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Cognitive Therapy and Research

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01.06.2006

Expanded Hopelessness Theory of Depression: On the Mechanisms by which Social Support Protects Against Depression

verfasst von: Catherine Panzarella, Lauren B. Alloy, Wayne G. Whitehouse

Erschienen in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Ausgabe 3/2006

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Abstract

The inverse relationship between social support and depression has been robust to a wide variety of conceptual replications with college, community, and clinical samples. However, there is inadequate understanding of the mechanisms by which social support protects against depression. In this paper, we define a subtype of social support, adaptive inferential feedback, which is more precise than the general concept of social support. We elaborate two possible mechanisms for the beneficial effect of adaptive inferential feedback on depression by incorporating this type of social support into a specific etiological model of depression, the Hopelessness Theory of depression. Empirical tests are conducted for the two hypothesized mechanisms by which adaptive inferential feedback protects against depression as well as the full expanded Hopelessness Theory proposed herein. Our results supported both the specific mechanisms proposed as well as the full expanded hopelessness theory. We found that adaptive inferential feedback predicts more positive inferences for stressful events and a more positive inferential style prospectively. It also interacts with cognitive risk and stress to predict future hopelessness and depressive symptoms as well as concurrent diagnoses of hopelessness depression over and above the contributions of stress, cognitive risk, and general social support which are known predictors of depressive symptoms and disorders. Thus, this newly defined subtype of social support may be an important contributor in the etiology of hopelessness depression.

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In as much as the measure of Adaptive Inferential Feedback was newly developed for this study, we originally tested each of the hypotheses separately for general social support and Adaptive Inferential Feedback. Both sets of analyses yielded results in support of each point of impact as well as the overall model. Therefore, we decided to subject the new Adaptive Feedback measure to the more rigorous test of determining if it contributed to explaining variance in hopelessness and depression after controlling for the more established general social support measure.

Given that there is no previous work indicating which of the vulnerability factors (negative inferential style, stress, or poor AIF) might be more potent, no specific predictions about how groups who have the same number of vulnerability factors might differ are offered.

Note that a correction for attenuation calculation (Cohen & Cohen, 1983) indicated a maximum possible correlation of .70 between the IQ and the measure of AIF.

Up to three supporters were reported to allow for the possibility that conflicting feedback might occur from close confidants. A person who receives both highly adaptive and highly maladaptive feedback will be lower overall on AIF than one who receives highly adaptive feedback only. Given prior research indicating that a single confident can be a potent buffer against depression (Brown & Harris, 1978), no additional weighting was given for having more than one confidant.

Keep in mind that the SSI-Fit score is essentially a measure of unmet social support needs so we expect negative correlations between SSI-Fit scores and the AIFQ for which higher scores indicate more adaptive inferential (social) feedback.

In fact, the social support measures were developed and given on schedule at the second assessment (6 weeks into the study) of the CVD project, but an incorrect version of the AIF was erroneously given to approximately one-third of the participants. All analyses reported here were also conducted on the smaller sample who received the correct version of the AIF at the earlier point in the CVD project and the results were the same as those reported here.

These missing data were primarily due to participants indicating on the AIFQ that they did not seek support from anyone regarding any stressful events during the previous 6-week interval and, therefore, leaving the remainder of the AIFQ blank.

Inferential style was assessed at the baseline of the study. Social support, stress and AIF were assessed regularly. For this analysis, the social support, stress and AIF measures were all taken from Time 1.

Some of the symptoms hypothesized to be part of the Hopelessness Depression syndrome (e.g., sadness, suicidal ideation) are completely overlapping with symptoms that are part of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, IV (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) criteria for major depression, others only partially overlap with symptoms for major depression (e.g., retarded initiation of voluntary responses). In addition, some symptoms currently described as part of major depression, such as anhedonia, guilt, irritability, and appetite disturbance, are not hypothesized to be part of the Hopelessness Depression syndrome (Abramson et al., 1989; Alloy & Clements, 1992).

The groups are as follows: (1) Low risk/low AIF/low stress; (2) Low risk/low AIF/high stress; (3) Low risk, high AIF/low stress; (4) Low risk/high AIF/high stress; (5) High risk/low AIF/low stress; (6) High risk/low AIF/high stress; (7) High risk/high AIF/high stress; and (8) High risk/high AIF/low stress.

This is the result of the last step of a hierarchical regression in which all main effects and two-way interactions were entered prior to the 3-way interaction of stress, inferential style, and AIF.

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Titel: Expanded Hopelessness Theory of Depression: On the Mechanisms by which Social Support Protects Against Depression
verfasst von: Catherine Panzarella
Lauren B. Alloy
Wayne G. Whitehouse
Publikationsdatum: 01.06.2006
Verlag: Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers
Erschienen in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Ausgabe 3/2006
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-006-9048-3

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