nach oben

European Journal of Applied Physiology

Erschienen in:

01.11.2013 | Original Article

Stretch and activation of the human biarticular hamstrings across a range of running speeds

verfasst von: Anthony G. Schache, Tim W. Dorn, Tim V. Wrigley, Nicholas A. T. Brown, Marcus G. Pandy

Erschienen in: European Journal of Applied Physiology | Ausgabe 11/2013

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose

The human biarticular hamstrings [semimembranosus (SM), semitendinosus (ST) and biceps femoris long head (BF^LH)] have an important role in running. This study determined how hamstrings neuro-mechanical behaviour changed with faster running, and whether differences existed between SM, ST and BF^LH.

Methods

Whole-body kinematics and hamstrings electromyographic (EMG) activity were measured from seven participants running at four discrete speeds (range: 3.4 ± 0.1 to 9.0 ± 0.7 m/s). Kinematic data were combined with a three-dimensional musculoskeletal model to calculate muscle–tendon unit (MTU) stretch and velocity. Activation duration and magnitude were determined from EMG data.

Results

With faster running, MTU stretch and velocity patterns remained similar, but maxima and minima significantly increased. The hamstrings were activated from foot-strike until terminal stance or early swing, and then again from mid-swing until foot-strike. Activation duration was similar with faster running, whereas activation magnitude significantly increased. Hamstrings activation almost always ended before minimum MTU stretch, and it always started before maximum MTU stretch. Comparing the hamstrings, maximum MTU stretch was largest for BF^LH and smallest for ST irrespective of running speed, while the opposite was true for peak-to-peak MTU stretch. Furthermore, peak MTU shortening velocity was largest for ST and smallest for BF^LH at all running speeds. Finally, for the two fastest running speeds, the amount of MTU stretch that occurred during terminal swing after activation had started was less for BF^LH compared to SM and ST.

Conclusion

Differences were evident in biarticular hamstrings neuro-mechanical behaviour during running. Such findings have implications for hamstrings function and injury.

Akbarshahi M, Schache AG, Fernandez JW, Baker R, Banks S, Pandy MG (2010) Non-invasive assessment of soft-tissue artefact and its effect on knee joint kinematics during functional activity. J Biomech 43(7):1292–1301PubMedCrossRef

Arnold AS, Salinas S, Asakawa DJ, Delp SL (2000) Accuracy of muscle moment arms estimated from MRI-based musculoskeletal models of the lower extremity. Comput Aided Surg 5(2):108–119PubMedCrossRef

Arnold AS, Blemker SS, Delp SL (2001) Evaluation of a deformable musculoskeletal model for estimating muscle–tendon lengths during crouch gait. Ann Biomed Eng 29(3):263–274PubMedCrossRef

Biewener AA, Corning WR, Tobalske BW (1998) In vivo pectoralis muscle force-length behaviour during level flight in pigeons (Columba livia). J Exp Biol 201(Pt 24):3293–3307PubMed

Buford WL, Ivey FM, Malone JD, Patterson RM, Peare GL, Nguyen DK, Stewart AA (1997) Muscle balance at the knee: moment arms for the normal knee and the ACL-minus knee. IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng 5(4):367–379PubMedCrossRef

Burden A (2010) How should we normalise electromyograms obtained from healthy participants? What we have learned from over 25 years of research. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 20(6):1023–1035PubMedCrossRef

Butterfield TA, Herzog W (2005) Quantification of muscle fiber strain during in vivo repetitive stretch-shortening cycles. J Appl Physiol 99(4):593–602PubMedCrossRef

Chumanov ES, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG (2011) Hamstring musculotendon dynamics during stance and swing phases of high-speed running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 43(3):525–532PubMedCrossRef

Crenna P (1998) Spasticity and ‘spastic’ gait in children with cerebral palsy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 22(4):571–578PubMedCrossRef

Crenna P (1999) Pathophysiology of lengthening contractions in human spasticity: a study of the hamstring muscles during locomotion. Pathophysiology 5(4):283–297CrossRef

Crenna P (2003) Assessment of spasticity during unperturbed (loco)motor tasks in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 45(5):30–31

De Smet AA, Best TM (2000) MR Imaging of the distribution and location of acute hamstring injuries in athletes. Am J Roentgenol 174(2):393–399CrossRef

Delp SL, Anderson FC, Arnold AS, Loan P, Habib A, John CT, Guendelman E, Thelen DG (2007) OpenSim: open-source software to create and analyse dynamic simulations of movement. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 54(11):1940–1950PubMedCrossRef

Dorn TW, Schache AG, Pandy MG (2012) Muscular strategy shift in human running: dependence of running speed on hip and ankle muscle performance. J Exp Biol 215(Pt 11):1944–1956PubMedCrossRef

Farris DJ, Sawicki GS (2012) Human medial gastrocnemius force–velocity behavior shifts with locomotion speed and gait. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109(3):977–982PubMedCrossRef

Fiorentino NM, Epstein FH, Blemker SS (2012) Activation and aponeurosis morphology affect in vivo muscle tissue strains near the myotendinous junction. J Biomech 45(4):647–652PubMedCrossRef

Gabaldón AM, Nelson FE, Roberts TJ (2008) Relative shortening velocity in locomotor muscles: turkey ankle extensors operate at low V/V_max. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 294(1):R200–R210PubMedCrossRef

Garrett WE (1996) Muscle strain injuries. Am J Sports Med 24(6):S2–S8PubMed

Garrett WE, Califf JC, Bassett FH (1984) Histochemical correlates of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med 12(2):98–103PubMedCrossRef

Gillis GB, Biewener AA (2001) Hindlimb muscle function in relation to speed and gait: in vivo patterns of strain and activation in a hip and knee extensor of the rat (Rattus norvegicus). J Exp Biol 204(Pt 15):2717–2731PubMed

Gillis GB, Flynn JP, McGuigan P, Biewener AA (2005) Patterns of strain and activation in the thigh muscles of goats across gaits during level locomotion. J Exp Biol 208(Pt 24):4599–4611PubMedCrossRef

Goyal K, Tashman S, Wang JH, Li K, Zhang X, Harner C (2012) In vivo analysis of the isolated posterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee during functional activities. Am J Sports Med 40(4):777–785PubMedCrossRef

Gregersen CS, Silverton NA, Carrier DR (1998) External work and potential for elastic storage at the limb joints of running dogs. J Exp Biol 201(Pt 23):3197–3210PubMed

Hedrick TL, Tobalske BW, Biewener AA (2003) How cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) modulate pectoralis power output across flight speeds. J Exp Biol 206(Pt 8):1363–1378PubMedCrossRef

Hermens HJ, Freriks B, Disselhorst-Klug C, Rau G (2000) Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 10(5):361–371PubMedCrossRef

Herzog W, Read LJ (1993) Lines of action and moment arms of the major force-carrying structures crossing the human knee joint. J Anat 182(Pt 2):213–230PubMed

Higashihara A, Ono T, Kubota J, Okuwaki T, Fukubayashi T (2010) Functional differences in the activity of the hamstring muscles with increasing running speed. J Sports Sci 28(10):1085–1092PubMedCrossRef

Hodson-Tole EF, Wakeling JM (2010) The influence of strain and activation on the locomotor function of the rat extensor muscles. J Exp Biol 213(Pt 2):318–330PubMedCrossRef

Jonhagen S, Ericson MO, Nemeth G, Eriksson E (1996) Amplitude and timing of electromyographic activity during sprinting. Scand J Med Sci Sports 6(1):15–21PubMedCrossRef

Kellis E, Galanis N, Kapetanos G, Natsis K (2012) Architectural differences between the hamstring muscles. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 22(4):520–526PubMedCrossRef

Koulouris G, Connell D (2003) Evaluation of the hamstring muscle complex following acute injury. Skeletal Radiol 32(10):582–589PubMedCrossRef

Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T (2012) Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med 33(12):950–954PubMedCrossRef

Kyröläinen H, Avela J, Komi PV (2005) Changes in muscle activity with increasing running speed. J Sports Sci 23(10):1101–1109PubMedCrossRef

Lichtwark GA, Wilson AM (2006) Interactions between the human gastrocnemius muscle and the Achilles tendon during incline, level and decline locomotion. J Exp Biol 209(Pt 21):4379–4388PubMedCrossRef

Lu TW, O’Connor JJ (1999) Bone position estimation from skin marker coordinates using global optimisation with joint constraints. J Biomech 32(2):129–134PubMedCrossRef

Lunnen JD, Yack J, Leveau BF (1981) Relationship between muscle length, muscle activity, and torque of the hamstring muscles. Phys Ther 61(2):190–195PubMed

McCully KK, Faulkner JA (1985) Injury to skeletal muscle fibers of mice following lengthening contractions. J Appl Physiol 59(1):119–126PubMed

Mero A, Komi PV (1987) Electromyographic activity in sprinting at speeds ranging from sub-maximal to supra-maximal. Med Sci Sports Exerc 19(3):266–274PubMedCrossRef

Mohamed O, Perry J, Hislop H (2002) Relationship between wire EMG activity, muscle length, and torque of the hamstrings. Clin Biomech 17(8):569–579CrossRef

Pedotti A (1977) A study of motor coordination and neuromuscular activities in human locomotion. Biol Cybern 26(1):53–62PubMedCrossRef

Reinschmidt C, van den Bogert AJ, Nigg BM, Lundberg A, Murphy N (1997) Effect of skin movement on the analysis of skeletal knee joint motion during running. J Biomech 30(7):729–732PubMedCrossRef

Schache AG, Dorn TW, Blanch PD, Brown NAT, Pandy MG (2012) Mechanics of the human hamstring muscles during sprinting. Med Sci Sports Exerc 44(4):647–658PubMedCrossRef

Schache AG, Ackland DC, Fok L, Koulouris G, Pandy MG (2013) Three-dimensional geometry of the human biceps femoris long head measured in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Biomech 28(3):278–284CrossRef

Silder A, Reeder SB, Thelen DG (2010a) The influence of prior hamstring injury on lengthening muscle tissue mechanics. J Biomech 43(12):2254–2260PubMedCrossRef

Silder A, Thelen DG, Heiderscheit BC (2010b) Effects of prior hamstring strain on strength, flexibility, and running mechanics. Clin Biomech 25(7):681–686CrossRef

Simonsen EB, Thomsen L, Klausen K (1985) Activity of mono- and biarticular leg muscles during sprint running. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 54(5):524–532PubMedCrossRef

Soman A, Hedrick TL, Biewener AA (2005) Regional patterns of pectoralis fascicle strain in the pigeon Columba livia during level flight. J Exp Biol 208(Pt 4):771–786PubMedCrossRef

Thelen DG, Chumanov ES, Hoerth DM, Best TM, Swanson SC, Li L, Young M, Heiderscheit B (2005) Hamstring muscle kinematics during treadmill sprinting. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37(1):108–114PubMedCrossRef

Ward SR, Eng CM, Smallwood LH, Lieber RL (2009) Are current measurements of lower extremity muscle architecture accurate? Clin Orthop Rel Res 467(4):1074–1082CrossRef

Winter DA, Scott SH (1991) Technique for interpretation of electromyography for concentric and eccentric contractions in gait. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 1(4):263–269PubMedCrossRef

Wood GA (1987) Biomechanical limitations to sprint running. In: Van Gheluwe B, Atha J (eds) Current research in sports biomechanics. Medicine and sport science, 25th edn. Karger, Basel, pp 58–71

Woodley SJ, Mercer SR (2005) Hamstring muscles: architecture and innervation. Cells Tissues Organs 179(3):125–141PubMedCrossRef

Yamaguchi GT, Zajac FE (1989) A planar model of the knee joint to characterise the knee extensor mechanism. J Biomech 22(1):1–10PubMedCrossRef

Yang JF, Winter DA (1984) Electromyographic amplitude normalization methods: improving their sensitivity as diagnostic tools in gait analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 65(9):517–521PubMed

Titel: Stretch and activation of the human biarticular hamstrings across a range of running speeds
verfasst von: Anthony G. Schache
Tim W. Dorn
Tim V. Wrigley
Nicholas A. T. Brown
Marcus G. Pandy
Publikationsdatum: 01.11.2013
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in: European Journal of Applied Physiology / Ausgabe 11/2013
Print ISSN: 1439-6319
Elektronische ISSN: 1439-6327
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-013-2713-9

Neu im Fachgebiet Arbeitsmedizin

Das Geschlechterparadoxon in der gesundheitlich beeinträchtigten Lebenszeit – Ende eines Mythos?

Open Access Hüftgelenksbewegungseinschränkung Leitthema

Beginnend mit den 1920er-Jahren hat sich eine Vorstellung über die Geschlechterdifferenzen in Gesundheit und Mortalität etabliert, die von Lorber und Moore in dem einprägsamen Satz: „Women get sicker, but men die quicker“, zusammengefasst wurde [ 1 …, S. 13]. Tatsächlich erscheinen vor dem Hintergrund der höheren Lebenserwartung der Frauen die Studienergebnisse zu den Geschlechterdifferenzen in der Morbidität überraschend, wonach Frauen im Durchschnitt einen schlechteren Gesundheitszustand aufweisen als Männer [

Gesunde Lebenserwartung: Ein kritischer Blick auf Nutzen und Potenziale des demographischen Gesundheitsindikators

Open Access Leitthema

Die demographische Alterung hat vielfältige gesellschaftliche Konsequenzen, deren Ausmaß wesentlich vom Gesundheitszustand der Bevölkerung abhängt. Um diesen analysieren und bewerten zu können, wurden spezielle Kennziffern entwickelt, die in …

Wie hat sich die Lebenserwartung ohne funktionelle Einschränkungen in Deutschland entwickelt? Eine Analyse mit Daten des Deutschen Alterssurveys (DEAS)

Open Access Hüftgelenksbewegungseinschränkung Leitthema

Deutschland erfährt, wie andere Hocheinkommensstaaten, aufgrund kontinuierlich rückläufiger Mortalität und niedriger Geburtenraten tiefgreifende demografische Veränderungen. Der demografische Wandel führt in Deutschland zu einem zunehmend höheren …

Hitzeschutz im Fokus der hessischen Betreuungs- und Pflegeaufsicht

Open Access Klimawandel Übersichtsartikel

Im Sommer 2023 kündigte das Bundesministerium für Gesundheit (BMG) einen nationalen Hitzeschutzplan an und forderte die Länder auf, zu prüfen, „ob die Warnstufen des [Deutschen Wetterdienstes] DWD mit der Durchführung von Akutmaßnahmen …

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

Stretch and activation of the human biarticular hamstrings across a range of running speeds

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Neu im Fachgebiet Arbeitsmedizin

Das Geschlechterparadoxon in der gesundheitlich beeinträchtigten Lebenszeit – Ende eines Mythos?

Gesunde Lebenserwartung: Ein kritischer Blick auf Nutzen und Potenziale des demographischen Gesundheitsindikators

Wie hat sich die Lebenserwartung ohne funktionelle Einschränkungen in Deutschland entwickelt? Eine Analyse mit Daten des Deutschen Alterssurveys (DEAS)

Hitzeschutz im Fokus der hessischen Betreuungs- und Pflegeaufsicht

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 11/2013

External muscle heating during warm-up does not provide added performance benefit above external heating in the recovery period alone

Effect of age and exercise training on protein:protein interactions among eNOS and its regulatory proteins in rat aortas

Thermal perceptions and skin temperatures during continuous and intermittent ventilation of the torso throughout and after exercise in the heat

Inhomogeneous architectural changes of the quadriceps femoris induced by resistance training

Gender differences in offaxis neuromuscular control during stepping under a slippery condition

Activation of quadriceps femoris including vastus intermedius during fatiguing dynamic knee extensions

Neu im Fachgebiet Arbeitsmedizin

Das Geschlechterparadoxon in der gesundheitlich beeinträchtigten Lebenszeit – Ende eines Mythos?

Gesunde Lebenserwartung: Ein kritischer Blick auf Nutzen und Potenziale des demographischen Gesundheitsindikators

Wie hat sich die Lebenserwartung ohne funktionelle Einschränkungen in Deutschland entwickelt? Eine Analyse mit Daten des Deutschen Alterssurveys (DEAS)

Hitzeschutz im Fokus der hessischen Betreuungs- und Pflegeaufsicht