Background
Methods
Subjects
Anthropometrics and body composition assessment
Biochemical assays
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
Magnetic resonance imaging
Environmental variables
Genotyping
Statistical Analyses
Results
Participant characteristics
European-American (EA) | African-American (AA) | Ethnicity P
(a/b) | Gender P
(a/b) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
male | female | male | female | |||||||
N | mean (SD) | N | mean (SD) | N | mean (SD) | N | mean (SD) | |||
Age, years | 475 | 17.4(3.4) | 478 | 17.8(3.4) | 457 | 15.2(4.4) | 568 | 15.8(4.5) | 0.52 | 0.19 |
Anthropometry and adiposity
| ||||||||||
Height (cm) | 475 | 173.4(9.0) | 478 | 162.6(6.9) | 457 | 165.2(16.0) | 568 | 158.4(10.8) | 0.67 | < 0.001 |
Weight(kg) | 475 | 69.9(18.2) | 478 | 60.9(15.6) | 457 | 63.8(22.3) | 568 | 62.6(21.1) | < 0.001** | < 0.001 |
BMI(kg/m2) | 475 | 23.1(5.1) | 477 | 22.8(4.9) | 457 | 22.8(5.4) | 566 | 24.5(6.6) | < 0.001** | < 0.001##
|
Waist circumference (cm) | 474 | 80.4(12.9) | 476 | 75.2(12.8) | 457 | 74.6(13.5) | 568 | 75.9(14.9) | 0.02* | < 0.001#
|
Suprailiac skinfold (mm) | 474 | 14.7(9.2) | 478 | 18.7(9.7) | 457 | 14.6(11.4) | 568 | 20.7(12.0) | 0.001** | < 0.001 |
Subscapular skinfold (mm) | 474 | 13.2(7.8) | 478 | 16.7(8.5) | 457 | 14.7(9.5) | 567 | 20.3(11.1) | < 0.001** | < 0.001 |
Triceps skinfold (mm) | 475 | 13.1(7.1) | 477 | 20.5(7.4) | 457 | 13.6(8.3) | 568 | 21.6(9.7) | 0.74 | < 0.001 |
Sum of skinfolds (mm) | 475 | 41.0(22.8) | 477 | 55.9(24.0) | 457 | 42.9(28.1) | 567 | 62.7(31.3) | 0.001** | < 0.001 |
%BF | 132 | 18.7(7.8) | 144 | 29.4(7.1) | 227 | 20.9(10.0) | 265 | 29.5(8.5) | 0.34 | < 0.001 |
VAT(cm3) | 64 | 95.8(56.2) | 72 | 111.9(55.6) | 70 | 67.0(49.6) | 188 | 100.8(72.6) | < 0.001* | < 0.001 |
SAAT (cm3) | 64 | 622.9(556.1) | 72 | 903.4(517.2) | 70 | 613.1(671.8) | 187 | 1027.3(807.7) | 0.05** | < 0.001 |
Insulin resistance
| ||||||||||
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 164 | 5.3(0.5) | 175 | 5.0(0.5) | 192 | 5.3(0.6) | 284 | 5.0(0.5) | 0.35/0.86 | < 0.001/< 0.001 |
Fasting insulin (pmol/L) | 163 | 100.8(57.2) | 169 | 94.2(58.0) | 186 | 102.6(55.6) | 282 | 131.9(76.4) | < 0.001**/< 0.001** | < 0.001##/< 0.001##
|
HOMA2-%B | 160 | 130.3(48.4) | 169 | 137.4(50.0) | 186 | 134.3(51.2) | 281 | 174.3(64.2) | < 0.001**/< 0.001** | < 0.001##/< 0.001##
|
HOMA2-IR | 160 | 1.9(1.0) | 169 | 1.7(1.0) | 186 | 1.9(1.0) | 281 | 2.4(1.3) | < 0.001**/< 0.001** | < 0.001##/< 0.001##
|
Environmental variables
| ||||||||||
EI(Kilojoules/d) | 134 | 9627.9 (2373.8) | 146 | 7292.2 (2214.1) | 233 | 8109.3 (2809.8) | 268 | 6939.0 (2356.7) | 0.006*/0.005* | < 0.001/< 0.001 |
%CARBO | 134 | 53.4(6.3) | 146 | 55.8(6.2) | 233 | 51.0(7.2) | 269 | 53.5(6.9) | 0.001/0.004 | < 0.001/< 0.001 |
%PRO | 134 | 14.4(2.8) | 146 | 13.6(2.7) | 233 | 14.4(3.0) | 269 | 13.3(2.8) | 0.39/0.15 | < 0.001/< 0.001 |
%FAT | 134 | 32.8(4.8) | 146 | 32.0(5.2) | 234 | 35.2(5.8) | 268 | 34.1(5.1) | < 0.001/< 0.001 | 0.009/0.008 |
VPA (hours/d) | 134 | 0.8(0.7) | 146 | 0.4(0.5) | 213 | 0.7(0.7) | 257 | 0.3(0.5) | 0.28/0.29 | < 0.001/< 0.001 |
Environmental predictors of adiposity
BMI | Waist circumference | Sum of skinfolds | %BF | VAT | SAAT | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β
|
P
| %V |
β
|
P
| %V |
β
|
P
| %V | β | P | %V |
β
|
P
| %V |
β
|
P
| %V | |
VPA (h/day) | - | 0.96 | - |
+
| 0.83 |
-
|
0.01
| 0.43 | - |
< 0.001
| 2.35 | - | 0.45 | - | - |
0.05
| 1.11 | |
EI (Kilojoules/d) |
-
|
0.03
| 0.61 |
-
| 0.84 |
-
|
0.02
| 0.74 | - |
< 0.001
| 1.82 |
-
|
0.02
| 1.16 | - |
0.01
| 1.21 | |
%CARBO | - |
0.02
| 0.48 | - | 0.09 | - |
0.008
| 0.78 | - |
0.007
| 0.73 | - | 0.96 | - | - | 0.21 | - | |
%PRO |
+
|
< 0.001
| 1.84 | + |
< 0.001
| 1.19 | + |
< 0.001
| 1.47 | + |
< 0.001
| 1.29 |
+
| 0.81 | - | + | 0.09 | - |
%FAT | + | 0.44 | - | + | 0.66 | + | 0.20 | - | + | 0.18 | - | - | 0.84 | - | + | 0.40 | - |
Allele and genotype frequencies
Associations between FTOrs9939609 and adiposity-relatedphenotypes
Variables | No. | Mean (95%CI) | χ2
(a/b) | P (a/b) | Variance (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TT/AT/AA | TT | TA | AA | ||||
Weight(kg) | 599/962/417 | 61.5(60.4-62.6) | 62.0(61.0-63.0) | 64.1(62.6-65.7) | 4.97 |
0.03
|
0.20
|
BMI(kg/m2) | 599/962/414 | 22.5(22.2-22.9) | 22.8(22.5-23.1) | 23.3(22.8-23.8) | 6.38 |
0.01
|
0.24
|
Waist circumference (cm) | 599/960/416 | 75.1(74.3-76.0) | 75.5(74.8-76.2) | 76.7(75.6-77.9) | 4.39 |
0.04
|
0.16
|
Suprailiac (mm) | 599/962/417 | 14.4(13.7-15.0) | 14.4(13.9-15.0) | 14.7(13.7-15.6) | 1.07 | 0.30 | - |
Subscapular(mm) | 598/961/417 | 14.1(13.5-14.7) | 14.1(13.6-14.6) | 14.7(13.9-15.5) | 2.28 | 0.13 | - |
Triceps(mm) | 599/961/417 | 15.7(15.2-16.3) | 15.6(15.1-16.1) | 15.8(15.0-16.6) | 0.37 | 0.55 | - |
Sum of skinfold(mm) | 599/960/417 | 44.8(43.2-46.5) | 44.9(43.4-46.4) | 46.0(43.7-48.5) | 1.24 | 0.27 | - |
%BF | 183/377/208 | 24.9(23.7-26.1) | 25.1(24.2-25.9) | 25.2(24.0-26.4) | 0.09 | 0.77 | - |
VAT(cm3) | 97/187/110 | 78.0(69.5-87.5) | 82.1(75.2-89.8) | 78.3(68.9-89.0) | 0.00 | 0.98 | - |
SAAT (cm3) | 97/187/109 | 627.1(539.1-729.6) | 661.6(587.2-745.4) | 673.5(568.4-798.0) | 0.69 | 0.41 | - |
Fasting glucose(mmol/L) | 213/391/211 | 5.07(5.02-5.13) | 5.10(5.06-5.15) | 5.10(5.05-5.16) | 0.57/0.25 | 0.45/0.62 | - |
Fasting insulin (pmol/L) | 208/387/205 | 94.4(88.6-100.6) | 99.7(94.8-104.9) | 94.8(86.5-103.9) | 0.66/0.19 | 0.42/0.67 | - |
HOMA2-%B | 206/385/205 | 140.1(134.8-145.7) | 142.4(138.1-146.8) | 139.3(132.5-146.4) | 0.01/1.09 | 0.92/0.30 | - |
HOMA2-IR | 206/385/205 | 1.7(1.6-1.9) | 1.8(1.8-1.9) | 1.8(1.6-1.9) | 0.62/0.18 | 0.43/0.67 | - |
Associations of FTOrs9939609 with energy intake and VPA in LACHY and APEX studies combined
Variables | No. | Mean (SD) | P (a/b) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TT/AT/AA | TT | TA | AA | ||
EI(Kilojoules/d) | 187/379/209 | 7958.8(2772.2) | 7706.8(2698.3) | 7883.9(2470.2) | 0.75/0.79 |
%CARBO | 187/379/210 | 53.3(7.3) | 53.2(6.9) | 53.2(6.7) | 0.83/0.90 |
%PRO | 187/380/209 | 13.9(2.9) | 13.7(2.9) | 14.2(2.8) | 0.34/0.41 |
%FAT | 186/380/210 | 33.6(5.3) | 34.1(5.6) | 33.5(5.2) | 0.91/0.89 |
VPA (hours/d)c
| 181/359/204 | 0.5(0.6) | 0.5(0.6) | 0.6(0.6) | 0.63/0.62 |
VPA (mins/d)d
| 123/221/129 | 4.8(7.5) | 5.3(7.2) | 3.9(7.2) | 0.26 |