Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
CME Facharzt-Training Webinare Zeitschriften Bücher e.Medpedia Podcast
Service
Jobbörse Info & Hilfe
Fachgebiete
Anästhesiologie Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitsmedizin Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kardiologie Neurologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Pädiatrie Pathologie Psychiatrie Radiologie Rechtsmedizin Urologie Zahnmedizin
Themen
Klimawandel und Gesundheit Neues aus dem Markt COVID-19 Praxis und Beruf Seltene Erkrankungen GOÄ & EBM Panorama
Sammlungen
Kasuistiken Algorithmen & Infografiken Blickdiagnosen Arthropedia FlapFinder (für Dermatochirurgen) Videos Kongressberichterstattung Medizin für Apothekerinnen und Apotheker Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Weiterbildung Für Medizinstudierende
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Pediatric Nephrology
Erschienen in: Pediatric Nephrology 8/2005

01.08.2005 | Review

Mechanisms of renal damage owing to infection

verfasst von: Timo Jahnukainen, Ming Chen, Gianni Celsi

Erschienen in: Pediatric Nephrology | Ausgabe 8/2005

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common bacterial illness in children. It is known to be associated with an increased risk of permanent renal cell damage and scarring which may lead to generation of pathological conditions such as hypertension, pre-eclampsia during pregnancy, renal insufficiency, and end-stage kidney disease. The pathophysiology of renal scarring is still obscure, which makes the prevention of renal damage difficult. During acute infection, there are numerous factors that may contribute to tissue damage. Inflammatory responses are activated by host defense mechanisms as well as by specific bacterial virulence factors. Understanding of these complex mechanisms would be helpful to better identify children at high risk of developing renal scarring following UTI.
Literatur
1.
Hellberg A, Hanson E, Hanson S, Hjalmas K, Jodal U (1991) Association between urinary symptoms at 7 years old and previous urinary tract infection. Arch Dis Child 66:232–234PubMed
2.
Winberg J, Andersen HJ, Bergstrom T, Jacobsson B, Larson H, Lincoln K (1974) Epidemiology of symptomatic urinary tract infection in childhood. Acta Paediatr Scand 252 [Supp]:1–20
3.
Jakobsson B, Soderlundh S, Berg U (1992) Diagnostic significance of 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scintigraphy in urinary tract infection. Arch Dis Child 67:1338–1342PubMed
4.
Majd M, Rushton HG (1992) Renal cortical scintigraphy in the diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis. Semin Nucl Med 22:98–111PubMed
5.
Rushton HG, Massoud M, Jantausch B, Wiedermann BL, Belman AB (1992) Renal scarring following reflux and nonreflux pyelonephritis in children: Evaluations with 99m-technetium-dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy. J Urol 147:1327–1332PubMed
6.
Benador D, Benador N, Slosman DO, Nussle D, Mermillod B, Girardin E (1994) Cortical scintigraphy in the evaluation of renal parenchymal changes in children with pyelonephritis. J Pediatr 124:17–20PubMed
7.
Lin K-Y, Chiu N-T, Chen M-J, Lai C-H, Huang J-J, Wang Y-T, Chiou Y-Y (2003) Acute pyelonephritis and sequelae of renal scar in pediatric first febrile urinary tract infection. Pediatr Nephrol 18:362–365PubMed
8.
Epstein (1993) FH Mechanisms of disease N Engl J Med 328:106–113
9.
Craig JC, Irwig LM, Knight JF, Roy LPR (2000) Does treatment of vesicoureteric reflux in childhood prevent end-stage renal disease attributable to reflux nephropathy? Pediatrics 105:1236–1241CrossRefPubMed
10.
Gobet R, Cisek LJ, Chang B, Barnewolt CE, Retik AB, Peters CA (1999) Experimental fetal vesicoureteral reflux induces renal tubular and glomerular damage, and is associated with persistent bladder instability. J Urol 162:1090–1095CrossRefPubMed
11.
Sweeney B, Cascio S, Velayudham M, Puri P (2001) Reflux nephropathy in infancy: a comparison of infants presenting with and without urinary tract infection J Urol 166:648–650
12.
Ylinen E, Ala-Houhala M, Wikström S (2003) Risk of renal scarring in vesicoureteral reflux detected either antenatally or during the neonatal period. Urology 61:1238–1243CrossRefPubMed
13.
Marra GM, Oppezzo C, Ardissino G, Daccò V, Testa S, Avolio L, Taioli E, Sereni F (2004) Severe vesicoureteral reflux and chronic renal failure: a condition peculiar to male gender? Data from the ItalKid project. J Pediatr 144:677–681CrossRefPubMed
14.
Noe HN (1992) The long-term results of prospective sibling reflux screening. J Urol 148:1704–1707
15.
Ataei N, Madani A, Esfahani ST, Kejbafzadeh A, Ghaderi O, Jalili S, Sharafi B (2004) Screening for vesicoureteral reflux and renal scars in siblings of children with known reflux. Pediatr Nephrol 19:1127–1131PubMed
16.
Vernon SJ, Coulthard MG, Lamberg HJ, Keir MJ, Matthews JNS (1997) New renal scarring in children who at age 3 and 4 years had had normal scans with dimercaptosuccinic acid: follow-up study. BMJ 315:905–908PubMed
17.
Coulthard MG, Flecknell P, Orr H, Manas D, O’Donnell M (2002) Renal scarring caused by vesicoureteric reflux and urinary infection: a study in pigs. Pediatr Nephrol 17:481–484CrossRefPubMed
18.
Benson M, Jodal U, Agace W, Hellstrom M, Marild S, Rosberg S, Sjostrom M, Wettergren B, Jonsson S, Svanborg C (1996) Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 in children with febrile urinary tract infection and asymptomatic bacteriuria. J Infect Dis 174:1080–1084PubMed
19.
Laestadius A, Söderblom T, Aperia A, Richter-Dahlfors A (2003) Developmental aspect of Escherichia coli -induced innate responses in rat renal epithelial cells. Pediatr Res 54:1–6CrossRefPubMed
20.
Jantunen M, Saxen H, Lukinmaa S, Ala-Houhala M, Siitonen A (2001) Genomic identity of pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli isolated from blood, urine and faeces of children with urosepsis. J Med Microbiol 50:650–652PubMed
21.
Mattsby-Baltzer I, Hanson LA, Kaijser B, Larsson P, Olling S, Svanborg Eden C (1982) Experimental Escherichia coli ascending pyelonephritis in rats: changes in bacterial properties and the immune response to surface antigens. Infect Immun 35:639–646PubMed
22.
Mattsby-Baltzer I, Hanson LA, Olling S, Kajser B (1982) Experimental Escherichia coli ascending pyelonephritis: active peroral immunization with live Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 35:647–653PubMed
23.
Westerlund B, van Die I, Hoekstra W, Virkola R, Korhonen TK (1993) P fimbriae of uropathogenic Escherichia coli as multifunctional adherence organelles. Zentralbl Bakteriol 278:229–237PubMed
24.
Klumpp DJ, Weiser AC, Sengupta S, Forrestal SG, Batler RA, Schaeffer (2001) Uropathogenic Escherichia coli potentiates type 1 pilus-induced apoptosis by suppressing NF-kappaB. Infect Immun 69:6689–6695CrossRefPubMed
25.
Mulvey MA, Lopez-Boado YS, Wilson CL, Roth R, Parks WC, Heuser J, Hultgren SJ (1998) Induction and evasion of host defenses by type 1-piliated uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Science 282:1494–1497CrossRefPubMed
26.
Hedlund M, Svensson M, Nilsson A, Duan RD, Svanborg C (1996) Role of ceramide-signalling in cells exposed to P-fimbriated Escherichia coli. J Exp Med 183:1037–1044CrossRefPubMed
27.
Hedlund M, Frendeus B, Wachter C, Hang L, Fischer H, Svanborg C (2001) Type 1 fimbriae deliver an LPS- and TLR4-dependent activation signal to CD14-negative cells. Mol Microbiol 39:542–552CrossRefPubMed
28.
Bäckhed F, Alsen B, Roche N, Ångström J, von Euler A, Breimer ME, Westerlund-Wikström B, Teneberg S, Richter-Dahlfors A (2002) Identification of target tissue glycosphingolipid receptors for uropathogenic, F1C-fimbriated Escherichia coli and its role in mucosal inflammation. J Biol Chem 277:18198–18205CrossRefPubMed
29.
DeMan P, van Kooten C, Aarden L, Engberg I, Linder H, Svanborg Eden C (1997) Interleukin 6 induced at mucosal surfaces by gram-negative bacterial infection. Infect Immun 57:3383–3388
30.
Traylor LA, Mayeux PR (1997) Nitric oxide generation mediates lipid A-induced oxidant injury in renal proximal tubules. Arch Biochem Biophys 338:129–135CrossRefPubMed
31.
Haraoka M, Hang L, Frendeus B, Godaly G, Burdick M, Strieter R, Svanborg C (1999) Neutrophil recruitment and resistance to urinary tract infections. J Infect Dis 180:1220–1229CrossRefPubMed
32.
Wolfs TGAM, Buurman WA, van Schadewijk A, de Vries B, Daemen MA, Hiemstra PS, van’t Veer C (2002) In vivo expression of Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 by renal epithelial cells: IFN-γ and TNF-α mediated up-regulation during inflammation. J Immun 168:1286–1293PubMed
33.
Backhed F, Soderhall M, Ekman P, Normark S, Richter-Dahlfors A (2001) Induction of innate immune responses by Escherichia coli and purified lipopolysaccharide correlate with organ- and cell-specific expression of Toll-like receptors within the human urinary tract. Cell Microbiol 3:153–158CrossRefPubMed
34.
Samuelsson P, Hang L, Wullt B, Irjala H, Svanborg C (2004) Toll-like receptor 4 expression and cytokine responses in the human urinary tract mucosa. Infect Immun 72:3179–86CrossRefPubMed
35.
Lorenz E, Mira JP, Frees KL, Schawrtz DA (2002) Relevance of mutations in the TLR4 receptor in patients with gram-negative septic shock. Arch Intern Med 162:1028–1032CrossRefPubMed
36.
Trifillis AL, Donnenberg MS, Cui X, Russell RG, Utsalo SJ, Mobley HL, Warren JW (1994) Binding to and killing of human renal epithelial cells by hemolytic P-fimbriated E. coli. Kidney Int 46:1083–1091PubMed
37.
Warren JW, Mobley HL, Hebel JR, Trifillis AL (1995) Cytolethality of hemolytic Escherichia coli to primary human renal proximal tubular cell cultures obtained from different donors. Urology 45:706–710CrossRefPubMed
38.
Jantausch BA, O’Donnell R, Wiedermann BL (2000) Urinary interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 in children with urinary tract infection Pediatr Nephrol 15:236–240
39.
Uhlen P, Laestadius A, Jahnukainen T, Soderblom T, Backhed F, Celsi G, Brismar H, Normark S, Aperia A, Rishter-Dahlfors A (2000) Alpha-haemolysin of uropathogenic E.coli induces Ca2+ oscillations in renal epithelial cells Nature 405:694–697
40.
Chen M, Jahnukainen T, Bao W, Dare E, Ceccatelli S, Celsi G (2003) Uropathogenic Escherichia coli toxins induce caspase-independent apoptosis in renal proximal tubular cells via ERK signaling. Am J Nephrol 23:140–151CrossRefPubMed
41.
Chen M, Bao W, Aizman R et al (2004) ERK activation mediates apoptosis induced by uropathogenic Escherichia coli toxins via nitric oxide synthase: protective role of heme oxygenase-1. J Infect Dis 190:127–35CrossRefPubMed
42.
Doye A, Mettouchi A, Bossis G, Clement R, Buisson-Touati C, Flatau G, Gagnoux L, Piechaczyk M, Boquet P, Lemichez E (2002) CNF1 exploits the ubiquitin-proteasome machinery to restrict Rho GTPase activation for bacterial host cell invasion. Cell 111:553–564CrossRefPubMed
43.
Lory S (1998) Secretion of proteins and assembly of bacterial surface organelles: shared pathways of extracellular protein targeting. Curr Opin Microbiol 1:27–35CrossRefPubMed
44.
Guyer DM, Henderson IR, Nataro JP, Mobley HLT (2000) Identification of Sat, an autotransporter toxin produced by uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 38:53–66CrossRefPubMed
45.
Guyer DM, Radulovic S, Jones F-E, Mobley HLT (2002) Sat, the secreted autotransporter toxin of uropathogenic Escherichia coli, is a vacuolating cytotoxin for bladder and kidney epithelial cells. Infect Immun 70:4539–4546CrossRefPubMed
46.
47.
Valore EV, Park CH, Quayle AJ, Wiles KR, McCray PB Jr, Ganz T (1998) Human β-defensin-1: an antimicrobial peptide of urogenital tissues. J Clin Invest 101:1633–1642PubMed
48.
Singh PK, Jia HP, Wiles K et al (1998) Production of β-defensins by human airway epithelia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 14961–14966
49.
Lohner K, Latal A, Lehrer RI, Ganz T (1997) Differential scanning microcalorimetry indicates that human defensin, HNP-2 interacts specifically with biomembrane mimetic systems. Biochemistry 36:1525–1531CrossRefPubMed
50.
Hedges S, Agace W, Svensson M, Sjögren A-C, Ceska M, Svanborg C (1994) Uroepithelial cells are part of a mucosal cytokine network. Infect Immun 62:2315–2321PubMed
51.
Tullus K, Wang JA, Lu Y, Burman LG, Brauner A (1996) Interleukin-1α and interleukin-6 in the urine, kidney, and bladder of mice inoculated with Escherichia coli. Pediatr Nephrol 10:453–457CrossRefPubMed
52.
Kabore AF, Simard M, Bergeron MG (1999) Local production of inflammatory mediators in an experimental model of acute obstructive pyelonephritis. J Infect Dis 179:1162–1172CrossRefPubMed
53.
Nicolle LE, Brunka J, Orr P, Wilkins J, Harding GKM (1993) Urinary immunoreactive interleukin-1α and interleukin-6 in bacteriuric institutionalized elderly subjects. J Urol 149:1049–1053PubMed
54.
Tullus K, Fituri O, Burman LG, Wretlind B, Brauner A (1994) Interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 in the urine of children with acute pyelonephritis. Pediatr Nephrol 8:280–284CrossRefPubMed
55.
Otto G, Braconier JH, Andreasson A, Svanborg C (1999) Interleukin-6 and disease severity in patients with bacteremic and nonbacteremic febrile urinary tract infection. J Infect Dis 179:172–179CrossRefPubMed
56.
Ko Y-C, Mukaida N, Ishiyama S, Tokue A, Kawai T, Matsushima K, Kasahara T (1993) Elevated interleukin-8 levels in the urine of patients with urinary tract infections. Infect Immun 61:1307–1314PubMed
57.
Tullus K, Fituri O, Linné T, Escobar-Billing R, Wikstad I, Karlsson A, Burman LG, Wretlind B, Brauner A (1994) Urine interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 in children with acute pyelonephritis in relation to DMSA-scintigraphy in the acute phase and at one year follow-up. Pediatr Radiol 24:513–515PubMed
58.
Border WA, Noble NA (1994) Transforming growth factor beta in tissue fibrosis. N Eng J Med 331:1286–1292CrossRef
59.
Khalil A, Tullus K, Bartfai T, Bakhiet M, Jaremko G, Brauner A (2000) Renal cytokine responses in acute Escherichia coli pyelonephritis in IL-6-deficient mice. Clin Exp Immunol 122:200–206CrossRefPubMed
60.
Cotton SA, Gbadegesin RA, Watson CJ, Brenchley PEC, Webb NSA (2000) Association between pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, IL-1RA and TNF-α gene polymorphisms and acute pyelonephritis following childhood urinary tract infection. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:558A
61.
Hang L, Frendeus B, Godaly G, Svanborg C (2000) Interleukin-8 receptor knockout mice have subepithelial neutrophil entrapment and renal scarring following acute pyelonephritis. J Infect Dis 182:1738–1748CrossRefPubMed
62.
Godaly G, Proudfoot AE, Offord RE, Svanborg C, Agace W (1997) Role of epithelial interleukin-8 and neutrophil IL-8 receptor A in Escherichia coli -induced transuroepithelial neutrophil migration. Infect Immun 65:3451–3456PubMed
63.
Godaly G, Hang L, Frendeus B, Svanborg C (2000) Transepithelial neutrophil migration is CXCR1-dependant in vitro and is defective in IL-8 receptor mutant mice. J Immunol 165:5287–5294PubMed
64.
Frendeus B, Godaly G, Hang L, Karpman D, Lundstedt AC, Svanborg C (2000) Interleukin-8 receptor deficiency confers susceptibility to acute experimental pyelonephritis and may have a human counterpart. J Exp Med 192:881–890CrossRefPubMed
65.
Gbadegesin RA, Cotton SA, Coupes BM, Awan A, Brenchley PEC, Webb NJA (2002) Plasma and urinary soluble adhesion molecule expression is increased during first documented acute pyelonephritis. Arch Dis Child 86:218–221CrossRefPubMed
66.
Godaly G, Bergsten G, Hang L, Fischer H, Frendeus B, Lundsten A-C, Samuelsson M, Samuelsson P, Svanborg C (2001) Neutrophil recruitment, chemokine receptors, and resistance to mucosal infection. J Leukoc Biol 69:899–906PubMed
67.
Grandaliano G, Gesualdo L, Bartoli F, Ranieri E, Monno R, Leggio A, Paradies G, Caldarulo E, Infante B, Schena FP (2000) MCP-1 and EGF renal expression and urine excretion in human congenital obstructive nephropathy. Kidney Int 58:182–192CrossRefPubMed
68.
Roberts JA (1992) Vesicoureteral reflux and pyelonephritis in the monkeys: a review. J Urol 148:1721–1725PubMed
69.
Roberts JA, Roth JK Jr, Domingue G, Lewis RW, Kaack B, Baskin G (1982) Immunology of pyelonephritis in the primate model. V. Effect of superoxide dismutase. J Urol 128:1394–1400PubMed
70.
Okur H, Köse Ö, Kula M, Öztürk, Muhtaroğlu S, Sümerkan S (2003) The role of infection and free oxygen radical damage in reflux nephropathy: an experimental study. J Urol 169:1874–1877CrossRefPubMed
71.
Hewitson TD, Darby IA, Bisucci T, Jones CL, Becker GJ (1998) Evolution of tubulointerstitial fibrosis in experimental renal infection and scarring. J Am Soc Nephrol 9:632–642PubMed
72.
Khalil A, Brauner A, Bakhiet M, Burman LG, Jaremko G, Wretlind B, Tullus K (1997) Cytokine gene expression during experimental Escherichia coli pyelonephritis in mice. J Urol 158:1576–1580CrossRefPubMed
73.
Cotton SA, Gbadegesin RA, Williams S, Brenchley PEC, Webb NJA (2002) Role of TGF-β in renal parenchymal scarring following childhood urinary tract infection. Kidney Int 61:61–67CrossRef
74.
Nee LE, McMorrow T, Campbell E, Slattery C, Ryan MP (2004) TNF-α and Il-1β-mediated regulation of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in renal proximal tubular cells. Kidney Int 66:1376–1386CrossRefPubMed
75.
Tullus K, Escobar-Billing R, Fituri O, Burman LG, Karlsson A, Wikstad I, Wretlind B, Brauner A (1996) Interleukin- 1α and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in the urine of children with acute pyelonephritis and relation to renal scarring. Acta Paediatr 85:158–162PubMed
76.
Chromek M, Tullus K, Hertting O, Jaremko G, Khalil A, Li Y-H, Brauner A (2003) Matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 in acute pyelonephritis and renal scarring. Pediatr Res 53:698–705CrossRefPubMed
77.
Duymelinck C, Dauwe SHE, De greef KEJ, Ysebaert DK, Verpooten GA, De Broe ME (2000) TIMP-1 gene expression and PAI-1 antigen after unilateral ureteral obstruction in the adult male rat. Kidney Int 58:1186–1201CrossRefPubMed
78.
Wyllie AH, Kerr JF, Currie AR (1980) Cell death: the significance of apoptosis. Int Rev Cytol 68:251–306PubMed
79.
Arends MJ, Wyllie AH (1991) Apoptosis: mechanisms and roles in pathology. Int Rev Exp Pathol 32:223–254PubMed
80.
Savill J, Fadok V, Henson P, Haslett C (1993) Phagocyte recognition of cells undergoing apoptosis. Immunol Today 14:131–136CrossRefPubMed
81.
Majno G, Joris I (1995) Apoptosis, oncosis, and necrosis. An overview of cell death. Am J Pathol 1463–1515
82.
Karpman D, Hakansson A, Perez MT, Isaksson C, Carlemalm E, Caprioli A et al (1998) Apoptosis of renal cortical cells in the hemolytic-uremic syndrome: in vivo and in vitro studies. Infect Immun 66:636–644PubMed
83.
Ruiz J, Simon K, Horcajada JP, Velasco M, Barranco M, Roig G et al (2002) Differences in virulence factors among clinical isolates of Escherichia coli causing cystitis and pyelonephritis in women and prostatitis in men. J Clin Microbiol 40:4445–4449CrossRefPubMed
84.
Guignot J, Breard J, Bernet-Camard MF, Peiffer I, Nowicki BJ, Servin AL et al (2000) Pyelonephritogenic diffusely adhering Escherichia coli EC7372 harboring Dr-II adhesin carries classical uropathogenic virulence genes and promotes cell lysis and apoptosis in polarized epithelial caco-2/TC7 cells. Infect Immun 68:7018–7027CrossRefPubMed
85.
Savill J, Mooney A (1998) Apoptosis in acute renal inflammation. In: Neilson EG, Couser WG (eds). Lippincot-Raven, Philadelphia
86.
Daemen MA, van ‘t Veer C, Denecker G, Heemskerk VH, Wolfs TG, Clauss M et al (1999) Inhibition of apoptosis induced by ischemia-reperfusion prevents inflammation. J Clin Invest 104:541–549PubMed
87.
Levine JS, Koh JS (1999) The role of apoptosis in autoimmunity: immunogen, antigen, and accelerant. Semin Nephrol 19:34–47PubMed
88.
Yamada T, Goto M, Punj V et al (2002) The bacterial redox protein azurin induces apoptosis in J774 macrophages through complex formation and stabilization of the tumor suppressor protein p53. Infect Immun 70:7054–7062CrossRefPubMed
89.
Olsson LE, Wheeler MA, Sessa WC, Weiss RM (1998) Bladder instillation and intraperitoneal injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide up-regulate cytokines and iNOS in rat urinary bladder. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 284:1203–1208PubMed
90.
Uchida H, Fujimoto J, Takeda T (1997) [Primary tubular impairment by verocytotoxin in hemolytic uremic syndrome]. Nippon Rinsho 55:726–730PubMed
91.
Lundberg JO, Ehren I, Jansson O, Adolfsson J, Lundberg JM, Weitzberg E, Alving K, Wiklund NP (1996) Elevated nitric oxide in the urinary bladder in infectious and noninfectious cystitis. Urology 48:700–702CrossRefPubMed
92.
Poljakovic M, Svensson ML, Svanborg C, Johansson K, Larsson B, Persson K (2001) Escherichia coli -induced inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase expression in the mouse bladder and kidney. Kidney Int 59:893–904CrossRefPubMed
93.
Ortiz A, Lorz C, Egido J (1999) New kids in the block: the role of FasL and Fas in kidney damage. J Nephrol 2:150–158
94.
Chen M, Bao W, Ceccatelli S, Celsi G (2004) Prenatal exposure to high level of glucocorticoids increases the susceptibility of renal proximal tubular cells to apoptosis induced by uropathogenic Escherichia coli toxins. Am J Nephrol 24:497–502CrossRefPubMed
95.
Solari V, Ennis S, Cascio S, Puri P (2004) Tumor necrosis factor-α gene polymorphism in reflux nephropathy. J Urol 172:1604–1606CrossRefPubMed
96.
Cho SJ, Lee SJ (2002) ACE gene polymorphisms and renal scar in children with acute pyelonephritis. Pediatr Nephrol 17:491–495CrossRefPubMed
97.
Pardo R, Malga S, Coto E, Navarro M, Alvarez V, Espinos L, Alvarez R, Vallo A, Loris C, Braga S (2003) Renin-angiotensin system polymorphisms and renal scarring. Pediatr Nephrol 18:110–114PubMed
98.
American Academy of Pediatrics (1999) Practice parameter: The diagnosis, treatment, and evaluation of the initial urinary tract infection in febrile infants and young children. Pediatrics 103:843–852PubMed
99.
Jodal U, Lindberg U (1999) Guidelines for management of children with urinary tract infection and vesico-ureteric reflux. Recommendations from a Swedish state-of-art conference. Acta Paediatr 431S:87–89
100.
Kassir K, Vargas-Shiraishi O, Zaldivar F, Berman M, Singh J, Arrietta A (2001) Cytokine profiles of pediatric patients treated with antibiotics for pyelonephritis: potential therapeutic impact. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 8:1060–1063CrossRefPubMed
101.
Haraoka M, Matsumoto T, Takahashi K, Kubo S, Tanaka M, Kumazawa J (1994) Suppression of renal scarring by prednisolone combined with ciprofloxacin in ascending pyelonephritis in rats. J Urol 151:1078–1080PubMed
102.
Linder H, Engberg I, van Kooten C, de Man P, Svanborg-Eden C (1990) Effects of anti-inflammatory agents on mucosal inflammation induced by infection with gram-negative bacteria. Infect Immun 58:2056–2060PubMed
103.
Brown Z, Strieter RM, Chensue SW, Ceska M, Lindley I, Neild GH, Kunkel SL, Westwick J (1991) Cytokine-activated human mesangial cells generate the neutrophil chemoattractant, interleukin 8. Kidney Int 40:86–90PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Mechanisms of renal damage owing to infection
verfasst von
Timo Jahnukainen
Ming Chen
Gianni Celsi
Publikationsdatum
01.08.2005
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Pediatric Nephrology / Ausgabe 8/2005
Print ISSN: 0931-041X
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-198X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-005-1898-5

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 8/2005

Pediatric Nephrology 8/2005 Zur Ausgabe

Original Article

Bone mineral density and bone turnover in patients with Bartter syndrome

Review

Hemodialysis in children: general practical guidelines

Editorial Commentary

Gene locus ambiguity in posterior urethral valves/prune-belly syndrome

Brief Report

Acute interstitial nephritis predisposed a six-year-old girl to minimal change nephrotic syndrome

Brief Report

Renovascular hypertension complicated with VATER association

Brief Report

Sport hematuria in boys: a provocative test

Neu im Fachgebiet Pädiatrie

Neuer Typ-1-Diabetes bei Kindern am Wochenende eher übersehen

23.04.2024 Typ-1-Diabetes Nachrichten

Wenn Kinder an Werktagen zum Arzt gehen, werden neu auftretender Typ-1-Diabetes und diabetische Ketoazidosen häufiger erkannt als bei Arztbesuchen an Wochenenden oder Feiertagen.

Neue Studienergebnisse zur Myopiekontrolle mit Atropin

22.04.2024 Fehlsichtigkeit Nachrichten

Augentropfen mit niedrig dosiertem Atropin können helfen, das Fortschreiten einer Kurzsichtigkeit bei Kindern zumindest zu verlangsamen, wie die Ergebnisse einer aktuellen Studie mit verschiedenen Dosierungen zeigen.

Spinale Muskelatrophie: Neugeborenen-Screening lohnt sich

18.04.2024 Spinale Muskelatrophien Nachrichten

Seit 2021 ist die Untersuchung auf spinale Muskelatrophie Teil des Neugeborenen-Screenings in Deutschland. Eine Studie liefert weitere Evidenz für den Nutzen der Maßnahme.

Fünf Dinge, die im Kindernotfall besser zu unterlassen sind

18.04.2024 Pädiatrische Notfallmedizin Nachrichten

Im Choosing-Wisely-Programm, das für die deutsche Initiative „Klug entscheiden“ Pate gestanden hat, sind erstmals Empfehlungen zum Umgang mit Notfällen von Kindern erschienen. Fünf Dinge gilt es demnach zu vermeiden.

Update Pädiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen
Bildnachweise