Introduction
Ovarian cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed gynecological malignancies [17]. Because symptoms are usually not noticed in the early stages, ovarian cancer tends to be diagnosed in the advanced stage and the prognosis, therefore, is generally poor. Brain metastases from ovarian cancer are rare, with their incidence ranging from 0.49 % to 6.1 % [3, 6, 7, 9, 14, 15, 20‐22, 24, 25, 34, 37]. However, recent studies have reported an increased incidence of brain metastases from ovarian cancer [6, 15, 21]. The primary reason for this increase is considered to be improvements in chemotherapy, which have led to better control of the primary malignancy and thus prolonged the life of the patients. In addition, early detection has been enabled by developments in imaging technologies [4, 12, 26]. Because gamma knife surgery (GKS) for brain metastases has a high local control rate and is minimally invasive [1, 2], it is generally an effective remedy. Nevertheless, to our knowledge, there have only been a few case reports and small series studies of GKS for brain metastases from ovarian cancer, and its efficacy remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the characteristics of patients with brain metastases from ovarian cancer, assessed the efficacy of GKS for local tumor control, and analyzed prognostic factors affecting patient survival.
Materials and methods
Patients
From March 2006 to January 2010, a total of 2603 patients with brain metastases were treated with GKS at the Tokyo Gamma Unit Center. The hospital’s database was searched to identify those with brain metastases from ovarian cancer, and the 16 identified patients were found to have been treated with GKS a total of 31 times. One hundred and nineteen tumors were treated in 31 GKS operations. Diagnoses in all patients were made with gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with or without contrast-enhanced computed tomography.
Anzeige
Stereotactic radiosurgery was performed with a Leksell Gamma Knife model C (Elekta Instruments, Stockholm). All patients underwent thin-slice gadolinium-enhanced MRI after placement of the Leksell Model G stereotactic frame (Elekta Instruments) and the treatment plans were created using GammaPlan (Elekta Instruments). The dose delivered to the margin of the tumor ranged from 10.1 to 22.32 Gy (median 20.0 Gy). The maximum tumor dose ranged from 20.2 to 43.0 Gy (median 39.2 Gy).
After GKS, follow-up MRI was performed every 1–3 months. We assessed changes in tumor size with follow up MRI, and evaluated response to treatment with the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors guideline [41]. At the 3 months following GKS, 66 of 119 tumors could be evaluated for tumor size, enabling an analysis of the relationship between tumor size and tumor control.
To assess the predictive factors for survival following diagnosis of brain metastases, the following characteristics were reviewed: age at diagnosis of brain metastases (<60 years vs ≥60 years), interval from diagnosis of ovarian cancer to brain metastases (<2 years vs ≥2 years), number of brain metastases at first GKS (single vs multiple), total volume of brain metastases at first GKS (<10 cm3 vs ≥10 cm3), Karnofsky Performance Score (KPS) at first GKS (<80 vs ≥80), and treatment for brain metastases (GKS alone vs combination therapy).
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed with a personal computer running Stat View J-5.0 software (Abacus Concepts, Berkeley, CA, USA). Survival was calculated from the date of initial diagnosis of brain metastases until the date of death or last contact. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to calculate survival distributions. Differences in survival were analyzed using a log-rank test; p < 0.05 was considered significant.
Anzeige
Results
From March 2006 to January 2010, a total of 2,603 patients with brain metastases were treated with GKS at the Tokyo Gamma Unit Center; 16 (0.6 %) of these patients had brain metastases from ovarian cancer. Two patients were treated with whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) before GKS (cases 4 and 9), two underwent surgical resection before GKS (cases 6 and 10), one was treated with WBRT and surgical resection before GKS (case 12), and one was treated with stereotactic radiotherapy before GKS (case 5). Patient characteristics of 16 patients are shown in Table 1.
Table 1
Patient characteristics of 16 patients with 119 brain metastases
Case no. | Age (years) | KPS at first GKS | Number of brain metastases at first GKS | Total volume of brain metastases at first GKS (cm3) | Symptoms | Pathologic diagnosis | Interval to brain metastases (months) | Other metastases | Survival following diagnosis of brain metastases (months) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 51 | 80 | 2 | 8.5 | Nonea
| CCT | 43 | Liver, bone, AG | 17 |
2 | 58 | 70 | 18 | 19.5 | EW | NA | 16 | Lung | 6 |
3 | 50 | 50 | 5 | 14.2 | Seizure | ST | 27 | Lung, liver, bone | 8 |
4 | 47 | 70 | 1 | 7.5 | Nonea
| ST | 28 | NA | 11 |
5 | 38 | 100 | 2 | 2.3 | EWb
| NA | 84 | Colon, SL | 13 |
6 | 58 | 50 | 4 | 22.5 | Seizure | NA | 34 | NA | 14 |
7 | 48 | 60 | 8 | 25.2 | Aphasia | CCT | 9 | Lung | 5 |
8 | 54 | 100 | 1 | 1.4 | Nonea
| NA | 15 | Lung, liver | 16 |
9 | 73 | 90 | 2 | 1.6 | EW | NA | 15 | Colon, spleen | 31 |
10 | 41 | 100 | 1 | 9.9 | Nonea
| NA | 42 | None | 34 |
11 | 71 | 80 | 13 | 13.6 | Headache | CS | 40 | NA | 6 |
12 | 61 | 100 | 1 | 9.5 | EW | CS | 25 | NA | 24 |
13 | 63 | 60 | 1 | 8.5 | Dysarthria | NA | 23 | Colon, spleen, pancreas | 12 |
14 | 52 | 60 | 3 | 5.8 | EW | NA | 72 | Lung | 4 |
15 | 67 | 80 | 4 | 42.6 | Dizziness | ST | 36 | NA | 11 |
16 | 46 | 100 | 1 | 0.6 | Nonea
| ST | 0 | SL | 17 |
The median age of the patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer and brain metastases was 53 years (range, 38–73 years) and 56.5 years (range, 44–75 years), respectively. The median interval from diagnosis of ovarian cancer to brain metastases was 27.5 months (range, 0–84 months), and the median number of brain metastases was 2 (range, 1–18). At the time of first GKS, the median KPS was 80 (range, 50–100).
At last follow-up, six patients were alive and ten patients had died. The overall median survival from the time of first GKS was 9.5 months (range, 3–29 months), from diagnosis of brain metastases was 12.5 months (range, 4–34 months), and from diagnosis of ovarian cancer was 46 months (range, 14–97 months). The 6-month and 1-year survival rates from the time of diagnosis of brain metastases were 75 % and 50 %, respectively. The 6-month and 1-year survival rates from the time of first GKS were 69 % and 31 %, respectively.
At 3 months following GKS, 66 tumors could be evaluated for tumor size; 17 tumors were in complete remission (CR), 40 showed partial response (PR), 8 stable disease, and 1 progressive disease (PD). The tumor of PD became a PR by performing additional GKS. The tumor control rate ([CR + PR]/total number of tumors × 100) was 86.4 %. When tumors were classified by size, namely <10 mm, 10–20 mm, 20–30 mm, and >30 mm, the tumor control rates were 89.7 %, 86.7 %, 80.0 %, and 50.0 %, respectively. No tumor hemorrhaged after GKS.
A total of nine patients (56.3 %) were found to have new brain metastases during the follow-up period. The interval between the date receiving initial GKS and the date of appearance of a new distant lesion was calculated. The median new distant-lesion-free survival period was 4.5 months (range, 1–15 months).
Age at diagnosis of brain metastases, interval to brain metastases, number of brain metastases at first GKS, and treatment for brain metastases were not associated with survival following brain metastases. The KPS at first GKS and total tumor volume at first GKS were associated with survival and were important predictors of survival according to a univariate analysis (p = 0.004 and p = 0.02, respectively). The median overall survival for the nine patients with KPS ≥80 was significantly longer than that of the seven patients with KPS <80 (17.0 vs 8.0 months, p = 0.004). The median overall survival for the ten patients with total volume of brain metastases <10 cm3 was significantly longer than that of the six patients with total volume of brain metastases ≥10 cm3 (16.5 vs 7.0 months, p = 0.02). The number of brain metastases was not significantly associated with survival, but the median overall survival for the six patients with a single metastases tended to be longer than that of the ten patients with multiple metastases (16.5 vs 9.5 months, p = 0.05) (Table 2).
Table 2
Univariate analysis of survival following diagnosis of brain metastases
Prognostic factor | Number of patients | Median survival (months) | Log-rank p value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age at diagnosis of brain metastases | |||
<60 years | 10 | 12.0 | 0.1841 |
≥60 years | 6 | 13.0 | |
Interval to brain metastases | |||
<2 years | 6 | 14.0 | 0.5592 |
≥2 years | 10 | 12.0 | |
Number of brain metastases at first GKS | |||
Single | 6 | 16.5 | 0.0507 |
Multiple | 10 | 9.5 | |
Total volume of brain metastases at first GKS | |||
<10 cm3
| 10 | 16.5 | 0.0203 |
≥10 cm3
| 6 | 7.0 | |
KPS at first GKS | |||
<80 | 7 | 8.0 | 0.0042 |
≥80 | 9 | 17.0 | |
Treatment for brain metastases | |||
GKS alone | 10 | 9.5 | 0.2020 |
Combination therapy | 6 | 19.0 |
Discussion
Ovarian cancer is one of the most frequent causes of malignancy in women [17]. The majority of patients are discovered with advanced disease because very few symptoms are observed in the early stages of ovarian cancer. Brain metastases from ovarian cancer is uncommon—its incidence ranges from 0.49 % to 6.1 % [3, 6, 7, 9, 14, 15, 20‐22, 24, 25, 34, 37]. Pectasides et al. [35] reported an estimated incidence of 1.01 % in a review of 22,240 patients with ovarian cancer. However, recent studies have suggested that the incidence of brain metastases from ovarian cancer is increasing [6, 15, 21]. Platinum-based chemotherapy has led to improved survival rates among ovarian cancer patients, but these agents have poor blood–brain barrier permeability and brain metastases have thus become a late manifestation of ovarian cancer. The development of better imaging techniques has also enabled diagnosis on the basis of smaller brain metastatic lesions [4, 12, 26].
In the review of brain metastases from ovarian cancer by Pectasides et al. [35], single brain metastases occurred in 43.8 % of patients, multiple metastases in 51.6 %, and leptomeningeal metastases alone in 4.6 %. In this study, 37.5 % of patients had single metastases, 62.5 % had multiple metastases, and no patient had leptomeningeal metastases.
Anzeige
Data from the literature indicate that the median age at diagnosis of ovarian cancer ranges from 51 to 59.5 years, and the median age at diagnosis of brain metastases ranges from 52.5 to 58 years. The median interval to brain metastases ranges from 14.5 to 46 months [3, 5‐7, 9, 14, 15, 20‐22, 24, 25, 34, 37] (Tables 3, 4). The results from our patients support these data.
Table 3
Literature review of brain metastases from ovarian cancer
Authors | Study period | Number of patients | Percentage incidence | Median age at the diagnosis of ovarian cancer | Median age at the diagnosis of brain metastases | Median interval to brain metastases | Median survival following brain metastases |
Anupol et al. [3] | 1986–2000 | 15 | 1.4a
| 58.0c
| - | 22.0 | 6.0 |
Chen et al. [5] | 1985–2002 | 19 | 1.0b
| 51.0 | 54.0 | 25.2 | 16.3 |
Chen et al. [6] | 2000–2007 | 10 | 1.9a
| 56.6c
| 58.7c
| 21.0 | 3.0 |
Cohen et al. [7] | 1975–2001 | 72 | 0.9a
| 50.4c
| 53.7c
| 22.08 | 6.27 |
Corn et al. [9] | 1965–1994 | 32 | 0.8a
| - | 56.0 | 24.0 | 4.0 |
Gadducci et al. [14] | 1999–2005 | 12 | 6.1a
| 59.5 | - | 33.5 | 8.3 |
Geisler and Geisler [15] | 1979–1992 | 16 | 3.3a
| 56.6c
| - | 19.0 | 3.0 |
Kim et al. [20] | 1995–2005 | 13 | 2.7a
| 52.0 | 55.0 | 28.0 | 7.0 |
Kolomainen et al. [21] | 1980–2000 | 18 | 0.49a
| 52.0 | 57.0 | 46.0 | 7.0 |
Kumar et al. [22] | 1991–2001 | 18 | 2.7a
| - | 54.0 | 29.0 | 4.0 |
Lee et al. [24] | 1983–2005 | 18 | 1.3a
| 55.0 | 56.0 | 28.0 | 14.0 |
LeRoux et al. [25] | 1980–1989 | 14 | 1.1a
| - | 52.5 | 14.5 | 3.0 |
Pectasides et al. [34] | 1983–2004 | 17 | 1.17a
| - | 58.0 | 15.9 | 5.7 |
Rodriguez et al. [37] | 1977–1990 | 15 | 1.9 | - | 57.0 | 18.5 | 9.0 |
This study | 2006–2010 | 16 | 0.6b
| 53.0 | 56.5 | 27.5 | 12.5 |
Table 4
Literature review of brain metastases from ovarian cancer: treatments
Authors | Treatment for brain metastases, n (%) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WBRT | Surg + WBRT | Surg alone | Surg + C/T + WBRT | C/T + WBRT | WBRT + SRS | SRS alone | Surg + SRS | Surg + WBRT + SRS | Others | |
Anupol et al. [3] | 3 (20) | 1 (7) | 0 (0) | 5 (33) | 4 (27) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (13) |
Chen et al. [5] | 9 (47) | 6 (32) | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 2 (11) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Chen et al. [6] | 3 (30) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (10) | 4 (40) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (20) |
Cohen et al. [7
| 35 (51) | 12 (17) | 8 (12) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 12 (17) |
Corn et al. [9] | 24 (75) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (16) | 3 (9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Gadducci et al. [14] | 3 (25) | 1 (8) | 1 (8) | 0 (0) | 1 (8) | 0 (0) | 2 (17) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (33) |
Geisler and Geisler [15]
| 8 (50) | 5 (31) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (13) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (6) |
Kim et al. [20] | 2 (15) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (8) | 3 (23) | 4 (31) | 1 (8) | 0 (0) | 1 (8) | 1 (8) |
Kolomainen et al. [21] | 6 (33) | 1 (6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 11 (61) |
Kumar et al. [22] | 8 (44) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (22) | 5 (28) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (6) |
Lee et al. [24] | 8 (50) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 7 (44) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (6) |
LeRoux et al. [25] | 8 (57) | 5 (35) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (7) |
Pectasides et al. [34] | 4 (24) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (12) | 6 (35) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (29) |
Rodriguez et al. [37] | 4 (27) | 1 (7) | 0 (0) | 3 (20) | 6 (40) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (7) |
This study | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (13) | 10 (63) | 2 (13) | 1 (6) | 1 (6) |
Brain metastases from ovarian cancer represent a late manifestation; once brain metastases occur, survival is generally poor, regardless of treatment [14, 21]. Therapies for brain metastases include surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or their combination. Cohen et al. [7] reported that the combination of surgical resection and WBRT resulted in longer survival than WBRT alone or surgical resection alone (median survival of 23 months, 5 months, and 7 months, respectively). Anupol et al. [3] reported that combined treatment with radiation and surgical resection with or without chemotherapy led to a good prognosis in patients with brain metastases. Other authors have also supported an aggressive combination therapy approach [11, 15, 18, 22, 25, 34, 36, 37]. In our study, treatment for brain metastases was not significantly associated with survival, but the median overall survival for the six patients treated with combination therapy tended to be longer than that of the ten patients treated GKS alone (19.0 vs 9.5 months, p = 0.2). Our result also supports combination therapy.
The efficacy of systemic chemotherapy for brain metastases from ovarian cancer remains controversial. Cooper et al. [8] reported a response in three patients with brain metastases treated with carboplatin, Melichar et al. [27] reported a response in a patient treated with cisplatin and gemcitabine, and Watanabe et al. [42] reported a response in a patient treated with carboplatin and docetaxel. To our knowledge, the only literature providing support for the efficacy of chemotherapy for brain metastases from ovarian cancer are case reports and small case series.
GKS for brain metastases has become increasingly common because GKS is a noninvasive modality that provides good local control [1, 2]. Muacevic et al. [30] reported that there were no significant difference in a 1-year local tumor control rate and 1-year survival rate between patients treated with GKS alone for solitary brain metastases and those who were treated with surgical resection plus WBRT. O’Neil et al. [32] reported that there was no significant difference in the 1-year survival rate between patients treated with GKS and those who underwent surgical resection (62 % vs 56 %), and GKS resulted in significantly better local control compared with surgical resection (recurrence rate of 0 % vs 58 %).
Anzeige
GKS for brain metastases from ovarian cancer was first reported by Kawana et al. [19] in 1997. They described a case of multiple brain metastases successfully treated by a multimodality treatment including GKS. Lee et al. [24] reported that GKS for brain metastases from ovarian cancer resulted in longer survival compared with WBRT (median survival of 29 vs 6 months), and Corn et al. [10] reported that radiosurgery led to a more frequent complete remission (40 % vs 29 %), and higher 2-year survival rate (60 % vs 15 %) than WBRT alone. Kim et al. [20] reported that treatment modalities including GKS were associated with survival and that patients with brain metastases had better outcomes with GKS. However, these reports are all from small series of patients and no prospective studies of GKS for brain metastases from ovarian cancer have been conducted. Our study is a retrospective study, but it is the second largest study of GKS for brain metastases from ovarian cancer to be performed. Monaco et al. [28] reported on 27 patients with brain metastases from ovarian cancer and endometrial carcinoma treated with GKS. The median survival after brain metastases was 7 months and the 1-year survival rate was 22 %. All tumors were controlled. They suggested that GKS was an acceptable choice for brain metastases, but their report included the results of the six patients with brain metastases from endometrial carcinoma.
In our study, the tumor control rate was 86.4 % and no tumors hemorrhaged after GKS. Our results show tumor control rates comparable to those of lung cancers (72.7–94 %) [16, 33, 38], breast cancers (90–94 %) [13, 23, 31], and renal cell cancer (82.6–96 %) [29, 39, 40]. GKS for brain metastases from ovarian cancer provides good local control with few side effects.
Several reports have identified predictive factors for brain metastases from ovarian cancer. KPS, number of brain metastases, recursive partitioning analysis, and extracranial metastases have all been associated with survival [3, 5, 9, 18, 20, 25]. In our study, the KPS ≥80 % and total volume of brain metastases <10 cm3 were factors to be significantly associated with longer survival (p = 0.004 and p = 0.02, respectively). Age at diagnosis of brain metastases, interval to brain metastases, number of brain metastases, and treatment for brain metastases were not associated with survival. However, patients with a single metastases tended to survive longer than patients with multiple metastases (p = 0.05).
Only a limited number of patients with brain metastases from ovarian cancer have been treated with GKS to date, and prospective data are lacking. However, the results of this study indicate that GKS for brain metastases from ovarian cancer provides good local control with few side effects. GKS thus appears to be an acceptable choice for the control of brain lesions in ovarian cancer patients. Combination therapy improves prognosis for patient with brain metastases from ovarian cancer. GKS can become one modality of combination therapy.
Anzeige
Conclusions
Brain metastases from ovarian cancer are rare, but their incidence is increasing as patient survival has been extended by successful platinum-based chemotherapy and improved imaging techniques have enabled the identification of smaller lesions. In our study, the median survival from brain metastases was 12.5 months, and the local control rate was 86.4 %. The KPS and total volume of brain metastases were important factors predictive of survival. Our results suggest that GKS is an acceptable therapy for brain metastases from ovarian cancer.
Conflicts of interest
None.
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Comment
This is an important paper on radiosurgery for brain metastases caused by ovarian cancer. Brain metastases caused by ovarian cancer are rare. Yet, with improving oncological care, they are encountered more frequently. Not surprisingly, the results following radiosurgery for those brain metastases are comparable to the results for brain metastases caused by other carcinomas. Local tumor control following radiosurgery for brain metastases seems to be independent of tumor histology, whereas survival seems to depend on tumor histology and progression of the systemic disease [1].
1. Mindermann T (2005) Tumor recurrence and survival following gamma knife surgery for brain metastases. J Neurosurg (Suppl) 102:287–288
Thomas Mindermann
Zurich, Switzerland