Skip to main content
Erschienen in: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology 3/2013

01.06.2013 | Review Article

Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Psoriasis: Current and Future

verfasst von: Kara N. Shah

Erschienen in: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology | Ausgabe 3/2013

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Psoriasis is a common yet complex inflammatory dermatosis that may be seen in infants, children, and adolescents. The clinical presentation and course may be quite variable, and while patients with mild disease are often easily managed, those with recalcitrant or more severe disease often present a therapeutic dilemma given the number of therapies available and the relative lack of data on the efficacy and safety of use of these therapies in children. This review presents the reader with an overview of the current understanding of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of pediatric psoriasis, with an emphasis on the available data in the literature that pertains to the use in children of currently available topical and systemic therapies, including topical corticosteroids, vitamin D analogs, phototherapy, systemic immunosuppressive medications, and biologic agents.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Henseler T, Christophers E. Psoriasis of early and late onset: characterization of two types of psoriasis vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermtol. 1985;13(3):450–6.CrossRef Henseler T, Christophers E. Psoriasis of early and late onset: characterization of two types of psoriasis vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermtol. 1985;13(3):450–6.CrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Fan X, Xiao FL, Yang S, et al. Childhood psoriasis: a study of 277 patients from China. JEADV. 2007;21(6):762–5.PubMed Fan X, Xiao FL, Yang S, et al. Childhood psoriasis: a study of 277 patients from China. JEADV. 2007;21(6):762–5.PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Farber EM, Nall ML. Epidemiology: natural history and genetics. In: Roienigk HH, Maibach HI, editors. Psoriasis. 3rd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1998. p. 107–58. Farber EM, Nall ML. Epidemiology: natural history and genetics. In: Roienigk HH, Maibach HI, editors. Psoriasis. 3rd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1998. p. 107–58.
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Kumar B, Jain R, Sandhu K, et al. Epidemiology of childhood psoriasis: a study of 419 patients from northern India. Int J Dermatol. 2004;43(9):654–8.PubMedCrossRef Kumar B, Jain R, Sandhu K, et al. Epidemiology of childhood psoriasis: a study of 419 patients from northern India. Int J Dermatol. 2004;43(9):654–8.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Kwon HH, Na SJ, Jo SJ, et al. Epidemiology and clinical features of pediatric psoriasis in tertiary referral psoriasis clinic. J Dermatol. 2012;39(3):260–4.PubMedCrossRef Kwon HH, Na SJ, Jo SJ, et al. Epidemiology and clinical features of pediatric psoriasis in tertiary referral psoriasis clinic. J Dermatol. 2012;39(3):260–4.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Tollefson MM, Crowson CS, McEvoy MT, et al. Incidence of psoriasis in children: a population-based study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62(6):979–87.PubMedCrossRef Tollefson MM, Crowson CS, McEvoy MT, et al. Incidence of psoriasis in children: a population-based study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62(6):979–87.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Farber EM, Nall ML. The natural history of psoriasis in 5,600 patients. Dermatologica. 1974;148(1):1–18.PubMedCrossRef Farber EM, Nall ML. The natural history of psoriasis in 5,600 patients. Dermatologica. 1974;148(1):1–18.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Raychaudhuri SP, Gross J. A comparative study of pediatric onset psoriasis with adult onset psoriasis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2000;17(3):174–8.PubMedCrossRef Raychaudhuri SP, Gross J. A comparative study of pediatric onset psoriasis with adult onset psoriasis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2000;17(3):174–8.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Neville EA, Finn OA. Psoriasiform napkin dermatitis: a follow-up study. Br J Dermatol. 1975;92(3):279–85.PubMedCrossRef Neville EA, Finn OA. Psoriasiform napkin dermatitis: a follow-up study. Br J Dermatol. 1975;92(3):279–85.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Farber EM, Mullen RH, Jacobs AH, et al. Infantile psoriasis: a follow-up study. Pediatr Dermatol. 1986;3(3):237–43.PubMedCrossRef Farber EM, Mullen RH, Jacobs AH, et al. Infantile psoriasis: a follow-up study. Pediatr Dermatol. 1986;3(3):237–43.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Boje Rasmussen H, Hagdrup H, Schmidt H. Psoriasiform napkin dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol. 1986;66(6):534–6.PubMed Boje Rasmussen H, Hagdrup H, Schmidt H. Psoriasiform napkin dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol. 1986;66(6):534–6.PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Stoll ML, Punaro M. Psoriatic juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a tale of two subgroups. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2011;23(5):437–43.PubMedCrossRef Stoll ML, Punaro M. Psoriatic juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a tale of two subgroups. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2011;23(5):437–43.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Gelfand JM, Gladman DD, Mease PJ, et al. Epidemiology of psoriatic arthritis in the population of the United States. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53(4):573.PubMedCrossRef Gelfand JM, Gladman DD, Mease PJ, et al. Epidemiology of psoriatic arthritis in the population of the United States. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53(4):573.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Ramsey SE, Bolaria RK, Cabral DA, et al. Comparison of criteria for the classification of childhood arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2000;27(5):1283–6.PubMed Ramsey SE, Bolaria RK, Cabral DA, et al. Comparison of criteria for the classification of childhood arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2000;27(5):1283–6.PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Stoll ML, Nigrovic PA, Gotte AC, et al. Clinical comparison of early-onset psoriatic and non-psoriatic oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2011;29(3):582–8.PubMed Stoll ML, Nigrovic PA, Gotte AC, et al. Clinical comparison of early-onset psoriatic and non-psoriatic oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2011;29(3):582–8.PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Augustin M, Glaeske G, Radtke MA, et al. Epidemiology and comorbidity of psoriasis in children. Br J Dermatol. 2010;162(3):633–6.PubMedCrossRef Augustin M, Glaeske G, Radtke MA, et al. Epidemiology and comorbidity of psoriasis in children. Br J Dermatol. 2010;162(3):633–6.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Au SC, Goldminz AM, Loo DS, et al. Association between pediatric psoriasis and the metabolic syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;66(6):1012–3.PubMedCrossRef Au SC, Goldminz AM, Loo DS, et al. Association between pediatric psoriasis and the metabolic syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;66(6):1012–3.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Koebnick C, Black MH, Smith N, et al. The association of psoriasis and elevated blood lipids in overweight and obese children. J Pediatr. 2011;159(4):577–83.PubMedCrossRef Koebnick C, Black MH, Smith N, et al. The association of psoriasis and elevated blood lipids in overweight and obese children. J Pediatr. 2011;159(4):577–83.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Volf EM, Levine DE, Michelon MA, et al. Assessor-blinded study of the metabolic syndrome and surrogate markers of increased cardiovascular risk in children with moderate-to-severe psoriasis compared with age-matched population of children with warts. J Drugs Dermatol. 2011;10(8):900–1.PubMed Volf EM, Levine DE, Michelon MA, et al. Assessor-blinded study of the metabolic syndrome and surrogate markers of increased cardiovascular risk in children with moderate-to-severe psoriasis compared with age-matched population of children with warts. J Drugs Dermatol. 2011;10(8):900–1.PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Zamberk P, Velazquez D, Campos M, et al. Paediatric psoriasis: narrowband UVB treatment. JEADV. 2010;24(4):415–9.PubMed Zamberk P, Velazquez D, Campos M, et al. Paediatric psoriasis: narrowband UVB treatment. JEADV. 2010;24(4):415–9.PubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Bilgic A, Bilgic O, Akis HK, et al. Psychiatric symptoms and health-related quality of life in children and adolescents with psoriasis. Pediatr Derm. 2010;27(6):614–7.CrossRef Bilgic A, Bilgic O, Akis HK, et al. Psychiatric symptoms and health-related quality of life in children and adolescents with psoriasis. Pediatr Derm. 2010;27(6):614–7.CrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Varni JW, Globe DR, Gandra SR, et al. Health-related quality of life of pediatric patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis: comparisons to four common chronic diseases. Eur J Pediatr. 2012;171(3):485–92.PubMedCrossRef Varni JW, Globe DR, Gandra SR, et al. Health-related quality of life of pediatric patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis: comparisons to four common chronic diseases. Eur J Pediatr. 2012;171(3):485–92.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Michalak-Stoma A, Pietrzak A, Szepietowski JC, et al. Cytokine network in psoriasis revisited. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2011;22(4):160–8.PubMed Michalak-Stoma A, Pietrzak A, Szepietowski JC, et al. Cytokine network in psoriasis revisited. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2011;22(4):160–8.PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Nair RP, Stuart PE, Nistor I, et al. Sequence and haplotype analysis supports HLA-C as the psoriasis susceptibility 1 gene. Am J Hum Genet. 2006;78(5):827–51.PubMedCrossRef Nair RP, Stuart PE, Nistor I, et al. Sequence and haplotype analysis supports HLA-C as the psoriasis susceptibility 1 gene. Am J Hum Genet. 2006;78(5):827–51.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Mallon E, Bunce M, Savoie H, et al. HLA-C and guttate psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143(6):1177–82.PubMedCrossRef Mallon E, Bunce M, Savoie H, et al. HLA-C and guttate psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143(6):1177–82.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Jordan CT, Cao L, Roberson ED, et al. PSORS2 is due to mutations in CARD14. Am J Hum Genet. 2012;90(5):784–95.PubMedCrossRef Jordan CT, Cao L, Roberson ED, et al. PSORS2 is due to mutations in CARD14. Am J Hum Genet. 2012;90(5):784–95.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Marrakchi S, Guigue P, Renshaw BR, et al. Interleukin-36-receptor antagonist deficiency and generalized pustular psoriasis. New Engl J Med. 2011;365(7):620–8.PubMedCrossRef Marrakchi S, Guigue P, Renshaw BR, et al. Interleukin-36-receptor antagonist deficiency and generalized pustular psoriasis. New Engl J Med. 2011;365(7):620–8.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Rahman P, Elder JT. Genetics of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: a report from the GRAPPA 2010 annual meeting. J Rheumatol. 2012;39(2):431–3.PubMedCrossRef Rahman P, Elder JT. Genetics of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: a report from the GRAPPA 2010 annual meeting. J Rheumatol. 2012;39(2):431–3.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Chandran V. The genetics of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2013;14(2):149–56.CrossRef Chandran V. The genetics of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2013;14(2):149–56.CrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Ozden MG, Tekin NS, Gurer MA, et al. Environmental risk factors in pediatric psoriasis: a multicenter case-control study. Pediatr Dermatol. 2011;28(3):306–12.PubMedCrossRef Ozden MG, Tekin NS, Gurer MA, et al. Environmental risk factors in pediatric psoriasis: a multicenter case-control study. Pediatr Dermatol. 2011;28(3):306–12.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Rasmussen JE. The relationship between infection with group A beta hemolytic streptococci and the development of psoriasis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19(2):153–4.PubMed Rasmussen JE. The relationship between infection with group A beta hemolytic streptococci and the development of psoriasis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19(2):153–4.PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Leung DY, Travers JB, Giorno R, et al. Evidence for a streptococcal superantigen-driven process in acute guttate psoriasis. J Clin Invest. 1995;96(5):2106–12.PubMedCrossRef Leung DY, Travers JB, Giorno R, et al. Evidence for a streptococcal superantigen-driven process in acute guttate psoriasis. J Clin Invest. 1995;96(5):2106–12.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Honig PJ. Guttate psoriasis associated with perianal streptococcal disease. J Pediatr. 1988;113(6):1037–9.PubMedCrossRef Honig PJ. Guttate psoriasis associated with perianal streptococcal disease. J Pediatr. 1988;113(6):1037–9.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Owen CM, Chalmers RJ, O’Sullivan T, et al. Antistreptococcal interventions for guttate and chronic plaque psoriasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;2:CD001976.PubMed Owen CM, Chalmers RJ, O’Sullivan T, et al. Antistreptococcal interventions for guttate and chronic plaque psoriasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;2:CD001976.PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Eberhard BA, Sundel RP, Newburger JW, et al. Psoriatic eruption in Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr. 2000;137(4):578–80.PubMedCrossRef Eberhard BA, Sundel RP, Newburger JW, et al. Psoriatic eruption in Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr. 2000;137(4):578–80.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Han MH, Jang KA, Sung KJ, et al. A case of guttate psoriasis following Kawasaki disease. Br J Dermatol. 2000;142(3):548–50.PubMedCrossRef Han MH, Jang KA, Sung KJ, et al. A case of guttate psoriasis following Kawasaki disease. Br J Dermatol. 2000;142(3):548–50.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Kishimoto S, Muneuchi J, Takahashi Y, et al. Psoriasiform skin lesion and supprative acrodermatitis associated with Kawasaki disease followed by the treatment with infliximab: a case report. Acta Paediatr. 2010;99(7):1102–4.PubMedCrossRef Kishimoto S, Muneuchi J, Takahashi Y, et al. Psoriasiform skin lesion and supprative acrodermatitis associated with Kawasaki disease followed by the treatment with infliximab: a case report. Acta Paediatr. 2010;99(7):1102–4.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Liao YC, Lee JY. Psoriasis in a 3-month-old infant with Kawasaki disease. Dermatol Online J. 2009;15(11):10.PubMed Liao YC, Lee JY. Psoriasis in a 3-month-old infant with Kawasaki disease. Dermatol Online J. 2009;15(11):10.PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Ergin S, Karaduman A, Demirkaya E, et al. Plaque psoriasis induced after Kawasaki disease. Turk J Pediatr. 2009;51(4):375–7.PubMed Ergin S, Karaduman A, Demirkaya E, et al. Plaque psoriasis induced after Kawasaki disease. Turk J Pediatr. 2009;51(4):375–7.PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Yoon SY, Oh ST, Lee JY, et al. Plaque type psoriasiform eruption following Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Dermatol. 2007;24(3):336–7.PubMedCrossRef Yoon SY, Oh ST, Lee JY, et al. Plaque type psoriasiform eruption following Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Dermatol. 2007;24(3):336–7.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Yoon SY, Oh ST, Lee JY, et al. A plaque type psoriasiform eruption following Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Dermatol. 2007;24(1):96–8.PubMedCrossRef Yoon SY, Oh ST, Lee JY, et al. A plaque type psoriasiform eruption following Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Dermatol. 2007;24(1):96–8.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Mizuno Y, Suga Y, Muramatsu S, et al. Psoriasiform and palmoplanter pustular lesions induced after Kawasaki disease. Int J Dermatol. 2006;45(9):1080–2.PubMedCrossRef Mizuno Y, Suga Y, Muramatsu S, et al. Psoriasiform and palmoplanter pustular lesions induced after Kawasaki disease. Int J Dermatol. 2006;45(9):1080–2.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Menni S, Gualandri L, Boccardi D, et al. Association of psoriasis-like eruption and Kawasaki disease. J Dermatol. 2006;33(8):571–3.PubMedCrossRef Menni S, Gualandri L, Boccardi D, et al. Association of psoriasis-like eruption and Kawasaki disease. J Dermatol. 2006;33(8):571–3.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Tsai HJ, Wu WM, Chang YC, et al. Annular pustules in Kawasaki disease: a further case indicating the association with psoriasis? Cutis. 2003;72(5):354–6.PubMed Tsai HJ, Wu WM, Chang YC, et al. Annular pustules in Kawasaki disease: a further case indicating the association with psoriasis? Cutis. 2003;72(5):354–6.PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Zvulunov A, Greenberg D, Cagnano E, et al. Development of psoriatic lesions during acute and convalescent phases of Kawasaki disease. J Paediatr Child Health. 2003;39(3):229–31.PubMedCrossRef Zvulunov A, Greenberg D, Cagnano E, et al. Development of psoriatic lesions during acute and convalescent phases of Kawasaki disease. J Paediatr Child Health. 2003;39(3):229–31.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Garty B, Mosseri R, Finkelstein Y. Guttate psoriasis following Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Dermatol. 2001;18(6):507–8.PubMedCrossRef Garty B, Mosseri R, Finkelstein Y. Guttate psoriasis following Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Dermatol. 2001;18(6):507–8.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Howard R, Tsuchiya A. Adult skin disease in the pediatric patient. Dermatol Clin. 1998;16(3):593–608.PubMedCrossRef Howard R, Tsuchiya A. Adult skin disease in the pediatric patient. Dermatol Clin. 1998;16(3):593–608.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Morris A, Rogers M, Fischer G, et al. Childhood psoriasis: a clinical review of 1262 cases. Pediatr Dermatol. 2001;18(3):188–98.PubMedCrossRef Morris A, Rogers M, Fischer G, et al. Childhood psoriasis: a clinical review of 1262 cases. Pediatr Dermatol. 2001;18(3):188–98.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Nanda A, Kaur S, Kaur I, et al. Childhood psoriasis: an epidemiologic survey of 112 patients. Pediatr Dermatol. 1990;7(1):19–21.PubMedCrossRef Nanda A, Kaur S, Kaur I, et al. Childhood psoriasis: an epidemiologic survey of 112 patients. Pediatr Dermatol. 1990;7(1):19–21.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat al-Fouzan AS, Nanda A. A survey of childhood psoriasis in Kuwait. Pediatr Dermatol. 1994;11(2):116–9.PubMedCrossRef al-Fouzan AS, Nanda A. A survey of childhood psoriasis in Kuwait. Pediatr Dermatol. 1994;11(2):116–9.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Hutton KP, Orenberg EK, Jacobs AH. Childhood psoriasis. Cutis. 1987;39(1):26–7.PubMed Hutton KP, Orenberg EK, Jacobs AH. Childhood psoriasis. Cutis. 1987;39(1):26–7.PubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Rasmussen JE. Psoriasis in children. Dermatol Clin. 1986;4(1):99–106.PubMed Rasmussen JE. Psoriasis in children. Dermatol Clin. 1986;4(1):99–106.PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Nyfors A, Lemholt K. Psoriasis in children: a short review and a survey of 245 cases. Br J Dermatol. 1975;92(4):437–42.PubMedCrossRef Nyfors A, Lemholt K. Psoriasis in children: a short review and a survey of 245 cases. Br J Dermatol. 1975;92(4):437–42.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Herbst RA, Hoch O, Kapp A, et al. Guttate psoriasis triggered by perianal streptococcal dermatitis in a four-year-old boy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42(5 Pt 2):885–7.PubMedCrossRef Herbst RA, Hoch O, Kapp A, et al. Guttate psoriasis triggered by perianal streptococcal dermatitis in a four-year-old boy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42(5 Pt 2):885–7.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Nyfors A. Psoriasis in children: characteristics, prognosis and therapy: a review. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1981;95:47–53. Nyfors A. Psoriasis in children: characteristics, prognosis and therapy: a review. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1981;95:47–53.
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Tervaert WC, Esseveld H. A study of the incidence of haemolytic streptococci in the throat in patients with psoriasis vulgaris, with reference to their role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Dermatologica. 1970;140(5):282–90.PubMedCrossRef Tervaert WC, Esseveld H. A study of the incidence of haemolytic streptococci in the throat in patients with psoriasis vulgaris, with reference to their role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Dermatologica. 1970;140(5):282–90.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Whyte HJ, Baughman RD. Acute guttate psoriasis and streptococcal infection. Arch Dermatol. 1964;89:350–6.PubMedCrossRef Whyte HJ, Baughman RD. Acute guttate psoriasis and streptococcal infection. Arch Dermatol. 1964;89:350–6.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Telfer NR, Chalmers RJ, Whale K, et al. The role of streptococcal infection in the initiation of guttate psoriasis. Arch Dermatol. 1992;128(1):39–42.PubMedCrossRef Telfer NR, Chalmers RJ, Whale K, et al. The role of streptococcal infection in the initiation of guttate psoriasis. Arch Dermatol. 1992;128(1):39–42.PubMedCrossRef
62.
63.
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Lever WF, Elder DE. Lever’s histopathology of the skin. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009. Lever WF, Elder DE. Lever’s histopathology of the skin. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009.
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Murphy M, Kerr P, Grant-Kels JM. The histopathologic spectrum of psoriasis. Clin Dermatol. 2007;25(6):524–8.PubMedCrossRef Murphy M, Kerr P, Grant-Kels JM. The histopathologic spectrum of psoriasis. Clin Dermatol. 2007;25(6):524–8.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Vogel SA, Yentzer B, Davis SA, et al. Trends in pediatric psoriasis outpatient health care delivery in the United States. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148(1):66–71.PubMedCrossRef Vogel SA, Yentzer B, Davis SA, et al. Trends in pediatric psoriasis outpatient health care delivery in the United States. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148(1):66–71.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Lewkowicz D, Gottlieb AB. Pediatric psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Dermatol Ther. 2004;17(5):364–75.PubMedCrossRef Lewkowicz D, Gottlieb AB. Pediatric psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Dermatol Ther. 2004;17(5):364–75.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhutani T, Kamangar F, Cordoro KM. Management of pediatric psoriasis. Pediatr Ann. 2012;41(1):e1–7.PubMed Bhutani T, Kamangar F, Cordoro KM. Management of pediatric psoriasis. Pediatr Ann. 2012;41(1):e1–7.PubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat de Jager ME, de Jong EM, van de Kerkhof PC, et al. Efficacy and safety of treatments for childhood psoriasis: a systematic literature review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62(6):1013–30.PubMedCrossRef de Jager ME, de Jong EM, van de Kerkhof PC, et al. Efficacy and safety of treatments for childhood psoriasis: a systematic literature review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62(6):1013–30.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Lara-Corrales I, Xi N, Pope E. Childhood psoriasis treatment: evidence published over the last 5 years. Rev Recent Clin Trials. 2011;6(1):36–43.PubMedCrossRef Lara-Corrales I, Xi N, Pope E. Childhood psoriasis treatment: evidence published over the last 5 years. Rev Recent Clin Trials. 2011;6(1):36–43.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Gelmetti C. Therapeutic moisturizers as adjuvant therapy for psoriasis patients. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2009;10(Suppl. 1):7–12.PubMedCrossRef Gelmetti C. Therapeutic moisturizers as adjuvant therapy for psoriasis patients. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2009;10(Suppl. 1):7–12.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Herz G, Blum G, Yawalkar S. Halobetasol propionate cream by day and halobetasol propionate ointment at night for the treatment of pediatric patients with chronic, localized plaque psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;25(6 Pt 2):1166–9.PubMedCrossRef Herz G, Blum G, Yawalkar S. Halobetasol propionate cream by day and halobetasol propionate ointment at night for the treatment of pediatric patients with chronic, localized plaque psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;25(6 Pt 2):1166–9.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Kimball AB, Gold MH, Zib B, et al. Clobetasol propionate emulsion formulation foam 0.05%: review of phase II open-label and phase III randomized controlled trials in steroid-responsive dermatoses in adults and adolescents. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;59(3):448–54, 454.e1. Kimball AB, Gold MH, Zib B, et al. Clobetasol propionate emulsion formulation foam 0.05%: review of phase II open-label and phase III randomized controlled trials in steroid-responsive dermatoses in adults and adolescents. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;59(3):448–54, 454.e1.
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Ahn SJ, Oh SH, Chang SE, et al. A case of infantile psoriasis with pseudoainhum successfully treated with topical pimecrolimus and low-dose narrowband UVB phototherapy. JEADV. 2006;20(10):1332–4.PubMed Ahn SJ, Oh SH, Chang SE, et al. A case of infantile psoriasis with pseudoainhum successfully treated with topical pimecrolimus and low-dose narrowband UVB phototherapy. JEADV. 2006;20(10):1332–4.PubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Amichai B. Psoriasis of the glans penis in a child successfully treated with Elidel (pimecrolimus) cream. JEADV. 2004;18(6):742–3.PubMed Amichai B. Psoriasis of the glans penis in a child successfully treated with Elidel (pimecrolimus) cream. JEADV. 2004;18(6):742–3.PubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Mansouri P, Farshi S. Pimecrolimus 1 percent cream in the treatment of psoriasis in a child. Dermatol Online J. 2006;12(2):7.PubMed Mansouri P, Farshi S. Pimecrolimus 1 percent cream in the treatment of psoriasis in a child. Dermatol Online J. 2006;12(2):7.PubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Brune A, Miller DW, Lin P, et al. Tacrolimus ointment is effective for psoriasis on the face and intertriginous areas in pediatric patients. Pediatr Dermatol. 2007;24(1):76–80.PubMedCrossRef Brune A, Miller DW, Lin P, et al. Tacrolimus ointment is effective for psoriasis on the face and intertriginous areas in pediatric patients. Pediatr Dermatol. 2007;24(1):76–80.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Steele JA, Choi C, Kwong PC. Topical tacrolimus in the treatment of inverse psoriasis in children. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53(4):713–6.PubMedCrossRef Steele JA, Choi C, Kwong PC. Topical tacrolimus in the treatment of inverse psoriasis in children. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53(4):713–6.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Choi YJ, Hann SK, Chang SN, et al. Infantile psoriasis: successful treatment with topical calcipotriol. Pediatr Dermatol. 2000;17(3):242–4.PubMedCrossRef Choi YJ, Hann SK, Chang SN, et al. Infantile psoriasis: successful treatment with topical calcipotriol. Pediatr Dermatol. 2000;17(3):242–4.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Darley CR, Cunliffe WJ, Green CM, et al. Safety and efficacy of calcipotriol ointment (Dovonex) in treating children with psoriasis vulgaris. Br J Dermatol. 1996;135(3):390–3.PubMedCrossRef Darley CR, Cunliffe WJ, Green CM, et al. Safety and efficacy of calcipotriol ointment (Dovonex) in treating children with psoriasis vulgaris. Br J Dermatol. 1996;135(3):390–3.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Oranje AP, Marcoux D, Svensson A, et al. Topical calcipotriol in childhood psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;36(2 Pt 1):203–8.PubMedCrossRef Oranje AP, Marcoux D, Svensson A, et al. Topical calcipotriol in childhood psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;36(2 Pt 1):203–8.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Park SB, Suh DH, Youn JI. A pilot study to assess the safety and efficacy of topical calcipotriol treatment in childhood psoriasis. Pediatr Dermatol. 1999;16(4):321–5.PubMedCrossRef Park SB, Suh DH, Youn JI. A pilot study to assess the safety and efficacy of topical calcipotriol treatment in childhood psoriasis. Pediatr Dermatol. 1999;16(4):321–5.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Patrizi A, Neri I, Rizzoli L, et al. Topical calcipotriol in childhood psoriasis. Acta Derm Venereol. 1999;79(6):477.PubMedCrossRef Patrizi A, Neri I, Rizzoli L, et al. Topical calcipotriol in childhood psoriasis. Acta Derm Venereol. 1999;79(6):477.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Perez A, Chen TC, Turner A, et al. Pilot study of topical calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) for treating psoriasis in children. Arch Dermatol. 1995;131(8):961–2.PubMedCrossRef Perez A, Chen TC, Turner A, et al. Pilot study of topical calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) for treating psoriasis in children. Arch Dermatol. 1995;131(8):961–2.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Saggese G, Federico G, Battini R. Topical application of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) is an effective and reliable therapy to cure skin lesions in psoriatic children. Eur J Pediatr. 1993;152(5):389–92.PubMedCrossRef Saggese G, Federico G, Battini R. Topical application of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) is an effective and reliable therapy to cure skin lesions in psoriatic children. Eur J Pediatr. 1993;152(5):389–92.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Travis LB, Silverberg NB. Psoriasis in infancy: therapy with calcipotriene ointment. Cutis. 2001;68(5):341–4.PubMed Travis LB, Silverberg NB. Psoriasis in infancy: therapy with calcipotriene ointment. Cutis. 2001;68(5):341–4.PubMed
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Comaish JS. Tar and related compounds in the therapy of psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1981;6(6):639–45.PubMedCrossRef Comaish JS. Tar and related compounds in the therapy of psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1981;6(6):639–45.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Borska L, Fiala Z, Krejsek J, et al. Immunologic changes in TNF-alpha, sE-selectin, sP-selectin, sICAM-1, and IL-8 in pediatric patients treated for psoriasis with the Goeckerman regimen. Pediatr Dermatol. 2007;24(6):607–12.PubMedCrossRef Borska L, Fiala Z, Krejsek J, et al. Immunologic changes in TNF-alpha, sE-selectin, sP-selectin, sICAM-1, and IL-8 in pediatric patients treated for psoriasis with the Goeckerman regimen. Pediatr Dermatol. 2007;24(6):607–12.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Kortuem KR, Davis MD, Witman PM, et al. Results of Goeckerman treatment for psoriasis in children: a 21-year retrospective review. Pediatr Dermatol. 2010;27(5):518–24.PubMedCrossRef Kortuem KR, Davis MD, Witman PM, et al. Results of Goeckerman treatment for psoriasis in children: a 21-year retrospective review. Pediatr Dermatol. 2010;27(5):518–24.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Menter MA, Whiting DA, McWilliams J. Resistant childhood psoriasis: an analysis of patients seen in a day-care center. Pediatr Dermatol. 1984;2(1):8–12.PubMedCrossRef Menter MA, Whiting DA, McWilliams J. Resistant childhood psoriasis: an analysis of patients seen in a day-care center. Pediatr Dermatol. 1984;2(1):8–12.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Borska L, Andrys C, Krejsek J, et al. Genotoxic hazard and cellular stress in pediatric patients treated for psoriasis with the Goeckerman regimen. Pediatr Dermatol. 2009;26(1):23–7.PubMedCrossRef Borska L, Andrys C, Krejsek J, et al. Genotoxic hazard and cellular stress in pediatric patients treated for psoriasis with the Goeckerman regimen. Pediatr Dermatol. 2009;26(1):23–7.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Diluvio L, Campione E, Paterno EJ, et al. Childhood nail psoriasis: a useful treatment with tazarotene 0.05%. Pediatr Dermatol. 2007;24(3):332–3.PubMedCrossRef Diluvio L, Campione E, Paterno EJ, et al. Childhood nail psoriasis: a useful treatment with tazarotene 0.05%. Pediatr Dermatol. 2007;24(3):332–3.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Zvulunov A, Anisfeld A, Metzker A. Efficacy of short-contact therapy with dithranol in childhood psoriasis. Int J Dermatol. 1994;33(11):808–10.PubMedCrossRef Zvulunov A, Anisfeld A, Metzker A. Efficacy of short-contact therapy with dithranol in childhood psoriasis. Int J Dermatol. 1994;33(11):808–10.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Guerrier CJ, Porter DI. An open assessment of 0.1% dithranol in a 17% urea base (‘Psoradrate’ 0.1%) in the treatment of psoriasis of children. Curr Med Res Opin. 1983;8(6):446–50.PubMedCrossRef Guerrier CJ, Porter DI. An open assessment of 0.1% dithranol in a 17% urea base (‘Psoradrate’ 0.1%) in the treatment of psoriasis of children. Curr Med Res Opin. 1983;8(6):446–50.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Pavlovsky M, Baum S, Shpiro D, et al. Narrow band UVB: is it effective and safe for paediatric psoriasis and atopic dermatitis? JEADV. 2011;25(6):727–9.PubMed Pavlovsky M, Baum S, Shpiro D, et al. Narrow band UVB: is it effective and safe for paediatric psoriasis and atopic dermatitis? JEADV. 2011;25(6):727–9.PubMed
97.
Zurück zum Zitat al-Fouzan AS, Nanda A. UVB phototherapy in childhood psoriasis. Pediatr Dermatol. 1995;12(1):66.PubMedCrossRef al-Fouzan AS, Nanda A. UVB phototherapy in childhood psoriasis. Pediatr Dermatol. 1995;12(1):66.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Pasic A, Ceovic R, Lipozencic J, et al. Phototherapy in pediatric patients. Pediatr Dermatol. 2003;20(1):71–7.PubMedCrossRef Pasic A, Ceovic R, Lipozencic J, et al. Phototherapy in pediatric patients. Pediatr Dermatol. 2003;20(1):71–7.PubMedCrossRef
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Tay YK, Morelli JG, Weston WL. Experience with UVB phototherapy in children. Pediatr Dermatol. 1996;13(5):406–9.PubMedCrossRef Tay YK, Morelli JG, Weston WL. Experience with UVB phototherapy in children. Pediatr Dermatol. 1996;13(5):406–9.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Jain VK, Aggarwal K, Jain K, et al. Narrow-band UV-B phototherapy in childhood psoriasis. Int J Dermatol. 2007;46(3):320–2.PubMedCrossRef Jain VK, Aggarwal K, Jain K, et al. Narrow-band UV-B phototherapy in childhood psoriasis. Int J Dermatol. 2007;46(3):320–2.PubMedCrossRef
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Pahlajani N, Katz BJ, Lozano AM, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of the 308 nm excimer laser for the treatment of localized psoriasis in adults and in children: a pilot study. Pediatr Dermatol. 2005;22(2):161–5.PubMedCrossRef Pahlajani N, Katz BJ, Lozano AM, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of the 308 nm excimer laser for the treatment of localized psoriasis in adults and in children: a pilot study. Pediatr Dermatol. 2005;22(2):161–5.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Gelfand JM, Wan J, Callis Duffin K, et al. Comparative effectiveness of commonly used systemic treatments or phototherapy for moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in the clinical practice setting. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148(4):487–94.PubMedCrossRef Gelfand JM, Wan J, Callis Duffin K, et al. Comparative effectiveness of commonly used systemic treatments or phototherapy for moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in the clinical practice setting. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148(4):487–94.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Patel RV, Clark LN, Lebwohl M, et al. Treatments for psoriasis and the risk of malignancy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60(6):1001–17.PubMedCrossRef Patel RV, Clark LN, Lebwohl M, et al. Treatments for psoriasis and the risk of malignancy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60(6):1001–17.PubMedCrossRef
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Beukelman T, Haynes K, Curtis JR, et al. Rates of malignancy associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and its treatment. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(4):1263–71.PubMedCrossRef Beukelman T, Haynes K, Curtis JR, et al. Rates of malignancy associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and its treatment. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(4):1263–71.PubMedCrossRef
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Robinson A, Van Voorhees AS, Hsu S, et al. Treatment of pustular psoriasis: from the Medical Board of the National Psoriasis Foundation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67(2):279–88.PubMedCrossRef Robinson A, Van Voorhees AS, Hsu S, et al. Treatment of pustular psoriasis: from the Medical Board of the National Psoriasis Foundation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67(2):279–88.PubMedCrossRef
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Kopp T, Karlhofer F, Szepfalusi Z, et al. Successful use of acitretin in conjunction with narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy in a child with severe pustular psoriasis, von Zumbusch type. Br J Dermatol. 2004;151(4):912–6.PubMedCrossRef Kopp T, Karlhofer F, Szepfalusi Z, et al. Successful use of acitretin in conjunction with narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy in a child with severe pustular psoriasis, von Zumbusch type. Br J Dermatol. 2004;151(4):912–6.PubMedCrossRef
107.
Zurück zum Zitat de Oliveira ST, Maragno L, Arnone M, et al. Generalized pustular psoriasis in childhood. Pediatr Dermatol. 2010;27(4):349–54.PubMedCrossRef de Oliveira ST, Maragno L, Arnone M, et al. Generalized pustular psoriasis in childhood. Pediatr Dermatol. 2010;27(4):349–54.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Xiao T, Li B, He CD, et al. Juvenile generalized pustular psoriasis. J Dermatol. 2007;34(8):573–6.PubMedCrossRef Xiao T, Li B, He CD, et al. Juvenile generalized pustular psoriasis. J Dermatol. 2007;34(8):573–6.PubMedCrossRef
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Juanqin G, Zhiqiang C, Zijia H. Evaluation of the effectiveness of childhood generalized pustular psoriasis treatment in 30 cases. Pediatr Dermatol. 1998;15(2):144–6.PubMedCrossRef Juanqin G, Zhiqiang C, Zijia H. Evaluation of the effectiveness of childhood generalized pustular psoriasis treatment in 30 cases. Pediatr Dermatol. 1998;15(2):144–6.PubMedCrossRef
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Chao PH, Cheng YW, Chung MY. Generalized pustular psoriasis in a 6-week-old infant. Pediatr Dermatol. 2009;26(3):352–4.PubMedCrossRef Chao PH, Cheng YW, Chung MY. Generalized pustular psoriasis in a 6-week-old infant. Pediatr Dermatol. 2009;26(3):352–4.PubMedCrossRef
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Salleras M, Sanchez-Regana M, Umbert P. Congenital erythrodermic psoriasis: case report and literature review. Pediatr Dermatol. 1995;12(3):231–4.PubMedCrossRef Salleras M, Sanchez-Regana M, Umbert P. Congenital erythrodermic psoriasis: case report and literature review. Pediatr Dermatol. 1995;12(3):231–4.PubMedCrossRef
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Judge MR, McDonald A, Black MM. Pustular psoriasis in childhood. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1993;18(2):97–9.PubMedCrossRef Judge MR, McDonald A, Black MM. Pustular psoriasis in childhood. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1993;18(2):97–9.PubMedCrossRef
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Ergin S, Ersoy-Evans S, Sahin S, et al. Acitretin is a safe treatment option for infantile pustular psoriasis. J Dermatol Treat. 2008;19(6):341–3.CrossRef Ergin S, Ersoy-Evans S, Sahin S, et al. Acitretin is a safe treatment option for infantile pustular psoriasis. J Dermatol Treat. 2008;19(6):341–3.CrossRef
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosinska D, Wolska H, Jablonska S, et al. Etretinate in severe psoriasis of children. Pediatr Dermatol. 1988;5(4):266–72.PubMedCrossRef Rosinska D, Wolska H, Jablonska S, et al. Etretinate in severe psoriasis of children. Pediatr Dermatol. 1988;5(4):266–72.PubMedCrossRef
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Karamfilov T, Wollina U. Juvenile generalized pustular psoriasis. Acta Derm Venereol. 1998;78(3):220.PubMedCrossRef Karamfilov T, Wollina U. Juvenile generalized pustular psoriasis. Acta Derm Venereol. 1998;78(3):220.PubMedCrossRef
116.
Zurück zum Zitat Shelnitz LS, Esterly NB, Honig PJ. Etretinate therapy for generalized pustular psoriasis in children. Arch Dermatol. 1987;123(2):230–3.PubMedCrossRef Shelnitz LS, Esterly NB, Honig PJ. Etretinate therapy for generalized pustular psoriasis in children. Arch Dermatol. 1987;123(2):230–3.PubMedCrossRef
117.
Zurück zum Zitat Liao PB, Rubinson R, Howard R, et al. Annular pustular psoriasis: most common form of pustular psoriasis in children: report of three cases and review of the literature. Pediatr Dermatol. 2002;19(1):19–25.PubMedCrossRef Liao PB, Rubinson R, Howard R, et al. Annular pustular psoriasis: most common form of pustular psoriasis in children: report of three cases and review of the literature. Pediatr Dermatol. 2002;19(1):19–25.PubMedCrossRef
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Al-Shobaili H, Al-Khenaizan S. Childhood generalized pustular psoriasis: successful treatment with isotretinoin. Pediatr Dermatol. 2007;24(5):563–4.PubMedCrossRef Al-Shobaili H, Al-Khenaizan S. Childhood generalized pustular psoriasis: successful treatment with isotretinoin. Pediatr Dermatol. 2007;24(5):563–4.PubMedCrossRef
119.
Zurück zum Zitat Kalb RE, Strober B, Weinstein G, et al. Methotrexate and psoriasis: 2009 National Psoriasis Foundation Consensus Conference. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60(5):824–37.PubMedCrossRef Kalb RE, Strober B, Weinstein G, et al. Methotrexate and psoriasis: 2009 National Psoriasis Foundation Consensus Conference. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60(5):824–37.PubMedCrossRef
120.
Zurück zum Zitat Kumar B, Dhar S, Handa S, et al. Methotrexate in childhood psoriasis. Pediatr Dermatol. 1994;11(3):271–3.PubMedCrossRef Kumar B, Dhar S, Handa S, et al. Methotrexate in childhood psoriasis. Pediatr Dermatol. 1994;11(3):271–3.PubMedCrossRef
121.
Zurück zum Zitat Dogra S, Handa S, Kanwar AJ. Methotrexate in severe childhood psoriasis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2004;21(3):283–4.PubMedCrossRef Dogra S, Handa S, Kanwar AJ. Methotrexate in severe childhood psoriasis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2004;21(3):283–4.PubMedCrossRef
122.
Zurück zum Zitat Dogra S, Kumaran MS, Handa S, et al. Methotrexate for generalized pustular psoriasis in a 2-year-old child. Pediatr Dermatol. 2005;22(1):85–6.PubMedCrossRef Dogra S, Kumaran MS, Handa S, et al. Methotrexate for generalized pustular psoriasis in a 2-year-old child. Pediatr Dermatol. 2005;22(1):85–6.PubMedCrossRef
123.
Zurück zum Zitat Kalla G, Goyal AM. Juvenile generalized pustular psoriasis. Pediatr Dermatol. 1996;13(1):45–6.PubMedCrossRef Kalla G, Goyal AM. Juvenile generalized pustular psoriasis. Pediatr Dermatol. 1996;13(1):45–6.PubMedCrossRef
124.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaur I, Dogra S, De D, et al. Systemic methotrexate treatment in childhood psoriasis: further experience in 24 children from India. Pediatr Dermatol. 2008;25(2):184–8.PubMedCrossRef Kaur I, Dogra S, De D, et al. Systemic methotrexate treatment in childhood psoriasis: further experience in 24 children from India. Pediatr Dermatol. 2008;25(2):184–8.PubMedCrossRef
125.
Zurück zum Zitat Garg T, Chander R, Mittal S. Familial juvenile generalized pustular psoriasis: response to methotrexate. Skinmed. 2011;9(3):190–1.PubMed Garg T, Chander R, Mittal S. Familial juvenile generalized pustular psoriasis: response to methotrexate. Skinmed. 2011;9(3):190–1.PubMed
126.
Zurück zum Zitat Collin B, Vani A, Ogboli M, et al. Methotrexate treatment in 13 children with severe plaque psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009;34(3):295–8.PubMedCrossRef Collin B, Vani A, Ogboli M, et al. Methotrexate treatment in 13 children with severe plaque psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009;34(3):295–8.PubMedCrossRef
127.
Zurück zum Zitat Scott RB, Surana R. Erythrodermic psoriasis in childhood: a young Negro child treated with methotrexate. Am J Dis Child. 1968;116(2):218–21.PubMed Scott RB, Surana R. Erythrodermic psoriasis in childhood: a young Negro child treated with methotrexate. Am J Dis Child. 1968;116(2):218–21.PubMed
128.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosenbach M, Hsu S, Korman NJ, et al. Treatment of erythrodermic psoriasis: from the medical board of the National Psoriasis Foundation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62(4):655–62.PubMedCrossRef Rosenbach M, Hsu S, Korman NJ, et al. Treatment of erythrodermic psoriasis: from the medical board of the National Psoriasis Foundation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62(4):655–62.PubMedCrossRef
129.
Zurück zum Zitat Pereira TM, Vieira AP, Fernandes JC, et al. Cyclosporin A treatment in severe childhood psoriasis. JEADV. 2006;20(6):651–6.PubMed Pereira TM, Vieira AP, Fernandes JC, et al. Cyclosporin A treatment in severe childhood psoriasis. JEADV. 2006;20(6):651–6.PubMed
130.
Zurück zum Zitat Perrett CM, Ilchyshyn A, Berth-Jones J. Cyclosporin in childhood psoriasis. J Dermatol Treat. 2003;14(2):113–8. Perrett CM, Ilchyshyn A, Berth-Jones J. Cyclosporin in childhood psoriasis. J Dermatol Treat. 2003;14(2):113–8.
131.
Zurück zum Zitat Kilic SS, Hacimustafaoglu M, Celebi S, et al. Low dose cyclosporin A treatment in generalized pustular psoriasis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2001;18(3):246–8.PubMedCrossRef Kilic SS, Hacimustafaoglu M, Celebi S, et al. Low dose cyclosporin A treatment in generalized pustular psoriasis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2001;18(3):246–8.PubMedCrossRef
132.
Zurück zum Zitat Alli N, Gungor E, Karakayali G, et al. The use of cyclosporin in a child with generalized pustular psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 1998;139(4):754–5.PubMedCrossRef Alli N, Gungor E, Karakayali G, et al. The use of cyclosporin in a child with generalized pustular psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 1998;139(4):754–5.PubMedCrossRef
133.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim HS, Kim GM, Kim SY. Two-stage therapy for childhood generalized pustular psoriasis: low-dose cyclosporin for induction and maintenance with acitretin/narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy. Pediatr Dermatol. 2006;23(3):306–8.PubMedCrossRef Kim HS, Kim GM, Kim SY. Two-stage therapy for childhood generalized pustular psoriasis: low-dose cyclosporin for induction and maintenance with acitretin/narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy. Pediatr Dermatol. 2006;23(3):306–8.PubMedCrossRef
134.
Zurück zum Zitat Nakamura S, Hashimoto Y, Igawa S, et al. Childhood generalized pustular psoriasis treated by preprandial ciclosporin administration: serum cytokine pattern during the course of the disease. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009;34(8):e1023–4.PubMedCrossRef Nakamura S, Hashimoto Y, Igawa S, et al. Childhood generalized pustular psoriasis treated by preprandial ciclosporin administration: serum cytokine pattern during the course of the disease. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009;34(8):e1023–4.PubMedCrossRef
135.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahe E, Bodemer C, Pruszkowski A, et al. Cyclosporine in childhood psoriasis. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137(11):1532–3.PubMed Mahe E, Bodemer C, Pruszkowski A, et al. Cyclosporine in childhood psoriasis. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137(11):1532–3.PubMed
136.
Zurück zum Zitat Marji JS, Marcus R, Moennich J, et al. Use of biologic agents in pediatric psoriasis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2010;9(8):975–86.PubMed Marji JS, Marcus R, Moennich J, et al. Use of biologic agents in pediatric psoriasis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2010;9(8):975–86.PubMed
137.
Zurück zum Zitat Hashkes PJ, Uziel Y, Laxer RM. The safety profile of biologic therapies for juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2010;6(10):561–71.PubMedCrossRef Hashkes PJ, Uziel Y, Laxer RM. The safety profile of biologic therapies for juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2010;6(10):561–71.PubMedCrossRef
138.
Zurück zum Zitat Dommasch ED, Abuabara K, Shin DB, et al. The risk of infection and malignancy with tumor necrosis factor antagonists in adults with psoriatic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64(6):1035–50.PubMedCrossRef Dommasch ED, Abuabara K, Shin DB, et al. The risk of infection and malignancy with tumor necrosis factor antagonists in adults with psoriatic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64(6):1035–50.PubMedCrossRef
139.
Zurück zum Zitat Pontikaki I, Shahi E, Frasin LA, et al. Skin manifestations induced by TNF-alpha inhibitors in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2012;42(2):131–4.PubMedCrossRef Pontikaki I, Shahi E, Frasin LA, et al. Skin manifestations induced by TNF-alpha inhibitors in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2012;42(2):131–4.PubMedCrossRef
140.
Zurück zum Zitat Gordon KB, Papp KA, Langley RG, et al. Long-term safety experience of ustekinumab in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis (part II of II): results from analyses of infections and malignancy from pooled phase II and III clinical trials. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;66(5):742–51.PubMedCrossRef Gordon KB, Papp KA, Langley RG, et al. Long-term safety experience of ustekinumab in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis (part II of II): results from analyses of infections and malignancy from pooled phase II and III clinical trials. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;66(5):742–51.PubMedCrossRef
141.
Zurück zum Zitat Kimball AB, Gordon KB, Fakharzadeh S, et al. Long-term efficacy of ustekinumab in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis: results from the PHOENIX 1 trial through up to 3 years. Br J Dermatol. 2012;166(4):861–72.PubMedCrossRef Kimball AB, Gordon KB, Fakharzadeh S, et al. Long-term efficacy of ustekinumab in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis: results from the PHOENIX 1 trial through up to 3 years. Br J Dermatol. 2012;166(4):861–72.PubMedCrossRef
142.
Zurück zum Zitat Kimball AB, Gordon KB, Langley RG, et al. Safety and efficacy of ABT-874, a fully human interleukin 12/23 monoclonal antibody, in the treatment of moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Arch Dermatol. 2008;144(2):200–7.PubMedCrossRef Kimball AB, Gordon KB, Langley RG, et al. Safety and efficacy of ABT-874, a fully human interleukin 12/23 monoclonal antibody, in the treatment of moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Arch Dermatol. 2008;144(2):200–7.PubMedCrossRef
143.
Zurück zum Zitat Gordon KB, Langley RG, Gottlieb AB, et al. A phase III, randomized, controlled trial of the fully human IL-12/23 mAb briakinumab in moderate-to-severe psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132(2):304–14.PubMedCrossRef Gordon KB, Langley RG, Gottlieb AB, et al. A phase III, randomized, controlled trial of the fully human IL-12/23 mAb briakinumab in moderate-to-severe psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132(2):304–14.PubMedCrossRef
144.
Zurück zum Zitat Strober BE, Crowley JJ, Yamauchi PS, et al. Efficacy and safety results from a phase III, randomized controlled trial comparing the safety and efficacy of briakinumab with etanercept and placebo in patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165(3):661–8.PubMedCrossRef Strober BE, Crowley JJ, Yamauchi PS, et al. Efficacy and safety results from a phase III, randomized controlled trial comparing the safety and efficacy of briakinumab with etanercept and placebo in patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165(3):661–8.PubMedCrossRef
145.
Zurück zum Zitat Gottlieb AB, Leonardi C, Kerdel F, et al. Efficacy and safety of briakinumab vs. etanercept and placebo in patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165(3):652–60.PubMedCrossRef Gottlieb AB, Leonardi C, Kerdel F, et al. Efficacy and safety of briakinumab vs. etanercept and placebo in patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165(3):652–60.PubMedCrossRef
146.
Zurück zum Zitat Kurzeja M, Rudnicka L, Olszewska M. New interleukin-23 pathway inhibitors in dermatology: ustekinumab, briakinumab, and secukinumab. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2011;12(2):113–25.PubMedCrossRef Kurzeja M, Rudnicka L, Olszewska M. New interleukin-23 pathway inhibitors in dermatology: ustekinumab, briakinumab, and secukinumab. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2011;12(2):113–25.PubMedCrossRef
147.
Zurück zum Zitat Hawrot AC, Metry DW, Theos AJ, et al. Etanercept for psoriasis in the pediatric population: experience in nine patients. Pediatr Dermatol. 2006;23(1):67–71.PubMedCrossRef Hawrot AC, Metry DW, Theos AJ, et al. Etanercept for psoriasis in the pediatric population: experience in nine patients. Pediatr Dermatol. 2006;23(1):67–71.PubMedCrossRef
148.
Zurück zum Zitat Kress DW. Etanercept therapy improves symptoms and allows tapering of other medications in children and adolescents with moderate to severe psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54(3 Suppl. 2):S126–8.PubMedCrossRef Kress DW. Etanercept therapy improves symptoms and allows tapering of other medications in children and adolescents with moderate to severe psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54(3 Suppl. 2):S126–8.PubMedCrossRef
149.
Zurück zum Zitat Papoutsaki M, Costanzo A, Mazzotta A, et al. Etanercept for the treatment of severe childhood psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2006;154(1):181–3.PubMedCrossRef Papoutsaki M, Costanzo A, Mazzotta A, et al. Etanercept for the treatment of severe childhood psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2006;154(1):181–3.PubMedCrossRef
150.
Zurück zum Zitat Safa G, Loppin M, Bousser AM, et al. Etanercept in a 7-year-old boy with severe and recalcitrant psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;56(2 Suppl.):S19–20.PubMedCrossRef Safa G, Loppin M, Bousser AM, et al. Etanercept in a 7-year-old boy with severe and recalcitrant psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;56(2 Suppl.):S19–20.PubMedCrossRef
151.
Zurück zum Zitat Fabrizi G, Guerriero C, Pagliarello C. Etanercept in infants: suberythrodermic, recalcitrant psoriasis in a 22 month-old child successfully treated with etanercept. Eur J Dermatol. 2007;17(3):245.PubMed Fabrizi G, Guerriero C, Pagliarello C. Etanercept in infants: suberythrodermic, recalcitrant psoriasis in a 22 month-old child successfully treated with etanercept. Eur J Dermatol. 2007;17(3):245.PubMed
152.
Zurück zum Zitat Floristan U, Feltes R, Ramirez P, et al. Recalcitrant palmoplantar pustular psoriasis treated with etanercept. Pediatr Dermatol. 2011;28(3):349–50.PubMedCrossRef Floristan U, Feltes R, Ramirez P, et al. Recalcitrant palmoplantar pustular psoriasis treated with etanercept. Pediatr Dermatol. 2011;28(3):349–50.PubMedCrossRef
153.
Zurück zum Zitat Pereira TM, Vieira AP, Fernandes JC, et al. Anti-TNF-alpha therapy in childhood pustular psoriasis. Dermatology. 2006;213(4):350–2.PubMedCrossRef Pereira TM, Vieira AP, Fernandes JC, et al. Anti-TNF-alpha therapy in childhood pustular psoriasis. Dermatology. 2006;213(4):350–2.PubMedCrossRef
154.
Zurück zum Zitat Paller AS, Siegfried EC, Langley RG, et al. Etanercept treatment for children and adolescents with plaque psoriasis. New Engl J Med. 2008;358(3):241–51.PubMedCrossRef Paller AS, Siegfried EC, Langley RG, et al. Etanercept treatment for children and adolescents with plaque psoriasis. New Engl J Med. 2008;358(3):241–51.PubMedCrossRef
155.
Zurück zum Zitat Paller AS, Siegfried EC, Eichenfield LF, et al. Long-term etanercept in pediatric patients with plaque psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;63(5):762–8.PubMedCrossRef Paller AS, Siegfried EC, Eichenfield LF, et al. Long-term etanercept in pediatric patients with plaque psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;63(5):762–8.PubMedCrossRef
156.
Zurück zum Zitat Callen JP, Jackson JH. Adalimumab effectively controlled recalcitrant generalized pustular psoriasis in an adolescent. J Dermatol Treat. 2005;16(5–6):350–2.CrossRef Callen JP, Jackson JH. Adalimumab effectively controlled recalcitrant generalized pustular psoriasis in an adolescent. J Dermatol Treat. 2005;16(5–6):350–2.CrossRef
157.
Zurück zum Zitat Alvarez AC, Rodriguez-Nevado I, De Argila D, et al. Recalcitrant pustular psoriasis successfully treated with adalimumab. Pediatr Dermatol. 2011;28(2):195–7.PubMedCrossRef Alvarez AC, Rodriguez-Nevado I, De Argila D, et al. Recalcitrant pustular psoriasis successfully treated with adalimumab. Pediatr Dermatol. 2011;28(2):195–7.PubMedCrossRef
158.
Zurück zum Zitat Menter MA, Cush JM. Successful treatment of pediatric psoriasis with infliximab. Pediatr Dermatol. 2004;21(1):87–8.PubMedCrossRef Menter MA, Cush JM. Successful treatment of pediatric psoriasis with infliximab. Pediatr Dermatol. 2004;21(1):87–8.PubMedCrossRef
159.
Zurück zum Zitat Farnsworth NN, George SJ, Hsu S. Successful use of infliximab following a failed course of etanercept in a pediatric patient. Dermatol Online J. 2005;11(3):11.PubMed Farnsworth NN, George SJ, Hsu S. Successful use of infliximab following a failed course of etanercept in a pediatric patient. Dermatol Online J. 2005;11(3):11.PubMed
160.
Zurück zum Zitat Rott S, Kuster RM, Mrowietz U. Successful treatment of severe psoriatic arthritis with infliximab in an 11-year-old child suffering from linear psoriasis along lines of Blaschko. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157(1):191–2.PubMedCrossRef Rott S, Kuster RM, Mrowietz U. Successful treatment of severe psoriatic arthritis with infliximab in an 11-year-old child suffering from linear psoriasis along lines of Blaschko. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157(1):191–2.PubMedCrossRef
161.
Zurück zum Zitat Perman MJ, Lovell DJ, Denson LA, et al. Five cases of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced psoriasis presenting with severe scalp involvement in children. Pediatr Dermatol. 2012;29(4):454–9.PubMedCrossRef Perman MJ, Lovell DJ, Denson LA, et al. Five cases of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced psoriasis presenting with severe scalp involvement in children. Pediatr Dermatol. 2012;29(4):454–9.PubMedCrossRef
162.
Zurück zum Zitat Hiremath G, Duffy L, Leibowitz I. Infliximab-induced psoriasis in children with inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2011;52(2):230–2.PubMedCrossRef Hiremath G, Duffy L, Leibowitz I. Infliximab-induced psoriasis in children with inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2011;52(2):230–2.PubMedCrossRef
163.
Zurück zum Zitat Pourciau C, Shwayder T. Occurrence of pustular psoriasis after treatment of Crohn disease with infliximab. Pediatr Dermatol. 2010;27(5):539–40.PubMedCrossRef Pourciau C, Shwayder T. Occurrence of pustular psoriasis after treatment of Crohn disease with infliximab. Pediatr Dermatol. 2010;27(5):539–40.PubMedCrossRef
164.
Zurück zum Zitat Stuart P, Malick F, Nair RP, et al. Analysis of phenotypic variation in psoriasis as a function of age at onset and family history. Arch Dermatol Res. 2002;294(5):207–13.PubMed Stuart P, Malick F, Nair RP, et al. Analysis of phenotypic variation in psoriasis as a function of age at onset and family history. Arch Dermatol Res. 2002;294(5):207–13.PubMed
165.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferrandiz C, Pujol RM, Garcia-Patos V, et al. Psoriasis of early and late onset: a clinical and epidemiologic study from Spain. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46(6):867–73.PubMedCrossRef Ferrandiz C, Pujol RM, Garcia-Patos V, et al. Psoriasis of early and late onset: a clinical and epidemiologic study from Spain. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46(6):867–73.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Psoriasis: Current and Future
verfasst von
Kara N. Shah
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2013
Verlag
Springer International Publishing AG
Erschienen in
American Journal of Clinical Dermatology / Ausgabe 3/2013
Print ISSN: 1175-0561
Elektronische ISSN: 1179-1888
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-013-0026-8

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2013

American Journal of Clinical Dermatology 3/2013 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Dermatologie

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Sind Frauen die fähigeren Ärzte?

30.04.2024 Gendermedizin Nachrichten

Patienten, die von Ärztinnen behandelt werden, dürfen offenbar auf bessere Therapieergebnisse hoffen als Patienten von Ärzten. Besonders gilt das offenbar für weibliche Kranke, wie eine Studie zeigt.

Hirsutismus bei PCOS: Laser- und Lichttherapien helfen

26.04.2024 Hirsutismus Nachrichten

Laser- und Lichtbehandlungen können bei Frauen mit polyzystischem Ovarialsyndrom (PCOS) den übermäßigen Haarwuchs verringern und das Wohlbefinden verbessern – bei alleiniger Anwendung oder in Kombination mit Medikamenten.

Bei schweren Reaktionen auf Insektenstiche empfiehlt sich eine spezifische Immuntherapie

Insektenstiche sind bei Erwachsenen die häufigsten Auslöser einer Anaphylaxie. Einen wirksamen Schutz vor schweren anaphylaktischen Reaktionen bietet die allergenspezifische Immuntherapie. Jedoch kommt sie noch viel zu selten zum Einsatz.

Auf diese Krankheiten bei Geflüchteten sollten Sie vorbereitet sein

22.04.2024 DGIM 2024 Nachrichten

Um Menschen nach der Flucht aus einem Krisengebiet bestmöglich medizinisch betreuen zu können, ist es gut zu wissen, welche Erkrankungen im jeweiligen Herkunftsland häufig sind. Dabei hilft eine Internetseite der CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).

Update Dermatologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.