Introduction
Methods
Search
Databases searched | Search terms entered into databases | Relevant MeSH terms/Emtrees/subject headings used |
---|---|---|
PubMed In title and abstract EMBASE In title and abstract Cochrane In title and abstract ERIC In title and abstract PsychInfo In title and abstract | Radiol* OR radiology AND Elearning OR e-learning OR e learning OR technol* enhanced learning OR technol* enhanced teaching OR webbased learning OR webbased teaching OR web-based learning OR web-based teaching OR web based learning OR web based teaching OR electronic learning OR electronic teaching OR online learning OR online teaching AND Relevant MeSH terms/emtrees/subject headings | PubMed MeSH terms Education, Distance; Radiology EMBASE Emtree terms Radiology PsychInfo Subject headings Distance Education; Electronic learning; Radiology ERIC Subject headings Distance Education; Electronic learning; Radiology |
Data Extraction and Quality Assessment
Results
Year of publication | Country | Undergraduate year | Number of participants of e-learning evaluation (total participants) | Number of students in control group (n) | Imaging modalities | Mandatory e-learning course (yes/no/?) | Online(yes/no/?) | Image viewing mode | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CT | MRI | X-ray | Angiography | Ultrasound | |||||||||
Arya et al. [14] | 2013 | US | 3 | 47 (?) | NA | + | + | − | + | + | No | Yes | S |
Bohl et al. [22] | 2011 | US | 1–4 | 78 (193) | NA | + | − | − | − | − | No | Yes | T |
Chorney et al. [29] | 2011 | US | 3–4 | 77 (687) | NA | + | + | + | + | + | Yes | Yes | T |
Davison et al. [25] | 2000 | US | ? | 76 (76) | NA | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | No | Yes | T |
Dugas et al. [30] | 2001 | Germany | 3 | 101 (101) | NA | + | + | + | − | − | Yes | Yes | T |
Ernst et al. [15] | 2003 | US | 1 | ? (?) | NA | + | ? | + | ? | ? | No | No | S |
Gotthardt et al. [28] | 2006 | Germany | 3 | 257 (276) | NA | + | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | Yes | T |
Howlett et al. [16] | 2011 | UK | 5 | ? (211) | NA | + | ? | + | ? | ? | Yes | Yes | S |
Jafri et al. [17] | 2008 | US | 2 | 89 (166) | NA | + | + | + | + | + | ? | No | S |
Leong et al. [27] | 2012 | Ireland | 4 | 126 (127) | NA | − | − | − | − | − | No | Yes | NA |
Mahnken et al. [12] | 2011 | Germany | 4 | 64 (64) | 32 | + | + | + | − | + | Partly | Yes | T |
Maleck et al. [13] | 2001 | Germany | 3 | 85 (192) | 107 | − | − | + | − | − | Yes | ? | T |
Petersson et al. [18] | 2009 | Sweden | ? | 33 (?) | 42 | + | + | − | − | − | No | Yes | T |
Rengier et al. [19] | 2013 | Germany | 4-5 | 25 (27) | NA | + | + | − | − | − | No | No | S |
Shaffer et al. [20] | 2004 | US | 1 | 266 (340) | 141 (168) | + | + | ? | ? | + | No | Yes | S |
Tachakra et al. [26] | 2000 | UK | ? | 26 (26) | NA | − | − | + | − | − | ? | No | T |
Turmezei et al. [21] | 2009 | UK | 1 | 141 (260) | NA | + | + | + | + | + | No | No | S |
Wagner et al. [24] | 2005 | Worldwide | ? | 515 (515) | NA | + | ? | + | + | ? | No | Yes | T |
Webb et al. [23] | 2013 | Australia | 1 | 116 (167) | NA | − | − | + | − | − | No | No | T |
Quality Assessment
Study design | Sampling | Type of data | Validity of evaluation instrument | Data analysis | Outcomes | Total score | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Single group cross-sectional or single group posttest only | Single group pretest and posttest | Nonrandomized, 2 group | Randomized controlled trial | No. of institutions studied | Response rate, % | Assessment by study participant | Objective measurement | Internal structure | Content | Relationships to other variables | Appropriateness of analysis | Complexity of analysis | Satisfaction, attitudes, perceptions, opinions, general facts | Knowledge, skills | Behaviors | Patients/health care outcome | |||||||||||||||
1 | 2 | >2 | Not applicable | <50 or not reported | 50–74 | ≥75 | Not applicable | Not reported | Reported | Not applicable | Not reported | Reported | Not applicable | Not reported | Reported | Data analysis inappropriate for study design or type of data | Data analysis appropriate for study design and type of data | Descriptive analysis only | Beyond descriptive analysis | ||||||||||||
Score | 1 | 1.5 | 2 | 3 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 1 | 3 | - | 0 | 1 | - | 0 | 1 | - | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 | 3 | ||
Arya et al. [14] | 1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Bohl et al. [22] | 1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Chorney et al. [29] | 1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Davison et al. [25] | 2 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1.5 | 11.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Dugas et al. [30] | 1 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Ernst et al. [15] | 1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Gotthardt et al. [28] | 1 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.5 | 11.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Howlett et al. [16] | 1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Jafri et al. [17] | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Leong et al. [27] | 1.5 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1.5 | 12 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Mahnken et al. [12] | 3 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1.5 | 14.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Maleck et al. [13] | 3 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1.5 | 13.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Petersson et al. [18] | 2 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1.5 | 10.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Rengier et al. [19] | 1.5 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1.5 | 12 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Shaffer et al. [20] | 1 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Tachakra et al. [26] | 1 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 9 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Turmezei et al. [21] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Wagner et al. [24] | 1 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Webb et al. [23] | 1.5 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.5 | 9.5 |
Image Interaction Possibilities
Effect of Radiology E-learning on Learning Outcomes
Year of publication | Effect on learning outcome / test results | Students perspectives | Teacher perspectives | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Image quality | Clear instructions/user friendly | Appropriate level of difficulty | Good alternative to didactic lectures | Clinically relevant | Improved recognition of pathology | Improved understanding of anatomy/radiology | Too much/too detailed information | Not relevant | Increased interest in radiology | Learning from home/other places | Learner isolation | Covers larger areas of knowledge | Less administrative tasks | Decrease in costs | Covers larger areas of knowledge | Technical problems | |||
Arya et al. [14] | 2013 | + | + | + | + | + | |||||||||||||
Bohl et al. [22] | 2011 | + | + | + | + | + | + | ||||||||||||
Chorney et al. [29] | 2011 | + | + | ||||||||||||||||
Davison et al. [25] | 2003 | + | + | + | |||||||||||||||
Dugas et al. [30] | 2001 | + | + | + | |||||||||||||||
Ernst et al. [15] | 2003 | + | + | ||||||||||||||||
Gotthardt et al. [28] | 2006 | + | + | + | + | ||||||||||||||
Howlett et al. [16] | 2011 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | ||||||||||
Jafri et al. [17] | 2008 | + | + | + | + | ||||||||||||||
Leong et al. [27] | 2012 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | ||||||||||
Mahnken et al. [12] | 2011 | + | |||||||||||||||||
Maleck et al. [13] | 2001 | + | + | + | |||||||||||||||
Petersson et al. [18] | 2009 | + | + | ||||||||||||||||
Rengier et al. [19] | 2013 | + | + | ||||||||||||||||
Shaffer et al. [20] | 2004 | + | |||||||||||||||||
Tachakra et al. [26] | 2000 | + | + | + | |||||||||||||||
Turmezei et al. [21] | 2009 | + | + | + | + | ||||||||||||||
Wagner et al. [24] | 2005 | + | + | + | + | ||||||||||||||
Webb et al. [23] | 2013 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | ||||||||
Total | 8 | 6 | 8 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 11 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |