system (SUS) – PNAD 2003]. Cien Saude Colet 11(4):1011–1022. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232006000400022CrossRef

57.

Anisio Teixeira National Institute for Educational Research and Studies, Ministry of Education (INEP/MEC) (2016) Overview of the Brazilian education system. http://download.inep.gov.br/acoes_internacionais/pisa/documentos/2016/pisa_overview_of_the_brazilian_education_system.pdf. Accessed 09 Apr 2021

58.

Angloinfo Brazil. Schooling and education: School hours. https://www.angloinfo.com/how-to/brazil/family/schooling-education/school-hours. Accessed 09 Apr 2021

59.

Rønning JA, Handegaard BH, Sourander A (2004) Self-perceived peer harassment in a community sample of Norwegian school children. Child Abuse Negl 28(10):1067–1079CrossRef

60.

Arora CM, Thompson DA (1987) Defining bullying for a secondary school. Educ Child Psychol 4:110–120

61.

Arora T (1994) Measuring bullying with the “Life in school” checklist. Pastor Care Educ 12(3):11–15CrossRef

62.

Bordin IA, Duarte CS, Peres CA, Nascimento R, Curto BM, Paula CS (2009) Severe physical punishment: risk of mental health problems for poor urban children in Brazil. Bull World Health Organ 87:336–344CrossRef

63.

Richters JE, Saltzman W (1990) Survey of Exposure to Community Violence: Self Report Version. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317316974_Survey_of_Exposure_to_Community_Violence_Self_Report_Version. Accessed 09 Apr 2021

64.

Hjemdal O, Friborg O, Stiles TC, Martinussen M, Rosenvinge JH (2006) A new scale for adolescent resilience: grasping the central protective resources behind healthy development. Meas Eval Couns Dev 39(2):84–96CrossRef

65.

Von Soest T, Mossige S, Stefansen K, Hjemdal O (2010) A validation study of the resilience scale for adolescents (READ). J Psychopathol Behav Assess 32(2):215–225CrossRef

66.

Castro J, Toro J, Van der Ende J, Arrindell WA (1993) Exploring the feasibility of assessing perceived parental rearing styles in Spanish children with the EMBU. Int J Soc Psychiatry 39(1):47–57CrossRef

67.

Perris C, Jacobsson L, Linndström H, von Knorring L, Perris H (1980) Development of a new inventory for assessing memories of parental rearing behaviour. Acta Psychiatr Scand 61(4):265–274CrossRef

68.

World Health Organization (1994) A User’s guide to the self-reporting questionnaire (SRQ). World Health Organization, Geneva

69.

Pynoos R, Rodriguez N, Steinberg A, Stuber M, Frederick C (1998) The University of California at Los Angeles posttraumatic stress disorder reaction Index (UCLA-PTSD RI) for DSM-IV (Revision 1). UCLA Trauma Psychiatry Program, Los Angeles

70.

Steinberg AM, Brymer MJ, Decker KB, Pynoos RS (2004) The University of California at Los Angeles post-traumatic stress disorder reaction index. Curr Psychiatry Rep 6(2):96–100CrossRef

Titel: Home, school, and community violence exposure and emotional and conduct problems among low-income adolescents: the moderating role of age and sex
verfasst von: Isabel Altenfelder Bordin
Bjørn Helge Handegård
Cristiane S. Paula
Cristiane S. Duarte
John Andreas Rønning
Publikationsdatum: 21.08.2021
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology / Ausgabe 1/2022
Print ISSN: 0933-7954
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-9285
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02143-4

Neu im Fachgebiet Psychiatrie

ADHS-Medikation erhöht das kardiovaskuläre Risiko

16.05.2024 Herzinsuffizienz Nachrichten

Erwachsene, die Medikamente gegen das Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Hyperaktivitätssyndrom einnehmen, laufen offenbar erhöhte Gefahr, an Herzschwäche zu erkranken oder einen Schlaganfall zu erleiden. Es scheint eine Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung zu bestehen.

Typ-2-Diabetes und Depression folgen oft aufeinander

14.05.2024 Typ-2-Diabetes Nachrichten

Menschen mit Typ-2-Diabetes sind überdurchschnittlich gefährdet, in den nächsten Jahren auch noch eine Depression zu entwickeln – und umgekehrt. Besonders ausgeprägt ist die Wechselbeziehung laut GKV-Daten bei jüngeren Erwachsenen.

Darf man die Behandlung eines Neonazis ablehnen?

08.05.2024 Gesellschaft Nachrichten

In einer Leseranfrage in der Zeitschrift Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology möchte ein anonymer Dermatologe bzw. eine anonyme Dermatologin wissen, ob er oder sie einen Patienten behandeln muss, der eine rassistische Tätowierung trägt.

Spezielles Sportprogramm bei einer Reihe von psychischen Erkrankungen effektiv

08.05.2024 Psychotherapie Nachrichten

Sportliche Betätigung hilft nicht nur bei Depression, sondern auch in Gruppen von Patientinnen und Patienten mit unterschiedlichen psychischen Erkrankungen, wie Insomnie, Panikattacken, Agoraphobie und posttraumatischem Belastungssyndrom. Sie alle profitieren längerfristig.

Update Psychiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Die Highlights vom Kongress des American College of Cardiology 2024

Springer Medizin

Home, school, and community violence exposure and emotional and conduct problems among low-income adolescents: the moderating role of age and sex