Clinical summary of fibroblast activation protein inhibitor-based radiopharmaceuticals: cancer and beyond

1.

RJ Hicks PJ Roselt KG Kallur RW Tothill L Mileshkin 2020 State-of-the-art: FAPI PET/CT-will it end the hegemony of FDG in oncology? J Nucl Med. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.120.256271

2.

Sanli Y, Garg I, Kandathil A, Kendi T, Zanetti MJB, Kuyumcu S, et al. Neuroendocrine tumor diagnosis and management: (68)Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2018;211:267–77. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.18.19881.CrossRefPubMed

3.

Radzina M, Tirane M, Roznere L, Zemniece L, Dronka L, Kalnina M, et al. Accuracy of (68)Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT and multiparametric MRI for the detection of local tumor and lymph node metastases in early biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer. Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2020;10:106–18.PubMedPubMedCentral

4.

Hofman MS, Lawrentschuk N, Francis RJ, Tang C, Vela I, Thomas P, et al. Prostate-specific membrane antigen PET-CT in patients with high-risk prostate cancer before curative-intent surgery or radiotherapy (proPSMA): a prospective, randomised, multicentre study. Lancet. 2020;395:1208–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30314-7.CrossRefPubMed

5.

Altmann A, Haberkorn U, Siveke J. The latest developments in imaging of fibroblast activation protein. J Nucl Med. 2021;62:160–7. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.120.244806.CrossRefPubMed

6.

Meyer C, Dahlbom M, Lindner T, Vauclin S, Mona C, Slavik R, et al. Radiation Dosimetry and Biodistribution of (68)Ga-FAPI-46 PET Imaging in Cancer Patients. J Nucl Med. 2020;61:1171–7. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.119.236786.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

7.

Lindner T, Loktev A, Giesel F, Kratochwil C, Altmann A, Haberkorn U. Targeting of activated fibroblasts for imaging and therapy. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem. 2019;4:16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41181-019-0069-0.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

8.

Loktev A, Lindner T, Mier W, Debus J, Altmann A, Jager D, et al. A Tumor-imaging method targeting cancer-associated fibroblasts. J Nucl Med. 2018;59:1423–9. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.118.210435.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

9.

Lamprecht S, Sigal-Batikoff I, Shany S, Abu-Freha N, Ling E, Delinasios GJ, et al. Teaming up for trouble: cancer cells, transforming growth factor-beta1 signaling and the epigenetic corruption of stromal naive fibroblasts. Cancers (Basel). 2018;10. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers10030061.

10.

Bu L, Baba H, Yoshida N, Miyake K, Yasuda T, Uchihara T, et al. Biological heterogeneity and versatility of cancer-associated fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment. Oncogene. 2019;38:4887–901. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41388-019-0765-y.CrossRefPubMed

11.

Egger C, Cannet C, Gerard C, Suply T, Ksiazek I, Jarman E, et al. Effects of the fibroblast activation protein inhibitor, PT100, in a murine model of pulmonary fibrosis. Eur J Pharmacol. 2017;809:64–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.05.022.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Uitte de Willige S, Malfliet JJ, Janssen HL, Leebeek FW, Rijken DC. Increased N-terminal cleavage of alpha-2-antiplasmin in patients with liver cirrhosis. J Thromb Haemost. 2013;11:2029–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.12396.

13.

Hamson EJ, Keane FM, Tholen S, Schilling O, Gorrell MD. Understanding fibroblast activation protein (FAP): substrates, activities, expression and targeting for cancer therapy. Proteomics Clin Appl. 2014;8:454–63. https://doi.org/10.1002/prca.201300095.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Zhang X, Song W, Qin C, Song Y, Liu F, Hu F, et al. Uterine uptake of 68Ga-FAPI-04 in uterine pathology and physiology. Clin Nucl Med. 2022;47:7–13. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003968.CrossRefPubMed

15.

Keane FM, Yao TW, Seelk S, Gall MG, Chowdhury S, Poplawski SE, et al. Quantitation of fibroblast activation protein (FAP)-specific protease activity in mouse, baboon and human fluids and organs. FEBS Open Bio. 2013;4:43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fob.2013.12.001.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

16.

Langbein T, Weber WA, Eiber M. Future of theranostics: an outlook on precision oncology in nuclear medicine. J Nucl Med. 2019;60:13S-S19. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.118.220566.CrossRefPubMed

17.

Welt S, Divgi CR, Scott AM, Garin-Chesa P, Finn RD, Graham M, et al. Antibody targeting in metastatic colon cancer: a phase I study of monoclonal antibody F19 against a cell-surface protein of reactive tumor stromal fibroblasts. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12:1193–203. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1994.12.6.1193.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Loeffler M, Krüger JA, Niethammer AG, Reisfeld RA. Targeting tumor-associated fibroblasts improves cancer chemotherapy by increasing intratumoral drug uptake. J Clin Invest. 2006;116:1955–62. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI26532.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

19.

Ostermann E, Garin-Chesa P, Heider KH, Kalat M, Lamche H, Puri C, et al. Effective immunoconjugate therapy in cancer models targeting a serine protease of tumor fibroblasts. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:4584–92. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Wang LC, Lo A, Scholler J, Sun J, Majumdar RS, Kapoor V, et al. Targeting fibroblast activation protein in tumor stroma with chimeric antigen receptor T cells can inhibit tumor growth and augment host immunity without severe toxicity. Cancer Immunol Res. 2014;2:154–66. https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Chen M, Lei X, Shi C, Huang M, Li X, Wu B, et al. Pericyte-targeting prodrug overcomes tumor resistance to vascular disrupting agents. J Clin Invest. 2017;127:3689–701. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI94258.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

22.

Teichgraber V, Monasterio C, Chaitanya K, Boger R, Gordon K, Dieterle T, et al. Specific inhibition of fibroblast activation protein (FAP)-alpha prevents tumor progression in vitro. Adv Med Sci. 2015;60:264–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advms.2015.04.006.CrossRefPubMed

23.

Busek P, Mateu R, Zubal M, Kotackova L, Sedo A. Targeting fibroblast activation protein in cancer — prospects and caveats. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2018;23:1933–68. https://doi.org/10.2741/4682.CrossRef

24.

Meletta R, Muller Herde A, Chiotellis A, Isa M, Rancic Z, Borel N, et al. Evaluation of the radiolabeled boronic acid-based FAP inhibitor MIP-1232 for atherosclerotic plaque imaging. Molecules. 2015;20:2081–99. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20022081.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

25.

Xu M, Zhang P, Ding J, Chen J, Huo L, Liu Z. Albumin binder-conjugated fibroblast activation protein inhibitor radiopharmaceuticals for cancer therapy. J Nucl Med. 2021:jnumed.121.262533. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.121.262533.

26.

P Zhang M Xu J Ding J Chen T Zhang L Huo Z Liu 2021 Fatty acid-conjugated radiopharmaceuticals for fibroblast activation protein-targeted radiotherapy Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-021-05591-x

27.

Giesel FL, Kratochwil C, Lindner T, Marschalek MM, Loktev A, Lehnert W, et al. (68)Ga-FAPI PET/CT: Biodistribution and preliminary dosimetry estimate of 2 DOTA-containing FAP-targeting agents in patients with various cancers. J Nucl Med. 2019;60:386–92. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.118.215913.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

28.

Gourd E. New radiotracer shows impressive diagnostic potential. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20: e353. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30422-X.CrossRefPubMed

29.

Pang Y, Zhao L, Luo Z, Hao B, Wu H, Lin Q, et al. Comparison of (68)Ga-FAPI and (18)F-FDG uptake in gastric, duodenal, and colorectal cancers. Radiology. 2021;298:393–402. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020203275.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Ferdinandus J, Kessler L, Hirmas N, Trajkovic-Arsic M, Hamacher R, Umutlu L, et al. Equivalent tumor detection for early and late FAPI-46 PET acquisition. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021;48:3221–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-021-05266-7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

31.

Toms J, Kogler J, Maschauer S, Daniel C, Schmidkonz C, Kuwert T, et al. Targeting fibroblast activation protein: radiosynthesis and preclinical evaluation of an (18)F-labeled FAP inhibitor. J Nucl Med. 2020;61:1806–13. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.120.242958.CrossRefPubMed

32.

Wang S, Zhou X, Xu X, Ding J, Liu S, Hou X, et al. Clinical translational evaluation of Al(18)F-NOTA-FAPI for fibroblast activation protein-targeted tumour imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021;48:4259–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-021-05470-5.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Kratochwil C, Flechsig P, Lindner T, Abderrahim L, Altmann A, Mier W, et al. (68)Ga-FAPI PET/CT: tracer uptake in 28 different kinds of cancer. J Nucl Med. 2019;60:801–5. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.119.227967.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

34.

Sharma P, Singh SS, Gayana S. Fibroblast activation protein inhibitor PET/CT: a promising molecular imaging tool. Clin Nucl Med. 2021;46:e141–50. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003489.CrossRefPubMed

35.

Lindner T, Loktev A, Altmann A, Giesel F, Kratochwil C, Debus J, et al. Development of quinoline-based theranostic ligands for the targeting of fibroblast activation protein. J Nucl Med. 2018;59:1415–22. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.118.210443.CrossRefPubMed

36.

Loktev A, Lindner T, Burger EM, Altmann A, Giesel F, Kratochwil C, et al. Development of fibroblast activation protein-targeted radiotracers with improved tumor retention. J Nucl Med. 2019;60:1421–9. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.118.224469.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

37.

Watabe T, Liu Y, Kaneda-Nakashima K, Shirakami Y, Lindner T, Ooe K, et al. Theranostics targeting fibroblast activation protein in the tumor stroma: (64)Cu- and (225)Ac-labeled FAPI-04 in pancreatic cancer xenograft mouse models. J Nucl Med. 2020;61:563–9. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.119.233122.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

38.

Varasteh Z, Mohanta S, Robu S, Braeuer M, Li Y, Omidvari N, et al. Molecular imaging of fibroblast activity after myocardial infarction using a (68)Ga-labeled fibroblast activation protein inhibitor, FAPI-04. J Nucl Med. 2019;60:1743–9. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.119.226993.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

39.

C Qin F Liu J Huang W Ruan Q Liu Y Gai et al 2021 A head-to-head comparison of (68)Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 and (18)F-FDG PET/MR in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a prospective study Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-021-05255-w

40.

Zhao L, Pang Y, Zheng H, Han C, Gu J, Sun L, et al. Clinical utility of [68Ga]Ga-labeled fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI) positron emission tomography/computed tomography for primary staging and recurrence detection in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021;48:3606–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-021-05336-w.CrossRefPubMed

41.

Millul J, Bassi G, Mock J, Elsayed A, Pellegrino C, Zana A, et al. An ultra-high-affinity small organic ligand of fibroblast activation protein for tumor-targeting applications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021;118: e2101852118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2101852118.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

42.

Giesel FL, Adeberg S, Syed M, Lindner T, Jiménez-Franco LD, Mavriopoulou E, et al. FAPI-74 PET/CT using either 18F-AlF or Cold-Kit 68Ga labeling: biodistribution, radiation dosimetry, and tumor delineation in lung cancer patients. J Nucl Med. 2021;62:201–7. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.120.245084.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

43.

Louis DN, Perry A, Wesseling P, Brat DJ, Cree IA, Figarella-Branger D, et al. The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary. Neuro Oncol. 2021;23:1231–51. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noab106.CrossRefPubMed

44.

Aimes RT, Zijlstra A, Hooper JD, Ogbourne SM, Sit ML, Fuchs S, et al. Endothelial cell serine proteases expressed during vascular morphogenesis and angiogenesis. Thromb Haemost. 2003;89:561–72.CrossRef

45.

Busek P, Balaziova E, Matrasova I, Hilser M, Tomas R, Syrucek M, et al. Fibroblast activation protein alpha is expressed by transformed and stromal cells and is associated with mesenchymal features in glioblastoma. Tumour Biol. 2016;37:13961–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-016-5274-9.CrossRefPubMed

46.

Rohrich M, Loktev A, Wefers AK, Altmann A, Paech D, Adeberg S, et al. IDH-wildtype glioblastomas and grade III/IV IDH-mutant gliomas show elevated tracer uptake in fibroblast activation protein-specific PET/CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2019;46:2569–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-019-04444-y.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Röhrich M, Floca R, Loi L, Adeberg S, Windisch P, Giesel FL, et al. FAP-specific PET signaling shows a moderately positive correlation with relative CBV and no correlation with ADC in 13 IDH wildtype glioblastomas. Eur J Radiol. 2020;127: 109021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.109021.CrossRefPubMed

48.

Lin JJ, Chuang CP, Lin JY, Huang FT, Huang CW. Rational design, pharmacomodulation, and synthesis of [(68)Ga]Ga-Alb-FAPtp-01, a selective tumor-associated fibroblast activation protein tracer for PET imaging of glioma. ACS Sens. 2021;6:3424–35. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.1c01316.CrossRefPubMed

49.

Chen YP CA, Le QT, Blanchard P, Sun Y, Ma J. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma; 2019.

50.

Colevas AD, Yom SS, Pfister DG, Spencer S, Adelstein D, Adkins D, et al. NCCN Guidelines Insights: head and neck cancers, Version 1.2018. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2018;16:479–90. https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2018.0026.

51.

Shang Q, Zhao L, Pang Y, Yu Y, Chen H. 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT Distinguishes the reactive lymph nodes from tumor metastatic lymph nodes in a patient with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Clin Nucl Med. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003939.CrossRefPubMed

52.

B Gu X Xu J Zhang X Ou Z Xia Q Guan et al 2021 The Added Value of (68)Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT in patients with head and neck cancer of unknown primary with (18)F-FDG negative findings J Nucl Med https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.121.262790

53.

Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020;70:7–30. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21590.CrossRefPubMed

54.

Rohren EM, Turkington TG, Coleman RE. Clinical applications of PET in oncology. Radiology. 2004;231:305–32. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2312021185.CrossRefPubMed

55.

Guo W, Chen H. (68)Ga FAPI PET/CT imaging in peritoneal carcinomatosis. Radiology. 2020;297:521. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020202469.CrossRefPubMed

56.

Zhao L, Pang Y, Luo Z, Fu K, Yang T, Zhao L, et al. Role of [(68)Ga]Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT in the evaluation of peritoneal carcinomatosis and comparison with [(18)F]-FDG PET/CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021;48:1944–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-05146-6.CrossRefPubMed

57.

J Kuten C Levine O Shamni S Pelles I Wolf G Lahat et al 2021 Head-to-head comparison of [(68)Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 and [(18)F]-FDG PET/CT in evaluating the extent of disease in gastric adenocarcinoma Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-021-05494-x

58.

D Jiang X Chen Z You H Wang X Zhang X Li et al 2021 Comparison of [(68) Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 and [(18)F]-FDG for the detection of primary and metastatic lesions in patients with gastric cancer: a bicentric retrospective study Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-021-05441-w

59.

C Qin F Shao Y Gai Q Liu W Ruan F Liu et al 2021 (68)Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 PET/MR in the evaluation of gastric carcinomas: comparison with (18)F-FDG PET/CT J Nucl Med https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.120.258467

60.

Koerber SA, Staudinger F, Kratochwil C, Adeberg S, Haefner MF, Ungerechts G, et al. The role of (68)Ga-FAPI PET/CT for patients with malignancies of the lower gastrointestinal tract: first clinical experience. J Nucl Med. 2020;61:1331–6. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.119.237016.CrossRefPubMed

61.

Forner A, Reig M, Bruix J. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet. 2018;391:1301–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30010-2.CrossRefPubMed

62.

Mertens JC, Rizvi S, Gores GJ. Targeting cholangiocarcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2018;1864:1454–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.08.027.CrossRefPubMed

63.

X Shi H Xing X Yang F Li S Yao J Congwei et al 2020 Comparison of PET imaging of activated fibroblasts and (18)F-FDG for diagnosis of primary hepatic tumours: a prospective pilot study Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-05070-9

64.

Guo W, Pang Y, Yao L, Zhao L, Fan C, Ke J, et al. Imaging fibroblast activation protein in liver cancer: a single-center post hoc retrospective analysis to compare [(68)Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT versus MRI and [(18)F]-FDG PET/CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021;48:1604–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-05095-0.CrossRefPubMed

65.

Wang H, Zhu W, Ren S, Kong Y, Huang Q, Zhao J, et al. (68)Ga-FAPI-04 versus (18)F-FDG PET/CT in the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol. 2021;11: 693640. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.693640.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

66.

Shi X, Xing H, Yang X, Li F, Yao S, Zhang H, et al. Fibroblast imaging of hepatic carcinoma with (68)Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT: a pilot study in patients with suspected hepatic nodules. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021;48:196–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-04882-z.CrossRefPubMed

67.

Pang Y, Hao B, Shang Q, Sun L, Chen H. Comparison of 68Ga-FAPI and 18F-FDG PET/CT in a patient with cholangiocellular carcinoma: a case report. Clin Nucl Med. 2020;45:566–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003056.CrossRefPubMed

68.

Zhao L, Gu J, Fu K, Lin Q, Chen H. 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT in assessment of liver nodules in a cirrhotic patient. Clin Nucl Med. 2020;45:e430–2. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003015.CrossRefPubMed

69.

Tempero MA, Malafa MP, Al-Hawary M, Behrman SW, Benson AB, Cardin DB, et al. Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma, Version 2.2021, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2021;19:439–57. https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2021.0017.

70.

Zhang L, Sanagapalli S, Stoita A. Challenges in diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2018;24:2047–60. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v24.i19.2047.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

71.

Y Pang L Zhao Q Shang T Meng L Zhao L Feng et al 2021 Positron emission tomography and computed tomography with [(68)Ga]Ga-fibroblast activation protein inhibitors improves tumor detection and staging in patients with pancreatic cancer Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-021-05576-w

72.

Zhang X, Song W, Qin C, Liu F, Lan X. Non-malignant findings of focal (68)Ga-FAPI-04 uptake in pancreas. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021;48:2635–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-021-05194-6.CrossRefPubMed

73.

Cheng Z, Zou S, Cheng S, Song S, Zhu X. Comparison of 18F-FDG, 68Ga-FAPI, and 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT in a patient with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. Clin Nucl Med. 2021;46:764–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003763.CrossRefPubMed

74.

Komek H, Gundogan C, Can C. 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT Versus 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT in the evaluation of a patient with neuroendocrine tumor. Clin Nucl Med. 2021;46:e290–2. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003490.CrossRefPubMed

75.

Mankoff DA, Sellmyer MA. PET of fibroblast-activation protein for breast cancer diagnosis and staging. Radiology. 2021:212098. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2021212098.

76.

Backhaus P, Burg MC, Roll W, Buther F, Breyholz HJ, Weigel S, et al. Simultaneous FAPI PET/MRI targeting the fibroblast-activation protein for breast cancer. radiology. 2021:204677. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2021204677.

77.

Elboga U, Sahin E, Kus T, Cayirli YB, Aktas G, Uzun E, et al. Superiority of (68)Ga-FAPI PET/CT scan in detecting additional lesions compared to (18)FDG PET/CT scan in breast cancer. Ann Nucl Med. 2021;35:1321–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12149-021-01672-x.CrossRefPubMed

78.

Komek H, Gundogan C, Etem H, Can C. A case with (68)Ga-FAPI positive and (18)F-FDG negative breast cancer. Mol Imaging Radionucl Ther. 2021;30:201–4. https://doi.org/10.4274/mirt.galenos.2021.69926.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

79.

Q Wang W Tang L Cai Y Chen 2021 Non-18F-FDG-avid intrahepatic metastasis of breast cancer revealed by 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT ClinNucl Med https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003905

80.

Pang Y, Zhao L, Chen H. 68Ga-FAPI outperforms 18F-FDG PET/CT in identifying bone metastasis and peritoneal carcinomatosis in a patient with metastatic breast cancer. Clin Nucl Med. 2020;45:913–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003263.CrossRefPubMed

81.

Gundogan C, Guzel Y, Can C, Alabalik U, Komek H. False-Positive 68Ga-fibroblast activation protein-specific inhibitor uptake of benign lymphoid tissue in a patient with breast cancer. Clin Nucl Med. 2021;46:e433–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003594.CrossRefPubMed

82.

Zheng S, Chen Y, Zhu Y, Yao S, Miao W. Both [(68)Ga]Ga-FAPI and [(18)F]FDG PET/CT missed bone metastasis in a patient with breast cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021;48:4519–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-021-05453-6.CrossRefPubMed

83.

Dendl K, Koerber SA, Finck R, Mokoala KMG, Staudinger F, Schillings L, et al. (68)Ga-FAPI-PET/CT in patients with various gynecological malignancies. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021;48:4089–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-021-05378-0.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

84.

Heller SL, Young Lin LL, Melsaether AN, Moy L, Gao Y. Hormonal effects on breast density, fibroglandular tissue, and background parenchymal enhancement. Radiographics. 2018;38:983–96. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2018180035.CrossRefPubMed

85.

EG Isik D Has-Simsek O Sanli Y Sanli S Kuyumcu 2021 Fibroblast activation protein-targeted PET imaging of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer compared with 68Ga-PSMA and 18F-FDG PET/CT ClinNucl Med https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003837

86.

C Kesch L Yirga K Dendl A Handke C Darr U Krafft et al 2021 High fibroblast-activation-protein expression in castration-resistant prostate cancer supports the use of FAPI-molecular theranosticsEur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-021-05423-y

87.

Wu J, Wang Y, Liao T, Rao Z, Gong W, Ou L, et al. Comparison of the relative diagnostic performance of [(68)Ga]Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 and [(18)F]FDG PET/CT for the detection of bone metastasis in patients with different cancers. Front Oncol. 2021;11: 737827. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.737827.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

88.

Ou L, Wu J, Wu J, Mou C, Zhang C. Follicular thyroid adenoma showing avid uptake on 68Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT. Clin Nucl Med. 2021;46:840–1. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003762.CrossRefPubMed

89.

Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, Doherty GM, Mandel SJ, Nikiforov YE, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2016;26:1–133. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2015.0020.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

90.

van Dijk D, Plukker JT, Phan HT, Muller Kobold AC, van der Horst-Schrivers AN, Jansen L, et al. 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the early diagnostic workup of differentiated thyroid cancer patients with a negative post-therapeutic iodine scan and detectable thyroglobulin. Thyroid. 2013;23:1003–9. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2012.0498.CrossRefPubMed

91.

Wu J, Ou L, Zhang C. Comparison of (68)Ga-FAPI and (18)F-FDG PET/CT in metastases of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Endocrine. 2021;73:767–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-021-02668-3.CrossRefPubMed

92.

Fu H, Fu J, Huang J, Su X, Chen H. 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT in thyroid cancer with thyroglobulin elevation and negative iodine scintigraphy. Clin Nucl Med. 2021;46:427–30. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003569.CrossRefPubMed

93.

Fu H, Fu J, Huang J, Pang Y, Chen H. 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT versus 18F-FDG PET/CT for detecting metastatic lesions in a case of radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer. Clin Nucl Med. 2021;46:940–2. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003730.CrossRefPubMed

94.

Zhao L, Pang Y, Lin Q, Chen H. Cardiac angiosarcoma detected using 68Ga-fibroblast activation protein inhibitor positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance. Eur Heart J. 2021;42:1276. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa931.CrossRefPubMed

95.

Wang G, Jin X, Zhu H, Wang S, Ding J, Zhang Y, et al. (68)Ga-NOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT in a patient with primary gastric diffuse large B cell lymphoma: comparisons with [(18)F] FDG PET/CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021;48:647–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-04946-0.CrossRefPubMed

96.

Zhang Y, Cai J, Lin Z, Yao S, Miao W. Primary central nervous system lymphoma revealed by 68Ga-FAPI and 18F-FDG PET/CT. Clin Nucl Med. 2021;46:e421–3. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003517.CrossRefPubMed

97.

Luo Y, Pan Q, Yang H, Peng L, Zhang W, Li F. Fibroblast activation protein-targeted PET/CT with (68)Ga-FAPI for imaging IgG4-related disease: comparison to (18)F-FDG PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2021;62:266–71. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.120.244723.CrossRefPubMed

98.

Pan Q, Luo Y, Zhang W. Recurrent immunoglobulin G4-related disease shown on 18F-FDG and 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT. Clin Nucl Med. 2020;45:312–3. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000002919.CrossRefPubMed

99.

Shou Y, Xue Q, Yuan J, Zhao J. (68)Ga-FAPI-04 PET/MR is helpful in differential diagnosis of pancreatitis from pancreatic malignancy compared to (18)F-FDG PET/CT: a case report. Eur J Hybrid Imaging. 2021;5:12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41824-021-00106-1.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

100.

Qin C, Yang L, Ruan W, Shao F, Lan X. Immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing cholangitis revealed by 68Ga-FAPI PET/MR. Clin Nucl Med. 2021;46:419–21. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003552.CrossRefPubMed

101.

Luo Y, Pan Q, Zhang W. IgG4-related disease revealed by (68)Ga-FAPI and (18)F-FDG PET/CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2019;46:2625–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-019-04478-2.CrossRefPubMed

102.

Schmidkonz C, Rauber S, Atzinger A, Agarwal R, Gotz TI, Soare A, et al. Disentangling inflammatory from fibrotic disease activity by fibroblast activation protein imaging. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79:1485–91. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217408.CrossRefPubMed

103.

Kessler L, Kupusovic J, Ferdinandus J, Hirmas N, Umutlu L, Zarrad F, et al. Visualization of fibroblast activation after myocardial infarction using 68Ga-FAPI PET. Clin Nucl Med. 2021;46:807–13. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003745.CrossRefPubMed

104.

Notohamiprodjo S, Nekolla SG, Robu S, Villagran Asiares A, Kupatt C, Ibrahim T, et al. Imaging of cardiac fibroblast activation in a patient after acute myocardial infarction using (68)Ga-FAPI-04. J Nucl Cardiol. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12350-021-02603-z.CrossRefPubMed

105.

Siebermair J, Kohler MI, Kupusovic J, Nekolla SG, Kessler L, Ferdinandus J, et al. Cardiac fibroblast activation detected by Ga-68 FAPI PET imaging as a potential novel biomarker of cardiac injury/remodeling. J Nucl Cardiol. 2021;28:812–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12350-020-02307-w.CrossRefPubMed

106.

Heckmann MB, Reinhardt F, Finke D, Katus HA, Haberkorn U, Leuschner F, et al. Relationship between cardiac fibroblast activation protein activity by positron emission tomography and cardiovascular disease. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13: e010628. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.120.010628.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

107.

L Wang Z Zhang Z Zhao C Yan W Fang 2020 (68)Ga-FAPI right heart uptake in a patient with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension J NuclCardiol https://doi.org/10.1007/s12350-020-02407-7

108.

BX Chen HQ Xing JN Gong XJ Guo XY Xi YH Yang et al 2021 Imaging of cardiac fibroblast activation in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-021-05577-9

109.

K Lin X Chen Q Xue S Yao W Miao 2021 Diffuse uptake of [(68)Ga]Ga-FAPI in the left heart in a patient with hypertensive heart disease by PET/CT J NuclCardiol https://doi.org/10.1007/s12350-021-02646-2

110.

Totzeck M, Siebermair J, Rassaf T, Rischpler C. Cardiac fibroblast activation detected by positron emission tomography/computed tomography as a possible sign of cardiotoxicity. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:1060. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz736.CrossRefPubMed

111.

J Kupusovic L Kessler SG Nekolla L Riesinger MM Weber J Ferdinandus et al 2021 Visualization of thermal damage using (68) Ga-FAPI-PET/CT after pulmonary vein isolation Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-021-05612-9

112.

Wang DY, Salem JE, Cohen JV, Chandra S, Menzer C, Ye F, et al. Fatal toxic effects associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4:1721–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.3923.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

113.

Finke D, Heckmann MB, Herpel E, Katus HA, Haberkorn U, Leuschner F, et al. Early detection of checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis using (68)Ga-FAPI PET/CT. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8: 614997. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.614997.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

114.

Lay AJ, Zhang HE, McCaughan GW, Gorrell MD. Fibroblast activation protein in liver fibrosis. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2019;24:1–17. https://doi.org/10.2741/4706.CrossRef

115.

Xu T, Zhao Y, Ding H, Cai L, Zhou Z, Song Z, et al. [(68)Ga]Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT imaging in a case of prostate cancer with shoulder arthritis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021;48:1254–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-05028-x.CrossRefPubMed

116.

Liu H, Chen Z, Yang X, Fu W, Chen Y. Increased 68Ga-FAPI uptake in chronic cholecystitis and degenerative osteophyte. Clin Nucl Med. 2021;46:601–2. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003621.CrossRefPubMed

117.

Liu H, Wang Y, Zhang W, Cai L, Chen Y. Elevated [(68)Ga]Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 activity in degenerative osteophyte in a patient with lung cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021;48:1671–2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-05090-5.CrossRefPubMed

118.

Lin R, Lin Z, Zhang J, Yao S, Miao W. Increased 68Ga-FAPI-04 uptake in schmorl node in a patient with gastric cancer. Clin Nucl Med. 2021;46:700–2. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003623.CrossRefPubMed

119.

Wu J, Liu H, Ou L, Jiang G, Zhang C. FAPI Uptake in a vertebral body fracture in a patient with lung cancer: a FAPI imaging pitfall. Clin Nucl Med. 2021;46:520–2. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003560.CrossRefPubMed

120.

Lv Y, Lan X, Qin C. Incidental detection of sacral insufficiency fracture on 68Ga-FAPI PET/MR. Clin Nucl Med. 2021;46:1032–3. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003898.CrossRefPubMed

121.

S Gungor NA Selcuk 2021 Benign bone cyst mimicking bone metastasis demonstrated on 68Ga-FAPI ClinNucl Med https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003796

122.

Song Y, Qin C, Liu F, Lan X. Fibrous dysplasia mimicking skeletal metastasis on 68Ga-FAPI PET imaging. Clin Nucl Med. 2021;46:774–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003671.CrossRefPubMed

123.

Y Wang J Wu L Liu D Peng Y Chen 2021 68Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT imaging for fibrous dysplasia of the bone ClinNucl Med https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003896

124.

L Yao L Zhao Y Pang Q Shang H Chen 2021 Increased 68Ga-FAPI uptake in ankylosing spondylitis in a patient with rectal cancer ClinNucl Med https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003798

125.

Yang X, Liu Y, Chen J, Chen Y, Liu H. 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT imaging of baastrup disease in a patient with esophageal cancer. Clin Nucl Med. 2021;46:1024–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003902.CrossRefPubMed

126.

O ErolFenercioglu E Beyhan N Ergul E Arslan TF Cermik 2021 18F-FDG PET/CT and 68Ga-FAPI-4 PET/CT findings of bilateral knee osteoarthritis in a patient with uveal malignant melanoma Clin Nucl Med https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003854

127.

Y Zhou J He Y Chen 2021 (68)Ga-FAPI PET/CT imaging in a patient with thyroiditis Endocrine https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-021-02605-4

128.

Gu B, Luo Z, He X, Wang J, Song S. 68Ga-FAPI and 18F-FDG PET/CT images in a patient with extrapulmonary tuberculosis mimicking malignant tumor. Clin Nucl Med. 2020;45:865–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003279.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

129.

Hao B, Wu X, Pang Y, Sun L, Wu H, Huang W, et al. [(18)F]FDG and ([68)Ga]Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT in the evaluation of tuberculous lesions. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021;48:651–2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-04941-5.CrossRefPubMed

130.

Wu S, Pang Y, Chen Y, Sun H, Chen H. 68Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT in Erdheim-Chester disease. Clin Nucl Med. 2021;46:258–60. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003491.CrossRefPubMed

131.

Y Luo Q Pan H Xu R Zhang J Li F Li 2020 Active uptake of (68)Ga-FAPI in Crohn’s disease but not in ulcerative colitis Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-05129-7

132.

Liu H, Wang Y, Zhang W, Cai L, Chen Y. Elevated 68Ga-FAPI activity in splenic hemangioma and pneumonia. Clin Nucl Med. 2021;46:694–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003638.CrossRefPubMed

133.

Zhou Y, Yang X, Liu H, Luo W, Liu H, Lv T, et al. Value of [(68)Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 imaging in the diagnosis of renal fibrosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021;48:3493–501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-021-05343-x.CrossRefPubMed

134.

Syed M, Flechsig P, Liermann J, Windisch P, Staudinger F, Akbaba S, et al. Fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI) PET for diagnostics and advanced targeted radiotherapy in head and neck cancers. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2020;47:2836–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-04859-y.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

135.

Conen P, Mottaghy FM. Is (68)Ga-DOTA-FAPI a new arrow in the quiver of dose painting in radiation dose planning in head and neck cancers? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2020;47:2718–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-04895-8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

136.

Windisch P, Röhrich M, Regnery S, Tonndorf-Martini E, Held T, Lang K, et al. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) specific PET for advanced target volume delineation in glioblastoma. Radiother Oncol. 2020;150:159–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2020.06.040.CrossRefPubMed

137.

Rohrich M, Syed M, Liew DP, Giesel FL, Liermann J, Choyke PL, et al. (68)Ga-FAPI-PET/CT improves diagnostic staging and radiotherapy planning of adenoid cystic carcinomas — imaging analysis and histological validation. Radiother Oncol. 2021;160:192–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2021.04.016.CrossRefPubMed

138.

Ristau J, Giesel FL, Haefner MF, Staudinger F, Lindner T, Merkel A, et al. Impact of primary staging with fibroblast activation protein specific enzyme inhibitor (FAPI)-PET/CT on radio-oncologic treatment planning of patients with esophageal cancer. Mol Imaging Biol. 2020;22:1495–500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11307-020-01548-y.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

139.

Zhao L, Chen S, Chen S, Pang Y, Dai Y, Hu S, et al. 68Ga-fibroblast activation protein inhibitor PET/CT on gross tumour volume delineation for radiotherapy planning of oesophageal cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2021;158:55–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2021.02.015.CrossRefPubMed

140.

Liermann J, Syed M, Ben-Josef E, Schubert K, Schlampp I, Sprengel SD, et al. Impact of FAPI-PET/CT on target volume definition in radiation therapy of locally recurrent pancreatic cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13040796.

141.

L Zhao B Niu J Fang Y Pang S Li C Xie et al 2021 Synthesis, preclinical evaluation, and a pilot clinical PET imaging study of (68)Ga-labeled FAPI dimer J Nucl Med https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.121.263016

142.

Ballal S, Yadav MP, Kramer V, Moon ES, Roesch F, Tripathi M, et al. A theranostic approach of [(68)Ga]Ga-DOTA.SA.FAPi PET/CT-guided [(177)Lu]Lu-DOTA.SA.FAPi radionuclide therapy in an end-stage breast cancer patient: new frontier in targeted radionuclide therapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021;48:942–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-04990-w.

143.

S Ballal MP Yadav ES Moon F Roesch S Kumari S Agarwal et al 2021 Novel fibroblast activation protein inhibitor-based targeted theranostics for radioiodine refractory differentiated thyroid cancer patients: A Pilot Study Thyroid https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2021.0412

144.

Lindner T, Altmann A, Kramer S, Kleist C, Loktev A, Kratochwil C, et al. Design and development of (99m)Tc-labeled FAPI tracers for SPECT imaging and (188)Re therapy. J Nucl Med. 2020;61:1507–13. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.119.239731.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

145.

Kratochwil C, Giesel FL, Rathke H, Fink R, Dendl K, Debus J, et al. [(153)Sm]Samarium-labeled FAPI-46 radioligand therapy in a patient with lung metastases of a sarcoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021;48:3011–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-021-05273-8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

146.

Hertz S, Roberts A. Radioactive iodine in the study of thyroid physiology; the use of radioactive iodine therapy in hyperthyroidism. J Am Med Assoc. 1946;131:81–6. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1946.02870190005002.CrossRefPubMed

147.

Liu J, Huang C, Peng C, Xu F, Li Y, Yutaka Y, et al. Stromal fibroblast activation protein alpha promotes gastric cancer progression via epithelial-mesenchymal transition through Wnt/ β-catenin pathway. BMC Cancer. 2018;18:1099. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-018-5035-9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

148.

Jia J, Martin TA, Ye L, Meng L, Xia N, Jiang WG, et al. Fibroblast activation protein-α promotes the growth and migration of lung cancer cells via the PI3K and sonic hedgehog pathways. Int J Mol Med. 2018;41:275–83. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.3224.CrossRefPubMed

149.

Barreira da Silva R, Laird ME, Yatim N, Fiette L, Ingersoll MA, Albert ML. Dipeptidylpeptidase 4 inhibition enhances lymphocyte trafficking, improving both naturally occurring tumor immunity and immunotherapy. Nat Immunol. 2015; 16: 850–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.3201.

150.

Okondo MC, Johnson DC, Sridharan R, Go EB, Chui AJ, Wang MS, et al. DPP8 and DPP9 inhibition induces pro-caspase-1-dependent monocyte and macrophage pyroptosis. Nat Chem Biol. 2017;13:46–53. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.2229.CrossRefPubMed

151.

Henry LR, Lee HO, Lee JS, Klein-Szanto A, Watts P, Ross EA, et al. Clinical implications of fibroblast activation protein in patients with colon cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13:1736–41. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-1746.CrossRefPubMed

152.

M Sollini M Kirienko F Gelardi F Fiz N Gozzi A Chiti 2021 State-of-the-art of FAPI-PET imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-021-05475-0

153.

Treglia G, Muoio B, Roustaei H, Kiamanesh Z, Aryana K, Sadeghi R. Head-to-head comparison of fibroblast activation protein inhibitors (FAPI) radiotracers versus [(18)F]F-FDG in oncology: a systematic review. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011192.

154.

Chen H, Pang Y, Wu J, Zhao L, Hao B, Wu J, et al. Comparison of [(68)Ga]Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 and [(18)F] FDG PET/CT for the diagnosis of primary and metastatic lesions in patients with various types of cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2020;47:1820–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-04769-z.CrossRefPubMed

155.

Chen H, Zhao L, Ruan D, Pang Y, Hao B, Dai Y, et al. Usefulness of [(68)Ga]Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT in patients presenting with inconclusive [(18)F]FDG PET/CT findings. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021;48:73–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-04940-6.CrossRefPubMed

156.

CE Mona MR Benz F Hikmat TR Grogan K Luckerath A Razmaria et al 2021 Correlation of (68)Ga-FAPi-46 PET biodistribution with FAP expression by immunohistochemistry in patients with solid cancers: a prospective translational exploratory study J Nucl Med https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.121.262426

157.

Gundogan C, Komek H, Can C, Yildirim OA, Kaplan I, Erdur E, et al. Comparison of 18F-FDG PET/CT and 68Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT in the staging and restaging of gastric adenocarcinoma. Nucl Med Commun. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1097/MNM.0000000000001489.CrossRef

158.

L Lan H Liu Y Wang J Deng D Peng Y Feng et al 2021 The potential utility of [(68) Ga]Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 as a novel broad-spectrum oncological and non-oncological imaging agent-comparison with [(18)F]FDG Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-021-05522-w

159.

Liu H, Liu L, Chen L, Zhao Y, Zhang W, Cai L, et al. [(68)Ga]Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT imaging of benign pulmonary solitary fibrous tumour. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021;48:2053–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-021-05199-1.CrossRefPubMed

160.

Wang R, Liu Q, Sui H, Zhang M, Zhu Z, Cui R. (68)Ga-FAPI outperforms (18)F-FDG PET/CT in identifying solitary fibrous tumor. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021;48:2055–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-05181-3.CrossRefPubMed

161.

Zhang A, Zhang H, Zhou X, Li Z, Li N. Solitary fibrous tumors of the pleura shown on 18F-FDG and 68Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT. Clin Nucl Med. 2021;46:e534–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003598.CrossRefPubMed

162.

Chen H, Pang Y, Meng T, Yu X, Sun L. 18F-FDG and 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT in the evaluation of ground-glass opacity nodule. Clin Nucl Med. 2021;46:424–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003600.CrossRefPubMed

163.

L Zhao Y Pang L Sun Q Lin H Chen 2021 Increased 68Ga-FAPI uptake in the pulmonary cryptococcus and the postradiotherapy inflammation ClinNucl Med https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003873

164.

Zhu W, Guo F, Wang Y, Ding H, Huo L. 68Ga-FAPI-04 accumulation in myocardial infarction in a patient with neuroendocrine carcinoma. Clin Nucl Med. 2020;45:1020–2. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003334.CrossRefPubMed

165.

Chandra P, Nath S, Krishnamoorthy J, Sogunuru GP. Incidental detection of ischemic myocardium on (68) Ga-FAPI PET/CT. Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021;55:194–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13139-021-00704-8.CrossRefPubMed

166.

Qin C, Gai Y, Liu Q, Shao F, Lan X. Elevated 68Ga-FAPI accumulation in a recurrent angiomyolipoma. Clin Nucl Med. 2020;45:1034–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003345.CrossRefPubMed

167.

HQ Xing JN Gong BX Chen XJ Guo YH Yang L Huo et al 2021 Comparison of (68)Ga-FAPI imaging and cardiac magnetic resonance in detection of myocardial fibrosis in a patient with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension J NuclCardiol https://doi.org/10.1007/s12350-020-02517-2

168.

X Yang Z You C Mou Z Hu H Liu 2021 Esophagitis mimicking esophageal cancer on 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT ClinNucl Med https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003907

169.

X Yang Y Huang C Mou H Liu Y Chen 2021 Chronic colitis mimicking malignancy on 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT ClinNucl Med https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003793

170.

T Xu Y Zhao H Ding L Cai Z Zhou Z Song et al 2020 [(68)Ga]Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT imaging in a case of prostate cancer with shoulder arthritis Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-05028-x

171.

Luo Y, Pan Q, Yang H, Li F, Zhang F. Inflammatory arthritis induced by anti-programmed death-1 shown in 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT in a patient with esophageal carcinoma. Clin Nucl Med. 2021;46:431–2. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003608.CrossRefPubMed

172.

J Wu L Qiu Y Wang C Zhang 2021 Dermatomyositis on 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT in a patient with nasopharyngeal carcinoma ClinNucl Med https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003809

173.

Zheng J, Chen H, Lin K, Yao S, Miao W. [(68)Ga]Ga-FAPI and [(18)F]FDG PET/CT images in a patient with juvenile polymyositis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021;48:2051–2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-05185-z.CrossRefPubMed

174.

T Xu Y Huang Y Zhao P Wang Y Chen 2021 68Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT Imaging in a case of SAPHO syndrome ClinNucl Med https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003901

175.

Zhou Y, He J, Chen Y. (68)Ga-FAPI PET/CT imaging in a patient with thyroiditis. Endocrine. 2021;73:485–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-021-02605-4.CrossRefPubMed

176.

Can C, Gundogan C, Guzel Y, Kaplan I, Komek H. 68Ga-FAPI uptake of thyroiditis in a patient with breast cancer. Clin Nucl Med. 2021;46:683–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003637.CrossRefPubMed

177.

Hotta M, Sonni I, Benz MR, Gafita A, Bahri S, Shuch BM, et al. (68)Ga-FAPI-46 and (18)F-FDG PET/CT in a patient with immune-related thyroiditis induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021;48:3736–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-021-05373-5.CrossRefPubMed

178.

I Sonni S Lee-Felker S Memarzadeh MM Quinn CE Mona K Luckerath et al 2020 (68)Ga-FAPi-46 diffuse bilateral breast uptake in a patient with cervical cancer after hormonal stimulation Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-04947-z

179.

Wang LJ, Zhang Y, Wu HB. Intense diffuse uptake of 68Ga-FAPI-04 in the breasts found by PET/CT in a patient with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Clin Nucl Med. 2021;46:e293–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003487.CrossRefPubMed

180.

Zheng J, Lin K, Zheng S, Yao S, Miao W. 68Ga-FAPI and 18F-PET/CT images in intestinal tuberculosis. Clin Nucl Med. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003917.CrossRefPubMed

181.

Pan Q, Luo Y, Zhang W. Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis with intense uptake of 68Ga-fibroblast activation protein inhibitor and 18F-FDG. Clin Nucl Med. 2021;46:175–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003402.CrossRefPubMed

182.

Hayrapetian A, Girgis MD, Yanagawa J, French SW, Schelbert HR, Auerbach MS, et al. Incidental detection of elastofibroma dorsi with 68Ga-FAPI-46 and 18F-FDG PET/CT in a patient with esophageal cancer. Clin Nucl Med. 2021;46:e86–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003218.CrossRefPubMed

183.

Jiang C, Song S. 68Ga-FAPI and 18F-FDG PET/CT in perineum extramammary paget disease. Clin Nucl Med. 2021;46:342–4. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003523.CrossRefPubMed

184.

Liu H, Yang X, Wang Y, Wang P, Chen Y. 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT imaging of graves ophthalmopathy in a patient with esophageal cancer. Clin Nucl Med. 2021;46:938–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003703.CrossRefPubMed

185.

Y Zhu J Wu Y Wang J Geng C Zhang 2021 Presacral benign schwannoma mimics malignancy on 18F-FDG and 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT ClinNucl Med https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000003933

Springer Medizin

Clinical summary of fibroblast activation protein inhibitor-based radiopharmaceuticals: cancer and beyond

Abstract

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 8/2022

Current status and future perspective of radiopharmaceuticals in China

The radiomics-based tumor heterogeneity adds incremental value to the existing prognostic models for predicting outcome in localized clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a multicenter study

Methodological quality of machine learning-based quantitative imaging analysis studies in esophageal cancer: a systematic review of clinical outcome prediction after concurrent chemoradiotherapy

Fibroblast activation protein imaging in reperfused ST-elevation myocardial infarction: comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging

Decoding the dopamine transporter imaging for the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism using deep learning

Synthesis, preclinical evaluation, and first-in-human study of Al18F-PSMA-Q for prostate cancer imaging