nach oben

Journal of Genetic Counseling

Erschienen in:

01.06.2007 | Professional Issues

Risk Assessment and Genetic Counseling for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer: Recommendations of the National Society of Genetic Counselors

verfasst von: Janice L. Berliner, Angela Musial Fay

Erschienen in: Journal of Genetic Counseling | Ausgabe 3/2007

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

These cancer genetic counseling recommendations describe the medical, psychosocial and ethical implications of identifying at-risk individuals for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) through cancer risk assessment, with or without genetic susceptibility testing. They were developed by members of the Practice Issues Subcommittee of the National Society of Genetic Counselors’ Familial Cancer Risk Counseling Special Interest Group. The information contained in this document is derived from extensive review of the current literature on cancer genetic risk assessment as well as the professional expertise of genetic counselors with significant experience in education and counseling regarding hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. Critical components of the process include the ascertainment of medical and family histories, determination and communication of cancer risk, assessment of risk perception, education regarding the genetics of HBOC, discussion of molecular testing for HBOC if appropriate (including benefits, risks and limitations) and any necessary follow-up. These recommendations do not dictate an exclusive course of management or guarantee a specific outcome. Moreover, they do not replace the professional judgment of a health care provider based on the clinical situation of a client.

American Cancer Society (2006). http://www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/CAFF2006PWSecured.pdf, accessed 9/30/06.

American College of Medical Genetics Foundation (1999). Genetic susceptibility to breast and ovarian cancer: Assessment, counseling and testing guidelines. New York: American College of Medical Genetics Foundation.

American Society of Clinical Oncology (1996). Statement of the American Society of Clinical Oncology: Genetic testing for cancer susceptibility. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 14, 1730–1740.

American Society of Clinical Oncology (2003). American Society of Clinical Oncology policy statement update: Genetic testing for cancer susceptibility. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 21, 2397–2406.CrossRef

Antoniou, A. C., Pharoah, P. D., Narod, S., Risch, H. A., Eyfjord, J. E., Hopper, J. L., et al. (2005). Breast and ovarian cancer risks to carriers of the BRCA1 5382insC and 185delAG and BRCA2 6174delT mutations: A combined analysis of 22 population based studies. Journal of Medical Genetics, 42(7), 602–603.PubMedCrossRef

Audrain, J., Schwartz, M. D., Lerman, C., Hughes, C., Peshkin, B. N., & Biesecker, B. (1998). Psychological distress in women seeking genetic counseling for breast–ovarian cancer risk: The contributions of personality and appraisal. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 19(4), 370–377.CrossRef

Baker, D. L., Schuette, J. L., & Uhlmann, W. R. (Eds.) (1998). A guide to genetic counseling. New York: Wiley-Liss.

Barcenas, C. H., Hosain, G. M., Arun, B., Zong, J., Zhou, X., Chen, J., et al. (2006). Assessing BRCA carrier probabilities in extended families. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 24(3), 354–360.PubMedCrossRef

Baumiller, R. C., Cunningham, G., Fisher, N., Fox, L., Henderson, M., Lebel, R., et al. (1996). Code of ethical principles for genetics professionals: An explication. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 65(3), 179–183.PubMedCrossRef

Bernhardt, B. A., Biesecker, B. B., & Mastromarino, C. L. (2000). Goals, benefits and outcomes of genetic counseling: Client and genetic counselor assessment. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 94(3), 189–197.PubMedCrossRef

Berry, D. A., Iversen, E. S. Jr., Gudbjartsson, D. F., Hiller, E. H., Garber, J. E., Peshkin, B. N., et al. (2002). BRCAPRO validation, sensitivity of genetic testing of BCRA1/BCRA2, and prevalence of other breast susceptibility genes. Journal of Clinial Oncology, 20(11), 2701–2712.PubMedCrossRef

Berry, D. A., Parmigiani, G., Sanchez, J., Schildkraut, J., & Winer, E. (1997). Probability of carrying a mutation of breast–ovarian cancer gene BRCA1 based on family history. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 89(3), 227–238.PubMedCrossRef

Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium (1999). Cancer risks in BRCA2 mutation carriers. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 91(15), 1310–1316.CrossRef

Brose, M. S., Rebbeck, T. R., Calzone, K. A., Stopfer, J. E., Nathanson, K. L., & Weber, B. L. (2002). Cancer risk estimates for BRCA1 mutation carriers identified in a risk evaluation program. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 94(18), 1365–1372.PubMed

Burke, W., Culver, J. O., Bowen, D., Lowry, D., Durfy, S., McTiernan, A., et al. (2000). Genetic counseling for women with an intermediate family history of breast cancer. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 90(5), 361–368.PubMedCrossRef

Claus, E. B., Petruzella, S., Matloff, E., & Carter, D. (2005). Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in women diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ. JAMA, 293(8), 964–969.PubMedCrossRef

Couch, F. J., DeShano, M. L., Blackwood, M. A., Calzone, K., Stopfer, J., Campeau, L., et al. (1997). BRCA1 mutations in women attending clinics that evaluate the risk of breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 36(20), 1409–1415.CrossRef

Croyle, R. T. (1997). Psychological aspects of cancer genetic testing. A research clinicians update. Cancer, 80(3, suppl), 569–575.PubMedCrossRef

Daly, M. B., Axilbund, J. E., Bryant, E., Buys, S., Eng, C., Friedman, S., et al. (2006). Genetic/familial high risk assessment: Breast and ovarian, in Practice guidelines in oncology, NationalComprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), Version 1. http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/genetics_screening.pdf.

Daly, M. B., & Lerman, D. (1993). Ovarian cancer risk counseling: A guide for the practitioner. Oncology, 7(11), 27–34.PubMed

Domchek, S. M., Eisen, A., Calzone, K., Stopfer, J., Blackwood, A., & Weber, B. L. (2003). Application of breast cancer risk prediction models in clinical practice. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 21(4), 593–601.PubMedCrossRef

Domchek, S. M., Friebel, T. M., Neuhausen, S. L., Wagner, T., Evans, G., Isaacs, C., et al. (2006). Mortality after bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: A prospective cohort study. Lancet Oncology, 7(3), 223–229.PubMedCrossRef

Douglas, F. S., O’Dair, L. C., Robinson, M., Evans, D. G., & Lynch, S. A. (1999). The accuracy of diagnoses as reported in families with cancer: A retrospective study. Journal of Medical Genetics, 36(4), 309–312.PubMed

Eisen, A., Lubinski, J., Klijn, J., Moller, P., Lynch, H. T., Offit, K., et al. (2005). Breast cancer risk following bilateral oophorectomy in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: An international case-control study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 23(30), 7491–7496.PubMedCrossRef

Eng, C., Hampel, H., & de la Chapelle, A. (2001). Genetic testing for cancer predisposition. Annual Review of Medicine, 52, 371–400.PubMedCrossRef

Euhus, D. (2001). Understanding mathematical models for breast cancer risk assessment and counseling. Breast Journal, 7(4), 224–232.PubMedCrossRef

Evans, D. G. R., Eccles, D. M., Rahman, N., Young, K., Bulman, M., Amir, E., et al. (2004). A new scoring system for the chances of identifying a BRCA1/2 mutation outperforms existing models including BRCAPRO. Journal of Medical Genetics, 41, 474–480.PubMedCrossRef

Evans, D. G. R., Lalloo, F., Wallace, A., & Rahman, N. (2005). Update on the Manchester scoring system for BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing. Journal of Medical Genetics, 42(7), e39.PubMedCrossRef

Fasouliotis, S. J., & Schenker, J. G. (2000). BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations: Decision-making dilemmas concerning testing and management. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey, 55(6), 373–384.CrossRef

Finch, A., Beiner, M., Lubinski, J., Lynch, H. T., Moller, P., Rosen, B., et al. (2006). Salpingo-oophorectomy and the risk of ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal cancers in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. JAMA, 296(2), 185–192.PubMedCrossRef

Fine, B. (1999). Genetic susceptibility to breast and ovarian cancer: Assessment, counseling, and testing guidelines. Appendix IV: Psychological impact of mutation testing. http://www.health.state.ny.us/nysdoh/cancer/obcancer/contents.htm.

Fisher, B., Costantino, J. P., Wickerham, D. L., Redmond, C. K., Kavanah, M., Cronin, W. M., et al. (1998). Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: Report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 90(18), 1371–1388.PubMedCrossRef

Ford, D., Easton, D. F., Bishop, D. T., Narod, S. A., & Goldgar, D. E. (1994). Risks of cancer in BRCA1-mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. Lancet, 343(8899), 692–695.PubMedCrossRef

Ford, D., Easton, D. F., Stratton, M., Narod, S., Goldgar, D., Devilee, P., et al. (1998). Genetic heterogeneity and penetrance analysis of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in breast cancer families. The Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. American Journal of Human Genetics, 62(3), 676–689.PubMedCrossRef

Foster, C., Evans, D. G., Eeles, R., Eccles, D., Ashley, S., Brooks, L., et al. (2004). Non-uptake of predictive genetic testing for BRCA1/2 among relative of known carriers: Attributes, cancer worry, and barriers to testing in a multicenter clinical cohort. Genet Test, 8(1), 23–29.PubMedCrossRef

Frank, T. S., Deffenbaugh, A. M., Reid, J. E., Hulick, M., Ward, B. E., Lingenfelter, B., et al. (2002). Clinical characteristics of individuals with germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2: Analysis of 10,000 individuals. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 20(6), 1480–1490.PubMedCrossRef

GeneTests (2006). http://www.genetests.org, accessed 2-16-06.

Giordano, S. H. (2005). A review of the diagnosis and management of male breast cancer. Oncologist, 10, 471–479.PubMedCrossRef

Greely, H. T. (2005). Banning genetic discrimination. NEJM, 353(9), 865–867.PubMedCrossRef

Gronwald, J., Tung, N., Foulkes, W. D., Offit, K., Gershoni, R., Daly, M., et al. (2006). Tamoxifen and contralateral breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers: An update. International Journal of Cancer, 118(9), 2281–2284.CrossRef

Haile, R. W., Thomas, D. C., McGuire, V., Felberg, A., John, E. M., Milne, R. L., et al. (2006). BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, oral contraceptive use, and breast cancer before age 50. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 15(10), 1863–1870.CrossRef

Hall, J. M., Lee, M. K., Newman, B., Morrow, J. E., Anderson, L. A., Huey, B., et al. (1990). Linkage to early-onset familial breast cancer to chromosome 17q21. Science, 250(4988), 1684–1689.PubMedCrossRef

Hall, M. A., & Rich, S. S. (2000). Laws restricting health insurers’ use of genetic information: Impact on genetic discrimination. American Journal of Human Genetics, 66, 293–307.PubMedCrossRef

Hartmann, L. C., Sellers, T. A., Schaid, D., Frank, T., Soderberg, C., Sitta, D., et al. (2001). Efficacy of bilateral prophylactic mastectomy in BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutation carriers. JNCI, 93, 1633–1637.PubMedCrossRef

Kauff, N. D., Mitra, N., Robson, M. E., Hurley, K. E., Chuai, S., Goldfrank, D., et al. (2005). Risk of ovarian cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation-negative hereditary breast cancer families. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 97(18), 1382–1384.PubMedCrossRef

Kauff, N. D., Perez-Segura, P., Robson, M. E., Scheuer, L., Siegel, B., Schluger, A., et al. (2002a). Incidence of non-founder BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in high risk Ashkenazi breast and ovarian cancer families. Journal of Medical Genetics, 39(8), 611–614.PubMedCrossRef

Kauff, N. D., Satagopan, J. M., Robson, M. E., Scheuer, L., Hensley, M., Hudis, C. A., et al. (2002b). Risk-reducing salpino-oophorectomy in women with a BRCA 1 or BRCA2 mutation. NEJM, 346, 1609–1615.PubMedCrossRef

King, M. C., Wieand, S., Hale, K., Lee, M., Walsh, T., Owens, K., et al. (2001). Tamoxifen and breast cancer incidence among women with inherited mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2: National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP-P1) Breast Cancer Prevention Trial. JAMA, 286(18), 2251–2256.PubMedCrossRef

Kriege, M., Brekelmans, C. T., Boetes, C., Besnard, P. E., Zonderland, H. M., Obdeijn, I. M., et al. (2004). Efficacy of MRI and mammography for breast-cancer screening in women with a familial or genetic predisposition. New England Journal of Medicine, 351(5), 427–437.PubMedCrossRef

Lerman, C., Biesecker, B., Benkendorf, J. L., Kerner, J., Gomez-Caminero, A., Hughes, C., et al. (1997). Controlled trial of pretest education approaches to enhance informed decision-making for BRCA1 gene testing. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 89(2), 148–157.PubMedCrossRef

Lerman, C., Croyle, R. T., Tercyak, K. P., & Hamann, H. (2002). Genetic testing: Psychological aspects and implications. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(3), 784–797.PubMedCrossRef

Lerman, C., Lustbader, E., Rimer, B., Daly, M., Miller, S., Sands, C., et al. (1995). Effects of individualized breast cancer risk counseling: A randomized trial. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 87(4), 286–292.PubMedCrossRef

Lobb, E. A., Butow, P., Meiser, B., Tucker, K., & Barratt, A. (2001). How do geneticists and genetic counselors counsel women from high-risk breast cancer families? Journal of Genetic Counseling, 10, 185–199.CrossRef

Love, R. R., Evans, A. M., & Josten, D. M. (1985). The accuracy of patient reports of a family history of cancer. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 38(4), 289–293.PubMedCrossRef

Lynch, H. T., Drouhard, T., Vasen, H. F., Cavalieri, J., Lynch, J., Nord, S., et al. (1996). Genetic counseling in a Navajo hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer kindred. Cancer, 77(1), 30–35.PubMedCrossRef

MacDonald, D., & Lessick, M. (2000). Hereditary cancers in children and ethical and psychosocial implications. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 15(4), 217–225.PubMedCrossRef

Marroni, F., Aretini, P., D’Andrea, E., Caligo, M. A., Cortesi, L., Viel, A., et al. (2004). Evaluation of widely used models for predicting BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Journal of Medical Genetics, 41, 278–285.PubMedCrossRef

McTiernan, A., Gilligan, M. A., & Redmond, C. (1997). Assessing individual risk for breast cancer: Risky business. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 50(5), 547–556.PubMedCrossRef

Meiser, B., & Halliday, J. L. (2002). What is the impact of genetic counselling in women at increased risk of developing hereditary breast cancer? A meta-analytic review. Social Science & Medicine, 54(10), 1463.CrossRef

Metcalfe, K. A., Lynch, H. T., Ghadirian, P., Tung, N., Olivotto, I. A., Foulkes, W. D., et al. (2005). The risk of ovarian cancer after breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers. Gynecologic Oncology, 96(1), 222–226.PubMedCrossRef

Metcalfe, K., Lynch, H. T., Ghadirian, P., Tung, N., Olivotto, I., Warner, E., et al. (2004). Contralateral breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 22(12), 2328–2335.PubMedCrossRef

Metcalfe, K. A., Semple, J. L., & Narod, S. A. (2005). Time to reconsider subcutaneous mastectomy for breast-cancer prevention? Lancet Oncology, 6, 431–434.PubMedCrossRef

Miki, Y., Swensen, J., Shattuck-Eidens, D., Futreal, P. A., Harshman, K., Tavtigian, S., et al. (1994). A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1. Science, 266(5182), 66–71.PubMedCrossRef

Mitchell, J. L. (1998). Cross-cultural issues in the disclosure of cancer. Cancer Practice, 6(3), 153–160.PubMedCrossRef

Modan, B., Hartge, P., Hirsh-Yechezkel, G., Chetrit, A., Lubin, F., Beller, U., et al. (2001). Oral contraceptives and the risk of ovarian cancer among carriers and noncarriers of a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. NEJM, 345, 235–240.PubMedCrossRef

Myriad Genetic Laboratories BRACAnalysis® Technical Specifications (2006). http://www.myriadtests.com/provider/doc/tech_specs_brac.pdf, accessed 2/12/06.

Narod, S. A., Brunet, J. S., Ghadirian, P., Robson, M., Heimdal, K., Neuhausen, S. L., et al. (2000). Tamoxifen and risk of contralateral breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: A case-control study. Hereditary Breast Cancer Clinical Study Group. Lancet, 356(9245), 1876–1881.PubMedCrossRef

Narod, S. A., Dube, M. P., Klijn, J., Lubinski, J., Lynch, H. T., Ghadirian, P., et al. (2002). Oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 94(23), 1773–1779.PubMed

Narod, S. A., Risch, H., Moslehi, R., Dorum, A., Neuhausen, S., Olsson, H., et al. (1998). Oral contraceptives and the risk of hereditary ovarian cancer. Hereditary Ovarian Cancer Clinical Study Group. New England Journal of Medicine, 339(7), 424–428.PubMedCrossRef

National Cancer Institute (2006a). http://seer.cancer.gov/faststats/ accessed on 9/30/06.

National Cancer Institute (2006b). Genetics of Breast and Ovarian Cancer PDQ®–Health Professional Version. Accessed at http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/breast-and-ovarian/HealthProfessional/page1 on 3 January.

NSGC Position Statement (1995). Prenatal and childhood testing for adult onset disorders. Position statement of the National Society of Genetic Counselors. http://www.ngsc.org/about/position/cfm#Prenatal_two.

Pal, T., Permuth-Wey, J., Betts, J. A., Krischer, J. P., Fiorica, J., Arango, H., et al. (2005). BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations account for a large proportion of ovarian carcinoma cases. Cancer, 104(12), 2807–2816.PubMedCrossRef

Parent, M. E., Ghadirian, P., Lacroix, A., & Perret, C. (1997). The reliability of recollections of family history: Implications for the medical provider. Journal of Cancer Education, 12(2), 114–120.PubMed

Parmigiani, G., Berry, D., & Aguilar, O. (1998). Determining carrier probabilities for breast-cancer suspectibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. American Journal of Human Genetics, 62(1), 145–158.PubMedCrossRef

Pasacreta, J. V. (2003). Psychosocial issues associated with genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer risk: An integrative review. Cancer Investigation, 21(4), 588–623.PubMedCrossRef

Patenaude, A. F. (2005). Genetic testing for cancer: Psychological approaches for helping patients and families. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRef

Peters, J. A., & Stopfer, J. E. (1996). Role of the genetic counselor in familial cancer. Oncology, 10(2), 159–166.PubMed

Phelan, C. M., Kwan, E., Jack, E., Li, S., Morgan, C., Aube, J., et al. (2002). A low frequency of non-founder BRCA1 mutations in Ashkenazi Jewish breast–ovarian cancer families. Human Mutation, 20(5), 352–357.PubMedCrossRef

Plevritis, S. K., Kurian, A. W., Sigal, B. M., Daniel, B. L., Ikeda, D. M., Stockdale, F. E., et al. (2006). Cost-effectiveness of screening BRCA1/2 mutation carriers with breast magnetic resonance imaging. JAMA, 295(20), 2374–2384.PubMedCrossRef

Powell, C. B., Kenley, E., Chen, L. M., Crawford, B., McLennan, J., Zaloudek, C., et al. (2005). Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy in BRCA mutation carriers: Role of serial sectioning in the detection of occult malignancy. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 23(1), 127–132.PubMedCrossRef

Ramus, S. J., Friedman, L. S., Gayther, S. A., Ponder, B. A., Bobrow, L., van der Looji, M., et al. (1997). A breast/ovarian cancer patient with germline mutations in both BRCA1 and BRCA2. Nature Genetics, 15(1), 14–15.PubMedCrossRef

Rebbeck, T. R., Friebel, T., Lynch, H. T., Neuhausen, S. L., van ’t Veer, L., Garber, J. E., et al. (2004). Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy reduces breast cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: The PROSE Study Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 22(6), 1055–1062.PubMedCrossRef

Rebbeck, T. R., Friebel, T., Wagner, T., Lynch, H. T., Garber, J. E., Daly, M. B., et al. (2005). Effect of short-term hormone replacement therapy on breast cancer risk reduction after bilateral prophylactic oophorectomy in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: The PROSE Study Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 23(31), 7804–7810.PubMedCrossRef

Rebbeck, T. R., Levin, A. M., Eisen, A., Snyder, C., Watson, P., Cannon-Albright, L., et al. (1999). Breast cancer risk after bilateral prophylactic oophorectomy in BRCA1 mutation carriers. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 91, 1475–1479.PubMedCrossRef

Rebbeck, T. R., Lynch, H. T., Neuhausen, S. L., Narod, S. A., Van’t Veer, L., Garber, J. E., et al. (2002). Prophylactic oophorectomy in carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. NEJM, 346, 1616–1622.PubMedCrossRef

Roa, B. B., Boyd, A. A., Volcik, K., & Richards, C. S. (1996). Ashkenazi Jewish population frequencies for common mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. Nature Genetics, 14(2), 185–187.PubMedCrossRef

Robson, M. (2004). Breast cancer surveillance in women with hereditary risk due to BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. Clin Breast Cancer, 5(4), 260–268.PubMedCrossRef

Rosenthal, A., & Jacobs, I. (1998). Ovarian cancer screening. Seminars in Oncology, 25(3), 315–325.PubMed

Rubinstein, W. S. (2004). Hereditary breast cancer in Jews. Familial Cancer, 3(3–4), 249–257.PubMedCrossRef

Rubinstein, W. S., O’Neill, S. M., Peters, J. A., Rittmeyer, L. J., & Stadler, M. P. (2002). Mathematical modeling for breast cancer risk assessment: State of the art and role in medicine. Oncology, 16(8), 1082–1094.PubMed

Schildkraut, J. M., & Thompson, W. D. (1988). Familial ovarian cancer: A population-based case-control study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 128(3), 456–466.PubMed

Schneider, K. (2002). Counseling about cancer: Strategies for genetic counselors (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley-Liss.

Stopfer, J. E. (2000). Genetic counseling and clinical cancer genetics services. Seminars in Surgical Oncology, 18, 347–357.

Theis, B., Boyd, N., Lockwood, G., & Tritchler, D. (1994). Accuracy of family cancer history in breast cancer patients. European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 3(4), 321–327.PubMedCrossRef

Thompson, D., Easton, D. F., & Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium (2002). Cancer incidence in BRCA1 mutation carriers. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 94(18), 1358–1365.PubMed

Trepanier, A., Ahrens, M., McKinnon, W., Peters, J., Stopfer, J., Campbell Grumet, S., et al. (2004). Genetic cancer risk assessment and counseling: Recommendations of the National Society of Genetic Counselors. Journal of Genetic Counseling, 13(2), 83–114.PubMedCrossRef

Tyrer, J., Duffy, S. W., & Cuzick, J. (2004). A breast cancer prediction model incorporating familial and personal risk factors. Statistics in Medicine, 23(7), 1111–1130.PubMedCrossRef

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, chairman Harold C. Sox, Jr. (1995). Guide to Clinical Preventive Services (2nd ed.). Appendix A. U.S. Government Printing Office. Stock no. 017001005258.

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (2005). Genetic risk assessment and BRCA mutation testing for breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility: Recommendation statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 143(5), 355–361.

van Asperen, C. J., Brohet, R. M., Meijers-Heijboer, E. J., Hoogerbrugge, N., Verhoef, S., Vasen, H. F., et al. (2005). Netherlands Collaborative Group on Hereditary Breast Cancer (HEBON). Cancer risks in BRCA2 families: Estimates for sites other than breast and ovary. Journal of Medical Genetics, 42(9), 711–719.PubMedCrossRef

Walsh, T., Casadei, S., Coats, K. H., Swisher, E., Stray, S. M., Higgins, J., et al. (2006). Spectrum of mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK2, and TP53 in families at high risk of breast cancer. JAMA, 295(12), 1379–1388.PubMedCrossRef

Warner, E., Plewes, D. B., Hill, K. A., Causer, P. A., Zubovits, J. T., Jong, R. A., et al. (2004). Surveillance of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers with magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, mammography, and clinical breast examination. JAMA, 292(11), 1317–1325.PubMedCrossRef

Weil, J. (2000). Psychosocial genetic counseling. New York: Oxford University Press.

Whittemore, A. S., Balise, R. R., Pharoah, P. D., Dicioccio, R. A., Oakley-Girvan, I., Ramus, S. J., et al. (2004). Oral contraceptive use and ovarian cancer risk among carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. British Journal of Cancer, 91(11), 1911–1915.PubMedCrossRef

Wooster, R., Bignell, G., Lancaster, J., Swift, S., Seal, S., Mangion, J., et al. (1995). Identification of the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2. Nature, 378, 789–792.PubMedCrossRef

Wooster, R., Neuhausen, S. L., Mangion, J., Quirk, Y., Ford, D., Collins, N., et al. (1994). Localization of a breast cancer susceptibility gene, BRCA2, to chromosome 13q12-13. Science, 265(5181), 2088–2090.PubMedCrossRef

Ziogas, A., & Anton-Culver, H. (2003). Validation of family history data in cancer family registries. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 24(2), 190–198.PubMedCrossRef

Titel: Risk Assessment and Genetic Counseling for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer: Recommendations of the National Society of Genetic Counselors
verfasst von: Janice L. Berliner
Angela Musial Fay
Publikationsdatum: 01.06.2007
Verlag: Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers
Erschienen in: Journal of Genetic Counseling / Ausgabe 3/2007
Print ISSN: 1059-7700
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-3599
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10897-007-9090-7

Update Gynäkologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert – ganz bequem per eMail.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Risk Assessment and Genetic Counseling for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer: Recommendations of the National Society of Genetic Counselors

Abstract

Neu im Fachgebiet Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe

Hirsutismus bei PCOS: Laser- und Lichttherapien helfen

ICI-Therapie in der Schwangerschaft wird gut toleriert

Weniger postpartale Depressionen nach Esketamin-Einmalgabe

Bei RSV-Impfung vor 60. Lebensjahr über Off-Label-Gebrauch aufklären!

Update Gynäkologie

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2007

Development and Pilot Testing of Two Decision Aids for Individuals Considering Genetic Testing for Cancer Risk

Are You Really Listening? Keys to Successful Communication

When You Care Enough to Do Your Very Best: Genetic Counselor Experiences of Compassion Fatigue

Inherited Thrombophilia: Key Points for Genetic Counseling

Using Adult Learning Theory Concepts to Address Barriers to Cancer Genetic Risk Assessment in the African American Community

Picking a Frame for Communicating About Genetics: Stigmas or Challenges

Neu im Fachgebiet Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe

Hirsutismus bei PCOS: Laser- und Lichttherapien helfen

ICI-Therapie in der Schwangerschaft wird gut toleriert

Weniger postpartale Depressionen nach Esketamin-Einmalgabe

Bei RSV-Impfung vor 60. Lebensjahr über Off-Label-Gebrauch aufklären!

Update Gynäkologie