Background
Methods
The 10/66 Dementia Research Group population-based studies
Measures
Statistical Analyses
Results
Variable
|
Cuba
|
Dominican Republic
|
Urban Peru
|
Rural Peru
|
Venezuela
|
Urban Mexico
|
Rural Mexico
|
Urban China
|
Rural China
|
India Urban
|
Rural India
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Response rate (%)
| 94 | 95 | 80 | 88 | 80 | 84 | 86 | 74 | 96 | 72 | 98 |
Achieved sample (n)
| 2,944 | 2,011 | 1,381 | 552 | 1,965 | 1,003 | 1,000 | 1,160 | 1,002 | 1,005 | 999 |
Age (MV)
| 7 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
Mean (SD) | 75.1 (7.0) | 75.3 (7.5) | 75.0 (7.4) | 74.2 (7.3) | 72.3 (6.9) | 74.5 (6.6) | 74.1 (6.7) | 73.9 (6.2) | 72.4 (6.0) | 71.3 (6.1) | 72.6 (5.8) |
Sex (MV)
| 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 0 |
Female (%) | 1913 (65.0) | 1325 (65.9) | 888 (64.3) | 295 (53.4) | 1226 (63.5) | 666 (66.4) | 602 (60.2) | 661 (57.0) | 556 (55.5) | 571 (57.7) | 545 (54.6) |
Education (MV)
| 8 | 19 | 8 | 8 | 40 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
No education (%) | 75 (2.6) | 392 (19.7) | 37 (2.7) | 84 (15.4) | 156 (8.1) | 227 (22.7) | 327 (32.7) | 232 (20.0) | 579 (57.8) | 428 (42.7) | 660 (66.1) |
Some Education (%) | 655 (22.3) | 1022 (51.3) | 90 (6.6) | 141 (25.9) | 445 (23.1) | 354 (35.4) | 510 (51.0) | 153 (13.2) | 114 (11.4) | 234 (23.3) | 195 (19.5) |
Primary (%) | 979 (33.3) | 370 (18.6) | 460 (33.5) | 267 (49.1) | 965 (50.1) | 229 (22.9) | 122 (12.2) | 303 (26.1) | 259 (25.9) | 212 (21.1) | 116 (11.6) |
Secondary (%) | 728 (24.8) | 135 (6.8) | 481 (35.0) | 36 (6.6) | 266 (13.8) | 99 (9.9) | 25 (2.5) | 335 (28.9) | 45 (4.5) | 87 (8.7) | 26 (2.6) |
Tertiary (%) | 499 (17.0) | 73 (3.7) | 305 (22.2) | 16 (2.9) | 93 (4.8) | 92 (9.2) | 16 (1.6) | 137 (11.8) | 5 (0.5) | 42 (4.2) | 2 (0.2) |
Currently married (MV)
| 8 | 15 | 10 | 1 | 45 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Currently married | 1271 (43.3) | 586 (29.4) | 784 (57.2) | 308 (55.9) | 921 (48.0) | 470 (46.9) | 538 (53.9) | 829 (71.5) | 585 (58.4) | 523 (52.2) | 481 (48.1) |
Co residence (MV)
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
With children (%) | 1422 (48.3) | 963 (47.9) | 890 (64.4) | 326 (59.1) | 1578 (80.3) | 565 (56.3) | 523 (52.3) | 446 (38.4) | 679 (67.8) | 719 (71.5) | 625 (62.6) |
Dementia (MV)
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
10/66 or DSM-IV criteria (%) | 323 (11.0) | 242 (12.0) | 130 (9.4) | 36 (6.5) | 145 (7.4) | 93 (9.3) | 87 (8.7) | 84 (7.2) | 56 (5.6) | 75 (7.5) | 108 (10.8) |
Depression (MV)
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ICD-10 depressive episode (%) | 144 (4.9) | 278 (13.8) | 87 (6.3) | 16 (2.9) | 107 (5.5) | 47 (4.7) | 45 (4.5) | 3 (0.3) | 7 (0.7) | 39 (3.9) | 126 (12.6) |
Physical impairments (MV)
| 6 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 33 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Three or more (%) | 292 (9.9) | 465 (23.1) | 224 (16.2) | 40 (7.3) | 489 (24.9) | 158 (15.8) | 185 (18.5) | 208 (17.9) | 39 (3.9) | 41 (4.1) | 168 (16.8) |
Self-reported health (MV)
| 9 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 46 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
'bad' or 'very bad' (%) | 271 (9) | 186 (9) | 70 (5) | 11 (2) | 87 (5) | 87 (9) | 84 (8) | 42 (4) | 42 (4) | 46 (5) | 97 (10) |
Informant co-resident (MV)
| 24 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
Yes (%) | 2307 (78.4) | 1388 (69.1) | 1166 (84.4) | 460 (83.3) | 1633 (83.1) | 778 (77.6) | 619 (61.9) | 1064 (91.7) | 960 (95.8) | 807 (80.3) | 806 (80.7) |
Informant age group (MV)
| 21 | 5 | 1 | 6 | 11 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
≤20 years (%) | 68 (2.3) | 107 (5.3) | 25 (1.8) | 13 (2.4) | 62 (3.2) | 32 (3.2) | 50 (5.0) | 13 (1.2) | 3 (0.3) | 39 (3.8) | 26 (2.6) |
21-44 years (%) | 941 (31.9) | 731 (36.3) | 340 (24.6) | 216 (39.2) | 748 (38.1) | 393 (39.2) | 551 (55.1) | 177 (15.3) | 275 (27.5) | 500 (49.7) | 492 (49.2) |
45-64 years (%) | 912 (30.9) | 674 (33.5) | 421 (30.5) | 161 (29.2) | 711 (36.2) | 321 (32.0) | 315 (31.5) | 270 (23.3) | 399 (39.8) | 315 (31.4) | 361 (36.2) |
≥65 years (%) | 1002 (34.1) | 494 (24.6) | 594 (43.1) | 156 (28.3) | 433 (22.1) | 255 (25.4) | 82 (8.2) | 700 (60.4) | 325 (32.4) | 147 (14.6) | 120 (12.1) |
Informant Sex (MV)
| 26 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 22 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
Female (%) | 2033 (69.1) | 1454 (72.3) | 996 (72.2) | 398 (72.1) | 1366 (69.5) | 740 (73.8) | 799 (79.9) | 666 (57.4) | 341 (34.1) | 758 (75.4) | 826 (82.7) |
Informant relationship to
older participant (MV)
| 21 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 22 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
Spouse (%) | 926 (31.4) | 403 (20.0) | 463 (33.5) | 162 (29.3) | 530 (26.9) | 224 (22.3) | 104 (10.4) | 691 (59.6) | 345 (34.4) | 264 (26.3) | 328 (32.8) |
Child (%) | 1057 (35.9) | 738 (36.7) | 505 (36.6) | 257 (46.6) | 928 (47.2) | 497 (49.5) | 480 (48.0) | 317 (27.3) | 521 (52.0) | 297 (29.5) | 200 (20.0) |
Son-Daughter-in Law (%) | 99 (3.4) | 50 (2.5) | 32 (2.3) | 19 (3.4) | 61 (3.1) | 70 (6.9) | 177 (17.7) | 42 (3.6) | 108 (10.8) | 253 (25.2) | 297 (29.7) |
Sibling (%) | 145 (4.9) | 108 (5.4) | 98 (7.1) | 23 (4.2) | 54 (2.7) | 40 (3.9) | 32 (3.2) | 5 (0.4) | 3 (0.3) | 24 (2.4) | 15 (1.5) |
Other (%) | 696 (23.6) | 707 (35.2) | 282 (20.4) | 88 (15.9) | 370 (18.8) | 171 (17.0) | 207 (20.7) | 104 (8.9) | 25 (2.5) | 162 (16.2) | 159 (15.9) |
Sample characteristics
Prevalence of dependence by age and sex and the effect of education
65-69
|
70-74
|
75-79
|
80+
|
Age
|
Sex
|
Education
|
Crude
Prevalence
(95% CI)
|
Standardized
Morbidity Ratio
(95% CI)† | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted*
|
Adjusted*
|
Adjusted*
| ||||||||
Cuba
| Female | 3.1% (1.4-4.6) | 8.1% (5.5-10.7) | 6.6% (3.9-9.2) | 26.9% (22.8-31.1) | 2.04 (1.76-2.34) | 0.68 (0.53-0.89) | 0.84 (0.73-0.95) | 10.0% (8.9-11.2) | 55.5 (49.1-62.6) |
Male | 2.8% (0.76-4.9) | 2.2% (0.46-4.0) | 5.4% (2.3-8.4) | 20.4% (14.9-25.7) | ||||||
Dominican Republic
| Female | 2.6% (0.9-4.3) | 8.4% (5.3-11.4) | 7.9% (4.6-11.2) | 29.6% (25.1-34.1) | 1.88 (1.65-2.14) | 0.79 (0.61-1.05) | 0.92 (0.78-1.06) | 11.8% (10.4-13.2) | 62.9 (55.3-71.4) |
Male | 4.3% (1.4-7.2) | 7.2% (3.5-10.8) | 12.1% (6.5-17.7) | 15.5% (9.9-20.9) | ||||||
Urban Peru
| Female | 2.2% (0.5-4.1) | 5% (2.1-7.9) | 7.4% (3.6-11.1) | 26.6% (20.7-32.6) | 2.06 (1.72-2.47) | 0.89 (0.63-1.26) | 0.92 (0.77-1.11) | 9.7% (8.1-11.4) | 53.5 (45.2-63.3) |
Male | 5.4% (1.1-9.5) | 4.5% (0.96-8.1) | 8.3% (3.1-13.6) | 17.7% (11.4-24.1) | ||||||
Rural Peru
| Female | 1% (0-2.9) | 2.4% (0-5.7) | 7.5% (0.3-14.7) | 12.1% (3.5-20.5) | 1.58 (1.12-2.24) | 0.89 (0.37-2.11) | 0.82 (0.53-1.26) | 4.7% (2.9-6.5) | 27.5 (18.8-40.5) |
Male | 2.5% (0-6) | 5.2% (0-10.9) | 6.4% (0-13.5) | 5.5% (0.2-10.9) | ||||||
Venezuela
| Female | 3.3% (1.7-4.8) | 5.5% (2.9-8.2) | 13.8% (9.3-18.5) | 31.8% (25.4-38.3) | 1.96 (1.72-2.25) | 0.77 (0.57-1.05) | 0.87 (0.74-1.02) | 10.6% (9.2-12.0) | 71.5 (62.5-81.9) |
Male | 3.5% (1.4-5.5) | 5.6% (2.2-9.1) | 11.3% (5.7-16.9) | 17.2% (9.2-25.2) | ||||||
Urban Mexico
| Female | 3.7% (1.0-6.5) | 7.1% (3.6-10.6) | 14.3% (8.2-20.4) | 27.9% (20.6-35.4) | 1.71 (1.41-2.06) | 0.79 (0.55-1.15) | 0.74 (0.62-0.88) | 11.3% (9.2-13.5) | 67.5 (56.2-81.1) |
Male | 5% (0-10.6) | 8.5% (3.4-13.5) | 7.6% (1.7-13.5) | 17.5% (9.1-25.9) | ||||||
Rural Mexico
| Female | 6.1% (2.7-9.4) | 6.7% (2.7-10.7) | 8.2% (3.5-12.8) | 14.7% (8.4-21.1) | 1.43 (1.17-1.73) | 0.85 (0.56-1.26) | 1.21 (0.95-1.54) | 8.2% (6.4-9.9) | 48.7 (39.2-60.5) |
Male | 2.9% (0-6.3) | 6.8% (1.9-11.7) | 9.2% (3.1-15.3) | 12.3% (5.9-18.5) | ||||||
Urban China
| Female | 5.4% (2.3-8.5) | 11.4% (7.0-15.8) | 18.9% (12.4-25.6) | 42.0% (33.1-50.9) | 1.85 (1.62-2.12) | 0.84 (0.64-1.11) | 0.93 (0.83-1.05) | 15.7% (13.6-17.9) | 98.3 (85.1-113.7) |
Male | 8.9% (3.6-14.3) | 6.2% (2.5-9.9) | 17.9% (10.9-24.9) | 29.4% (20.7-37.9) | ||||||
Rural China
| Female | 1.1% (0-2.5) | 4.8% (1.5-8.2) | 4.8% (1.1-8.6) | 14.6% (6.6-22.7) | 1.86 (1.49-2.33) | 1.48 (0.89-2.46) | 0.94 (0.72-1.23) | 5.4% (3.9-6.8) | 38.2 (28.7-49.9) |
Male | 2.1% (0.05-4.1) | 5.3% (1.4-9.2) | 15.6% (7.4-23.7) | 8.7% (0.4-16.9) | ||||||
Urban India
| Female | 1.3% (0-2.7) | 3.2% (0.7-5.7) | 1.4% (0-4.1) | 7.7% (1.2-14.2) | 1.94 (1.42-2.64) | 1.21 (0.62-2.37) | 1.01 (0.73-1.39) | 2.9% (1.8-4.01) | 21.5 (14.4-30.9) |
Male | 0.6% (0-1.7) | 2.4% (0-5.2) | 7.4% (1.1-13.8) | 10% (1.6-18.4) | ||||||
Rural India
| Female | 6.7% (3.2-10.3) | 8.2% (4.3-12.1) | 8.9% (3.0-14.9) | 27.9% (17.2-38.7) | 1.43 (1.17-1.75) | 0.98 (0.63-1.53) | 0.43 (0.25-0.72) | 8.5% (6.7-10.2) | 60.3 (48.2-74.6) |
Male | 5.1% (1.4-8.7) | 6.5% (2.6-10.4) | 3.4% (0-7.2) | 12.3% (4.7-19.9) |
Associations between dependence and health conditions
Cuba
|
Dominican Republic
|
Urban Peru
|
Rural Peru
|
Venezuela
|
Urban Mexico
|
Rural Mexico
|
Urban China
|
Rural China
|
Urban India
|
Rural India
|
Meta-analysed PR (95% CI)
|
Cochran's Q Higgins I
2
(95% CI)
|
PAPF median (range)
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dementia
| 9.46 (7.01-12.7) | 2.79 (2.11-3.68) | 6.76 (4.22-10.83) | 8.05 (2.93-22.1) | 4.21 (3.05-5.82) | 4.55 (3.06-6.75) | 3.58 (2.28-5.64) | 3.60 (2.60-4.9) | 5.35 (3.09-9.29) | 9.29 (3.72-23.2) | 2.87 (1.83-4.51) | 4.49 (3.98-5.07) | Q = 48.69 I2 = 79% | 34% (23-59) |
PAPF
| 59% | 27% | 47% | 38% | 28% | 34% | 23% | 29% | 42% | 45% | 24% | (64-88) | ||
Paralysis/weakness
| 1.87 (1.36-2.57) | 3.77 (2.82-5.03) | 2.02 (1.08-3.77) | 4.94 (1.63-14.9) | 1.13 (0.69-1.83) | 1.95 (1.13-3.37) | 3.40 (2.04-5.67) | 3.01 (1.89-4.79) | 13.27 (7.24-24.3) | 1.76 (0.22-13.9) | 2.90 (1.33-6.30) | 2.76 (2.38-3.20) | Q = 53.42 I2 = 81% | 9% (1-46) |
PAPF
| 6% | 20% | 9% | 6% | 2% | 5% | 10% | 20% | 46% | 1% | 12% | (68-89) | ||
Stroke
| 1.78 (1.36-2.33) | 1.27 (0.9-1.76) | 2.40 (1.43-4.03) | 3.01 (0.69-13.0) | 2.04 (1.41-2.95) | 1.92 (1.19-3.11) | 2.60 (1.62-4.17) | 1.31 (0.84-2.1) | 1.23 (0.59-2.57) | 3.86 (1.40-10.6) | 2.87 (1.13-7.33) | 1.78 (1.55-2.05) | Q = 15.10 I2 = 34% | 8% (2-17) |
PAPF
| 10% | 5% | 17% | 7% | 11% | 8% | 13% | 7% | 2% | 10% | 6% | (0-67) | ||
Depression
| 1.56 (1.08-2.24) | 2.79 (2.11-3.68) | 2.06 (1.35-3.15) | 5.25 (1.51-18.2) | 2.30 (1.43-3.69) | 0.93 (0.47-1.83) | 2.55 (1.52-4.27) | 1.00 (0.41-2.43) | 1.11 (0.61-2.02) | 2.57 (0.89-7.42) | 1.84 (1.03-3.29) | 1.70 (1.46-1.98) | Q = 15.63 I2 = 36% | 8% (0-27) |
PAPF
| 3% | 27% | 7% | 16% | 8% | 0 | 8% | 0 | 1% | 10% | 10% | (0-69) | ||
Eyesight problems
| 1.21 (0.97-1.50) | 1.40 (1.12-1.84) | 1.20 (0.82-1.75) | 0.72 (0.30-1.74) | 0.95 (0.70-1.29) | 1.36 (0.96-1.94) | 0.92 (0.59-1.45) | 1.18 (0.85-1.64) | 1.79 (0.94-3.39) | 2.06 (0.46-9.13) | 1.12 (0.70-1.80) | 1.20 (1.08-1.34) | Q = 9.37 I2 = 0 (0-60) | 6% (0-16) |
PAPF
| 7% | 16% | 7% | 0 | 0 | 11% | 0 | 3% | 6% | 7% | 3% | |||
Arthritis/rheumatism
| 1.18 (0.93-1.50) | 0.93 (0.72-1.20) | 1.29 (0.89-1.88) | 0.53 (0.11-2.50) | 1.87 (0.85-1.65) | 1.32 (0.85-2.04) | 0.87 (0.56-1.37) | 1.50 (1.07-2.10) | 0.71 (0.15-3.28) | 1.05 (0.42-2.59) | 1.07 (0.66-1.74) | 1.13 (1.01-1.27) | Q = 8.73 I2 = 0 (0-60) | 4% (0-6) |
PAPF
| 4% | 0 | 5% | 0 | 5% | 5% | 0 | 6% | 0 | 0 | 4% | |||
Stomach/intestine problems
|
0.86
(0.62-1.18)
|
1.10
(0.82-1.48)
|
1.01
(0.67-1.54)
|
3.71
(1.13-12.2)
|
0.72
(0.50-1.04)
|
1.10
(0.69-1.76)
|
1.98
(1.29-3.05)
|
1.12
(0.72-1.74)
|
4.22
(1.08-16.4)
|
NC
|
1.39
(0.74-2.59)
|
1.09
(0.95-1.25)
|
Q = 23.16
I
2
= 61%
(22-81)
|
1.5%
(0-16)
|
PAPF
|
0
|
2%
|
0
|
11%
|
0
|
1%
|
16%
|
0
|
4%
|
2%
| ||||
Hearing difficulty
|
1.07
(0.82-1.39)
|
1.32
(0.99-1.75)
|
0.95
(0.65-1.38)
|
1.31
(0.40-4.28)
|
1.10
(0.75-1.59)
|
0.98
(0.66-1.46)
|
0.83
(0.52-1.34)
|
1.04
(0.75-1.46)
|
0.97
(0.52-1.80)
|
NC
|
1.09
(0.66-1.80)
|
1.06
(0.92-1.21)
|
Q = 4.38
I
2
= 0 (0-62)
|
1%
(0-5)
|
PAPF
|
1%
|
5%
|
0
|
4%
|
2%
|
0
|
0
|
1%
|
0
|
2%
| ||||
Difficulty breathing
|
1.17
(0.73-1.89
|
0.91
(0.63-1.33)
|
1.39
(0.72-2.68)
|
0.46
(0.12-1.65)
|
1.22
(0.78-1.91)
|
1.47
(0.70-3.11)
|
1.04
(0.46-2.34)
|
1.51
(0.93-2.46)
|
1.45
(0.39-5.36)
|
0.75
(0.12-4.43)
|
1.47
(0.83-2.60)
|
1.18
(0.98-1.41)
|
Q = 6.42
I
2
= 0 (0-60)
|
1%
(0-6)
|
PAPF
|
0
|
0
|
2%
|
0
|
2%
|
2%
|
0
|
2%
|
1%
|
0
|
6%
| |||
Heart problems
|
0.97
(0.66-1.43)
|
1.34
(0.88-2.04)
|
1.09
(0.60-1.99)
|
2.29
(0.44-11.7)
|
0.76
(0.45-1.27)
|
1.03
(0.41-2.57)
|
1.01
(0.28-3.59)
|
1.41
(1.04-1.91)
|
1.54
(0.56-4.18)
|
NC
|
NC
|
1.17
(0.98-1.39)
|
Q = 6.51
I
2
= 0 (0-65)
|
0
(0-9)
|
PAPF
|
0
|
2%
|
0
|
4%
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
9%
|
1%
| |||||
Faint/blackout
|
1.13
(0.69-1.83)
|
0.90
(0.53-1.53)
|
1.09
(0.45-2.59)
|
0.12
(0.01-1.31)
|
1.46
(0.86-2.47)
|
1.95
(0.35-10.6)
|
0.89
(0.33-2.37)
|
1.04
(0.61-1.77)
|
0.51
(0.19-1.38)
|
0.46
(0.03-7.24)
|
1.78
(1.04-3.05)
|
1.11
(0.90-1.37)
|
Q = 12.01
I
2
= 17%
|
0
(0-11)
|
PAPF
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
3%
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
11%
|
(0-57)
| ||
COPD†
|
0.88
(0.51-1.50)
|
0.86
(0.55-1.33)
|
0.58
(0.32-1.06)
|
1.10
(0.35-3.47)
|
1.14
(0.75-1.73)
|
0.58
(0.27-1.27)
|
1.49
(0.76-2.90)
|
2.11
(1.42-3.2)
|
1.04
(0.46-2.37)
|
NC
|
0.86
(0.41-1.81)
|
1.08
(0.91-1.30)
|
Q = 20.63
I
2
= 56%
|
0
(0-4)
|
PAPF
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1%
|
0
|
4%
|
4%
|
0
|
0
|
(12-78)
| |||
Skin disorders
|
0.84
(0.51-1.40)
|
2.57
(1.63-4.03)
|
1.11
(0.69-1.81)
|
0.26
(0.06-1.05)
|
0.99
(0.64-1.53)
|
0.47
(0.14-1.58)
|
1.10
(0.60-2.00)
|
0.38
(0.18-0.79)
|
NC
|
NC
|
0.84
(0.33-2.14)
|
1.05
(0.86-1.29)
|
Q = 28.73
I
2
= 72%
|
0
(0-4)
|
PAPF
|
0
|
4%
|
1%
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
(45-86)
| ||||
Infarction/Angina‡
|
1.01
(0.77-1.33)
|
1.80
(1.13-2.88)
|
0.80
(0.43-1.50)
|
1.09
(0.26-4.40)
|
1.26
(0.72-2.21)
|
1.37
(0.53-3.54)
|
0.58
(0.07-4.31)
|
0.66
(0.43-1.1)
|
NC
|
0.87
(0.10-7.08)
|
0.46
(0.09-2.25)
|
1.02
(0.85-1.21)
|
Q = 12.41
I
2
= 28%
|
0
(0-3)
|
PAPF
|
0
|
3%
|
0
|
0
|
2%
|
1%
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
(0-65)
| |||
Persistent cough
|
0.85
(0.40-1.76)
|
0.89
(0.62-1.28)
|
1.04
(0.63-1.73)
|
2.30
(0.72-7.32)
|
0.89
(0.56-1.39)
|
0.94
(0.51-1.72)
|
0.52
(0.17-1.54)
|
0.77
(0.47-1.25)
|
NC
|
NC
|
1.06
(0.52-2.12)
|
0.94
(0.79-1.13)
|
Q = 5.24
I
2
= 0 (0-65)
|
0
(0-2)
|
PAPF
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
2%
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
| |||||
Hypertension
|
0.79
(0.64-0.99)
|
0.74
(0.57-0.96)
|
1.01
(0.73-1.38)
|
1.79
(0.71-4.51)
|
0.97
(0.69-1.37)
|
0.86
(0.60-1.23)
|
1.47
(0.99-2.16)
|
1.03
(0.77-1.4)
|
1.48
(0.83-2.64)
|
1.31
(0.59-2.88)
|
0.66
(0.41-1.05)
|
0.92
(0.83-1.02)
|
Q = 18.51
I
2
= 46%
|
0
(0-23)
|
PAPF
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
21%
|
0
|
0
|
20%
|
2%
|
23%
|
15%
|
0
|
(0-73)
| ||
TOTAL PAPF
| 62.4% | 48.4% | 63.8% | 63.8% | 40.1% | 45.0% | 58.0% | 54.0% | 74.2% | 61.2% | 47.2% |
Crude Prevalence (95% CI)
|
Standardized Prevalence (95% CI)†
|
Standardized Prevalence (95% CI) ‡
| |
---|---|---|---|
Cuba
| 10.0% (8.9-11.2) | 10.5% (8.6-12.4) | 4.5% (3.6-5.4) |
Dominican Republic
| 11.8% (10.4-13.2) | 9.7% (8.4-11.0) | 4.1% (3.6-4.5) |
Urban Peru
| 9.7% (8.1-11.4) | 8.0% (6.2-9.8) | 3.1% (2.6-3.5) |
Rural Peru
| 4.7% (2.9-6.5) | 5.2% (3.2-7.2) | 2.0% (1.4-2.6) |
Venezuela
| 10.6% (9.2-12.0) | 10.9% (9.2-12.6) | 4.5% (4.0-4.9) |
Urban Mexico
| 11.3% (9.2-13.5) | 10.3% (8.4-12.1) | 4.5% (3.8-5.2) |
Rural Mexico
| 8.2% (6.4-9.9) | 7.6% (5.6-9.7) | 3.0% (2.4-3.5) |
Urban China
| 15.7% (13.6-17.9) | 16.0% (13.7-18.2) | 5.3% (4.7-5.9) |
Rural China
| 5.4% (3.9-6.8) | 4.0% (2.8-5.3) | 1.1% (0.8-1.4) |
Urban India
| 2.9% (1.8-4.01) | 3.9% (2.2-5.7) | 1.0% (0.6-1.3) |
Rural India
| 8.5% (6.7-10.2) | 3.7% (2.9-4.5) | 2.2% (1.3-3.2) |