Background
Methods
Sample
Comparisons between respondents and non-respondents
Measures
Intimate partner violence
Dependent variables
Independent variables
Social and behavioural consequences of violence to everyday life, own use of violence and reasons for using such violence
Statistical analyses
Ethical considerations
Results
Sample
Men N = 399 | Women N = 573 | P-value* | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | % | (N) | % | (N) | |
Age groups | |||||
18–29 | 14.3 | (57) | 18.7 | (107) | .007 |
30–39 | 19.3 | (77) | 24.1 | (138) | |
40–49 | 24.1 | (96) | 21.8 | (125) | |
50–59 | 24.6 | (98) | 23.7 | (136) | |
60–65 | 17.8 | (71) | 11.7 | (67) | |
Civil status | |||||
Single/widowed/divorced | 12.1 | (48) | 14.9 | (85) | .325 |
Boyfriend/girlfriend | 13.4 | (53) | 11.2 | (64) | |
Married/cohabitant/registered partnership | 74.6 | (296) | 73.8 | (420) | |
Heterosexual relationship | 86.2 | (344) | 83.2 | (477) | |
Same-sex relationship | 1.3 | (5) | 1.2 | (7) | |
Duration of the present relationship | |||||
> 10 years | 56.9 | (227) | 50.3 | (288) | .298 |
4–10 years | 15.5 | (62) | 20.1 | (115) | |
1–3 years | 16.0 | (64) | 14.3 | (82) | |
Country of Birth | |||||
Sweden | 89.2 | (356) | 90.6 | (519) | .164 |
Other Nordic country | 1.8 | (7) | 2.6 | (15) | |
Other European country | 2.5 | (10) | 3.1 | (18) | |
Country outside of Europe | 6.5 | (26) | 3.7 | (21) | |
Educational level (highest) | |||||
University | 39.4 | (156) | 47.2 | (270) | .047 |
High school (10–12 yrs) | 43.7 | (173) | 36.9 | (211) | |
Compulsory (≤9 yrs) | 16.9 | (67) | 15.9 | (91) | |
Annual income (before tax, Swedish crowns) | |||||
310,000 or more | 40.9 | (163) | 15.2 | (87) | .001 |
235,000–309,999 | 26.8 | (107) | 25.0 | (143) | |
160,000–234,999 | 13.0 | (52) | 30.5 | (175) | |
0–159,999 | 19.3 | (77) | 29.3 | (168) | |
Employment status | |||||
Employed | 83.3 | (329) | 69.7 | (396) | <0.0001 |
Student | 5.1 | (20) | 6.2 | (35) | |
Retired | 5.8 | (23) | 8.3 | (47) | |
Sick leave (more than 3 months) | 1.3 | (5) | 1.4 | (8) | |
Parental leave or leave of absence | 0.5 | (2) | 6.2 | (35) | |
Unemployed | 2.8 | (11) | 4.0 | (23) | |
Other | 1.3 | (5) | 4.2 | (24) | |
Access to social support | |||||
Yes | 64.4 | (257) | 64.6 | (370) | .973 |
No | 11.8 | (47) | 10.5 | (60) | |
Unsure | 23.1 | (92) | 24.3 | (139) | |
Grown up in a home with violence between parents | |||||
No | 90.4 | (357) | 90.3 | (510) | .953 |
Yes | 9.4 | (37) | 9.2 | (52) | |
Unsure | 0.3 | (1) | 0.5 | (3) |
Prevalence, frequency and co-occurrence of psychological, physical and sexual violence
Men: N = 399 | Women: N = 573 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of events, past year % ª (N) | Number of events, past year % ª (N) | |||||||||
Psychological violence | Past year | 1–2 | 3–5 | >5 | Earlier in life | Past year | 1–2 | 3–5 | >5 | Earlier in life |
Insulted me in a way that made me feel bad |
20.5 (79)
| 13.2 (51) | 2.1 (8) | 5.2 (20) | 12.0 (48) |
20.7 (109)
| 13.5 (71) | 2.7 (14) | 4.6 (24) | 19.9 (114) |
Belittled and humiliated me in front of others |
9.5 (37)
| 6.4 (25) | 1.3 (5) | 1.8 (7) | 6.5 (26) |
7.7 (41)
| 5.8 (31) | 0.8 (4) | 1.1 (6) | 13.1 (75) |
Tried to scare and terrorize me on purpose |
8.7 (34)
| 6.7 (26) | 0.3 (1) | 1.8 (7) | 6.5 (26) |
6.0 (32)
| 3.6 (19) | 1.5 (8) | 0.9 (5) | 10.5 (60) |
Threatened to hurt me or someone I care about |
1.0 (4)
| 0.3 (1) | 0.3 (1) | 0.5 (2) | 2.8 (11) |
1.5 (8)
| 0.7 (4) | 0.4 (2) | 0.4 (2) | 7.3 (42) |
Individuals exposed to acts of psychological violence
|
24.0 (92) |
13.8 (55) |
23.6 (123) |
23.6 (135) | ||||||
Physical violence
|
Past year
|
1–2
|
3–5
|
>5
|
Earlier in life
|
Past year
|
1–2
|
3–5
|
>5
|
Earlier in life
|
Pushed or shoved me |
5.9 (23)
| 4.6 (18) | 0.3 (1) | 1.0 (4) | 5.3 (21) |
7.1 (38)
| 5.5 (29) | 0.9 (5) | 0.8 (4) | 2.6 (72) |
Thrown something that could have hurt me |
2.8 (11)
| 2.3 (9) | 0.3 (1) | 0.3 (1) | 3.3 (13) |
1.7 (9)
| 1.3 (7) | 0.2 (1) | 0.2 (1) | 5.1 (29) |
Hit me with his/her fist or with some other object |
2.1 (8)
| 1.5 (6) | 0.3 (1) | 0.3 (1) | 4.0 (16) |
1.3 (7)
| 0.7 (4) | - | 0.6 (3) | 5.8 (33) |
Kicked and dragged me and beaten me up |
0.8 (3)
| 0.3 (1) | - | 0.5 (2) | 1.5 (6) |
0.6 (3)
| 0.2 (1) | - | 0.4 (2) | 3.5 (20) |
Choked me or burnt me on purpose |
0.5 (2)
| 0.5 (2) | - | - | 1.5 (6) |
0.6 (3)
| 0.2 (1) | 0.4 (2) | - | 4.7 (27) |
Hurt me with a knife, a gun or some other weapon | - | - | - | - | 1.5 (6) |
0.2 (1)
| 0.2 (1) | - | - | 1.2 (7) |
Individuals exposed to acts of physical violence
|
7.6 (29) |
6.8 (27) |
8.1 (43) |
14.3 (82) | ||||||
Sexual violence
|
Past year
|
1–2
|
3–5
|
>5
|
Earlier in life
|
Past year
|
1–2
|
3–5
|
>5
|
Earlier in life
|
Demanded to have sex with me even though I did not want to |
2.3 (9)
| 1.8 (7) | - | 0.5 (2) | 2.3 (9) |
2.6 (14)
| 1.5 (8) | 0.4 (2) | 0.7 (4) | 8.2 (47) |
Forced me to have sex against my will by using his/her physical strength |
0.3 (1)
| 0.3 (1) | - | - | 1.3 (5) |
0.4 (2)
| 0.2 (1) | - | 0.2 (1) | 2.6 (15) |
Forced me to perform sexual acts that I experienced as degrading and/or humiliating |
0.3 (1)
| 0.3 (1) | - | - | 1.8 (7) |
0.4 (2)
| 0.4 (2) | - | - | 4.2 (24) |
Individuals exposed to acts of sexual violence
|
2.3 (9) |
2.5 (10) |
3.0 (16) |
9.2 (53) | ||||||
Summary measures all forms of violence
|
25.6
(
102
)
|
15.3
(
61
)
|
23.2
(
133
)
|
26.0
(
149
)
|
Associated socio-demographic and psychosocial factors
Psychological violence | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men: N = 399 (Exposed N = 123) | Women: N = 573 (Exposed N = 212) | |||||
Men (N) | Exposed % (N) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Women (N) | Exposed N (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | |
Age groups
| ||||||
60–65 | 71 | 13.8 (17) | 1 | 67 | 8.5 (18) | 1 |
50–59 | 98 | 20.3 (25) | 1.12 (0.55–2.28) | 136 | 19.8 (42) | 1.21 (0.63–2.32) |
40–49 | 96 | 25.2 (31) | 1.52 (0.76–3.03) | 125 | 24.1 (51) | 1.85 (0.97–3.55) |
30–39 | 77 | 20.3 (25) | 1.53 (0.74–3.15) | 138 | 27.4 (58) | 1.92 (1.01–3.64) |
18–29 | 57 | 20.3 (25) | 2.56 (1.20–3.42) | 107 | 20.3 (43) | 1.75 (0.90–3.42) |
Civil Status
| ||||||
Married/cohabitant/registered partnership | 296 | 59.3 (73) | 1 | 420 | 60.5 (127) | 1 |
Boyfriend/girlfriend | 53 | 17.1 (21) | 2.05 (1.11–3.79) | 64 | 12.9 (27) | 1.70 (0.99–2.91) |
Single/widowed/divorced | 48 | 23.6 (29) | 4.62 (2.45–8.73) | 85 | 26.7 (56) | 4.52 (2.74–7.45) |
Duration of Present Relationship
| ||||||
>10 yrs | 227 | 45.9 (45) | 1 | 288 | 48.1 (76) | 1 |
4–10 yrs | 62 | 27.6 (27) | 3.09 (1.70–5.62) | 115 | 27.2 (43) | 1.64 (1.04–2.60) |
≤ 3 yrs | 34 | 26.5 (26) | 2.81 (1.55–5.11) | 82 | 24.7 (39) | 2.46 (1.48–4.08) |
Country of birth
| ||||||
Sweden | 356 | 90.2 (110) | 1 | 517 | 91.5 (193) | 1 |
Outside Sweden | 43 | 9.8 (12) | 0.99 (0.50–1.99) | 54 | 8.5 (18) | 0.89 (0.50–1.61) |
Partner’s country of birth
| ||||||
Sweden | 349 | 84.6 (104) | 1 | 494 | 83.5 (177) | 1 |
Outside Sweden | 50 | 15.4 (19) | 1.43 (0.77–2.64) | 79 | 16.5 (35) | 1.43 (0.88–2.31) |
Educational level
| ||||||
University | 156 | 46.3 (56) | 1 | 270 | 49.5 (105) | 1 |
High school (10–12 yrs) | 173 | 43.0 (52) | 0.64 (0.39–1.03) | 211 | 38.7 (82) | 0.96 (0.67–1.40) |
Compulsory (≤9 yrs) | 67 | 10.7 (13) | 0.29 (0.13–0.61) | 91 | 11.8 (25) | 0.589 (0.348–0.997) |
Annual Income (SEK)
| ||||||
310,000 or more | 163 | 39.8 (49) | 1 | 87 | 16.0 (34) | 1 |
235,000–309,999 | 107 | 26.0 (32) | 0.98 (0.58–1.68) | 143 | 25.0 (53) | 0.83 (0.48–1.45) |
160,000–234,999 | 52 | 13.8 (17) | 1.12 (0.57–2.19) | 175 | 29.2 (62) | 0.76 (0.44–1.30) |
0–159,999 | 77 | 20.3 (25) | 1.15 (0.64–2.07) | 168 | 29.7 (63) | 0.83 (0.48–1.42) |
Employment status
| ||||||
Employed | 329 | 81.0 (98) | 1 | 396 | 68.2 (144) | 1 |
Student, retired, sick-leave, parental leave or leave of absence, unemployed, other | 66 | 19.0 (23) | 1.24 (0.71–2.18) | 172 | 31.8 (67) | 1.11 (0.77–1.61) |
Partner’s employment status
| ||||||
Employed | 262 | 64.5 (71) | 1 | 414 | 77.1 (138) | 1 |
Student, retired, sick-leave, parental leave or leave of absence, unemployed, other | 121 | 35.5 (39) | 1.28 (0.80–2.05) | 111 | 22.9 (41) | 1.14 (0.74–1.77) |
Children living at home
| ||||||
No | 206 | 52.5 (64) | 1 | 297 | 50.0 (150) | 1 |
Yes | 190 | 47.5 (58) | 0.97 (0.63–1.47) | 270 | 50.0 (105) | 1.17 (0.83–1.65) |
Access to social support
| ||||||
Good | 251 | 53.3 (65) | 1 | 361 | 53.6 (111) | 1 |
Poor/moderate | 139 | 46.7 (57) | 1.97 (1.27–3.06) | 199 | 46.4 (96) | 2.06 (1.44–2.95) |
Grown up in a home with violence
| ||||||
No | 357 | 83.5 (101) | 1 | 510 | 82.5 (170) | 1 |
Yes/Unsure | 38 | 16.5 (20) | 2.78 (1.41–5.48) | 55 | 17.5 (36) | 3.92 (2.16–7.10) |
Physical/sexual violence | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men: N = 399 (Exposed N = 56) | Women: N = 573 (Exposed N = 137) | |||||
Men (N) | Exposed % (N) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Women (N) | Exposed % (N) | Crude OR (95% CI) | |
Age groups
| ||||||
60–65 | 71 | 16.1 (9) | 1 | 67 | 5.8 (8) | 1 |
50–59 | 98 | 14.3 (8) | 0.62 (0.23–1.69) | 136 | 17.5 (24) | 1.63 (0.69–3.86) |
40–49 | 96 | 30.4 (17) | 1.52 (0.63–3.64) | 125 | 23.4 (32) | 2.48 (1.07–5.75) |
30–39 | 77 | 14.3 (8) | 0.81 (0.29–2.23) | 138 | 29.2 (40) | 2.94 (1.29–6.72) |
18–29 | 57 | 25.0 (14) | 2.26 (0.90–5.70) | 107 | 24.1 (33) | 3.22 (1.38–7.51) |
Civil Status
| ||||||
Married/cohabitant/registered partnership | 296 | 58.9 (33) | 1 | 420 | 56.6 (77) | 1 |
Boyfriend/girlfriend | 53 | 14.3 (8) | 1.43 (0.62–3.29) | 64 | 15.4 (21) | 2.28 (1.27–4.07) |
Single/widowed/divorced | 48 | 26.8 (15) | 4.06 (1.97–8.35) | 85 | 27.9 (38) | 4.44 (2.66–7.42) |
Duration of Present Relationship
| ||||||
>10 yrs | 227 | 48.8 (21) | 1 | 288 | 35.3 (36) | 1 |
4–10 yrs | 62 | 23.3 (10) | 1.91 (0.85–4.30) | 115 | 31.4 (32) | 2.71 (1.58–4.64) |
≤ 3 yrs | 64 | 27.9 (12) | 2.33 (1.08–5.05) | 82 | 33.3 (34) | 4.92 (2.81–8.62) |
Country of birth
| ||||||
Sweden | 356 | 83.6 (46) | 1 | 517 | 88.3 (121) | 1 |
Outside Sweden | 43 | 16.4 (9) | 187 (0.84–4.18) | 54 | 11.7 (16) | 1.34 (0.72–2.49) |
Partner’s country of birth
| ||||||
Sweden | 349 | 89.3 (50) | 1 | 494 | 79.6 (109) | 1 |
Outside Sweden | 50 | 10.7 (6) | 0.88 (0.36–2.19) | 79 | 20.4 (28) | 1.92 (1.15–3.20) |
Educational level
| ||||||
University | 156 | 48.1 (26) | 1 | 270 | 48.2 (66) | 1 |
High school (10–12 yrs) | 173 | 40.7 (22) | 1.48 (0.57–3.82) | 211 | 38.7 (53) | 1.37 (0.75–2.50) |
Compulsory (≤9 yrs) | 67 | 11.1 (6) | 2.10 (0.82–5.37) | 91 | 13.1 (18) | 1.31 (0.73–2.35) |
Annual Income (SEK) | ||||||
310,000 or more | 163 | 32.1 (18) | 1 | 87 | 8.8 (12) | 1 |
235,000–309,999 | 107 | 32.1 (18) | 1.58 (0.78–3.21) | 143 | 26.3 (36) | 2.08 (1.01–4.26) |
160,000–234,999 | 52 | 8.9 (5) | 0.89 (0.31–2.54) | 175 | 29.2 (40) | 1.82 (0.90–3.68) |
0–159,999 | 77 | 26.8 (15) | 1.96 (0.93–4.14) | 168 | 35.8 (49) | 2.53 (1.26–5.09) |
Employment status
| ||||||
Employed | 329 | 80.0 (44) | 1 | 396 | 67.9 (93) | 1 |
Student, retired, sick-leave, parental leave or leave of absence, unemployed, other | 66 | 20.0 (11) | 1.31 (0.64–2.79) | 172 | 32.1 (44) | 1.13 (0.74–1.71) |
Partner’s employment status
| ||||||
Employed | 262 | 73.5 (36) | 1 | 414 | 78.9 (90) | 1 |
Student, retired, sick-leave, parental leave or leave of absence, unemployed, other | 121 | 26.5 (13) | 0.78 (0.40–1.53) | 111 | 21.1 (24) | 0.99 (0.60–1.65) |
Children living at home
| ||||||
No | 206 | 52.7 (29) | 1 | 297 | 46.0 (63) | 1 |
Yes | 190 | 47.3 (26) | 0.98 (0.55–1.73) | 270 | 54.0 (74) | 1.36 (0.93–2.01) |
Access to social support
| ||||||
Good | 251 | 44.6 (25) | 1 | 361 | 47.4 (64) | 1 |
Poor/moderate | 139 | 55.4 (31) | 2.65 (1.49–4.71) | 199 | 52.6 (71) | 2.59 (1.74–3.85) |
Grown up in a home with violence
| ||||||
No | 357 | 74.5 (41) | 1 | 510 | 82.6 (109) | 1 |
Yes/Unsure | 38 | 25.5 (14) | 4.37 (2.09–9.11) | 55 | 17. 4(23) | 3.09 (1.70–5.60) |
Psychological violence | Physical/sexual violence | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Men: N = 399 | Women: N = 573 | Men: N = 399 | Women: N = 573 | |
Civil status
| ||||
(Married/cohabitant/registered partnership/boy- or girlfriend vs. Single/widowed/divorced) | 3.25 (1.68–6.28) | 3.92 (2.32–6.63) | 2.67 (1.23–5.83) | 3.33 (1.92–5.76) |
Access to social support
| ||||
(Good vs. Poor/Moderate) | 2.03 (1.27–3.25) | 2.12 (1.44–3.12) | 2.62 (1.42–4.83) | 2.52 (1.66–3.84) |
Growing up in a home where violence occurred
| ||||
(No vs. Yes/Unsure) | 2.47 (1.19–5.13) | 3.09 (1.62–5.88) | 4.03 (1.84–8.83) | 2.15 (1.18–4.14) |
Educational level
| ||||
(Univ./High school vs. Compulsory) | 0.45 (0.22–0.92) | 0.48 (0.27–0.83) | - | - |
Age groups
| ||||
(30–65 vs. 18–29) | 1.60 (0.85–3.01) | - | 1.96 (0.91–4.21) | - |
Partner’s country of birth
| ||||
(Sweden vs. outside Sweden) | - | - | - | 1.46 (0.82–2.60) |
Social consequences of violence on everyday life, own use of violence and reasons for using such violence
Number of respondents reporting social and behavioural consequences of IPV* | Men N = 26 | Women N = 58 |
---|---|---|
Work more than usual to keep away from home | 34.6 (9) | 22.4 (13) |
Keep distance to common friends | 15.4 (4) | 24.1 (14) |
Take the children away from the home | 0 (0) | 20.7 (12) |
Change work | 15.4 (4) | 6.9 (4) |
Avoid being at home when the children or no one else was at home | 0 (0) | 6.9 (4) |
Move away from home | 26.9 (7) | 41.4 (24) |
Divorce | 15.4 (4) | 34.5 (20) |
Live under a secret identity | 3.8 (1) | 1.7 (1) |
Number of respondents reporting reasons for using violence*
|
Men N = 32
|
Women N = 55
|
I felt afraid and did it in self-defence in a violent situation | 18.8 (6) | 30.9 (17) |
I felt offended and/or hurt (saddened) | 50.0 (16) | 54.5 (30) |
I did it in a quarrel since my partner or we both had used alcohol or drugs | 31.3 (10) | 16.4 (9) |
I lost control | 25.0 (8) | 18.2 (10) |