Background
Methods
Data
Questionnaire
Statistical analyses
Clinical validity
Convergent validity
Discriminative validity
Ethics
Results
Study sample
% | CarerQol-VAS mean | P-value
a
| Spearman’s rho | Standardised coefficients
b
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Caregiver | Age | <47.1 years | 47.1 | 7.2 | 0.20 | -0.04 | -0.06 |
≥ 47.1 years | 7.1 | ||||||
Gender | Female | 58.3 | 7.0 | 0.02 | - | - | |
Male | 41.7 | 7.3 | |||||
Educational level | Low | 14.6 | 7.2 | 0.83 | - | - | |
Middle | 55.9 | 7.1 | |||||
High | 29.6 | 7.1 | |||||
Paid work | Yes, full-time | 26.7 | 7.4 | 0.00 | - | ref. | |
Yes, part-time | 27.0 | 7.2 | -0.07*
| ||||
No | 46.3 | 6.9 | -0.06 | ||||
Income (1-15)c
| 0.11***
| ||||||
Incomed
| Low | 31.7 | 7.0 | 0.04 | - | -0.10*
| |
Middle | 24.0 | 7.1 | -0.07 | ||||
High | 16.9 | 7.4 | ref. | ||||
Missing | 27.5 | 7.1 | |||||
EQ-5D score | <0.8 | 0.84 | 6.4 | 0.00 | 0.35***
| 0.08*
| |
≥0.8 | 7.5 | ||||||
Having a partner | Yes | 68.9 | 7.2 | 0.09 | - | - | |
No | 31.1 | 7.0 | |||||
Care recipient | Age | < 63.6 years | 63.6 | 7.0 | 0.01 | 0.06*
| 0.06 |
≥ 63.6 years | 7.2 | ||||||
Gender | Female | 66.2 | 7.2 | 0.04 | - | - | |
Male | 33.8 | 7.0 | |||||
EQ-5D score | <0.5 | 0.5 | 6.8 | 0.00 | 0.21***
| 0.09**
| |
≥0.5 | 7.4 | ||||||
Level of independence (1-6) | <4.3 | 4.3 | 7.2 | 0.03 | 0.06*
| - | |
≥4.3 | 7.0 | ||||||
Surveillance needed 24/7 | Yes | 11.9 | 6.9 | 0.10 | - | - | |
No | 88.1 | 7.2 | |||||
Type of health problem | Temporary condition | 10.3 | 7.5 | 0.01 | - | - | |
Chronic condition | 89.7 | 7.1 | |||||
Care situation | Relationship with care recipient | Partner | 15.3 | 7.0 | 0.02 | - | 0.02 |
Parent (-in-law) | 41.6 | 7.0 | -0.09*
| ||||
Other family | 24.4 | 7.2 | -0.01 | ||||
Friend / acquaintance | 18.8 | 7.4 | ref. | ||||
Care recipient shares household | Yes | 31.0 | 7.0 | 0.02 | - | ||
No | 69.1 | 7.2 | |||||
Total years care | <5.1 years | 5.1 | 7.2 | 0.05e
| -0.05 | - | |
≥5.1 years | 7.0 | ||||||
Days p/wk | <4.1 days | 4.1 | 7.2 | 0.12 | -0.04 | - | |
≥ 4.1days | 7.1 | ||||||
Hours p/wk | <18.4 hours | 18.4 | 7.2 | 0.10 | -0.06*
| - | |
≥18.4 hours | 7.0 | ||||||
Professional caree
| Yes | 49.6 | 7.0 | 0.00 | - | - | |
No | 50.3 | 7.2 | |||||
Day caree
| Yes | 8.7 | 6.9 | 0.22 | - | - | |
No | 91.3 | 7.1 | |||||
Other informal caregivers | Yes | 31.4 | 7.2 | 0.09 | - | - | |
No | 68.7 | 7.1 | |||||
Institutionalization | Yes | 24.8 | 7.1 | 0.83 | - | - | |
No | 75.2 | 7.1 | |||||
Waiting liste
| Yes | 11.9 | 7.1 | 0.89 | - | - | |
No | 88.1 | 7.1 |
Instruments
% | mean (SD) | ||
---|---|---|---|
CarerQol-7D (0-100) | 79.1 (18.6) | ||
▪ Fulfillment | - no | 6.7 | |
- some | 30.9 | ||
- a lot | 62.5 | ||
▪ Relational problems | - no | 64.7 | |
- some | 28.9 | ||
- a lot | 6.4 | ||
▪ Mental health problems | - no | 58.2 | |
- some | 31.2 | ||
- a lot | 10.5 | ||
▪ Problems combining daily activities | - no | 50.3 | |
- some | 39.1 | ||
- a lot | 10.6 | ||
▪ Financial problems | - no | 67.9 | |
- some | 23.9 | ||
- a lot | 8.3 | ||
▪ Support | - no | 27.0 | |
- some | 47.2 | ||
- a lot | 25.8 | ||
▪ Physical health problems | - no | 49.4 | |
- some | 36.4 | ||
- a lot | 14.2 | ||
CarerQol-VAS (0-10) | 7.1 (1.6) | ||
ASIS (0-10) | 6.7 (1.9) | ||
SRB (0-10) | 4.1 (2.5) | ||
PU | score | 1.6 (2.8) | |
- positive | 66.5 | ||
- neutral | 8.8 | ||
- negative | 24.8 | ||
CSI | score | 4.8 (3.2) | |
- substantial burden (>6) | 29.1 | ||
Pt | in months | 23.4 (0.3) | |
- less than one week | 2.7 | ||
- less than one month | 3.1 | ||
- less than six months | 7.5 | ||
- more than six months, but less than a year | 8.4 | ||
- more than one year, but less than two years | 9.8 | ||
- more than two years | 68.6 |
Clinical validity CarerQol-VAS
Convergent validity
CarerQol-VAS & CarerQol-7D
CarerQol-VAS | ASIS | SRB | PU | CSI | Pt | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CarerQol-VAS | - | 0.31 | -0.33 | 0.52 | -0.40 | 0.22 | |
CarerQol-7D | - Fulfillment | 0.24 | 0.24 | -0.30 | 0.31 | -0.25 | 0.29 |
- Relational problems | -0.19 | -0.25 | 0.35 | -0.28 | 0.38 | -0.26 | |
- Mental health problems | -0.36 | -0.24 | 0.39 | -0.32 | 0.47 | -0.30 | |
- Problems combining daily activities | -0.27 | -0.25 | 0.47 | -0.30 | 0.52 | -0.36 | |
- Financial problems | -0.24 | -0.24 | 0.30 | -0.22 | 0.42 | -0.26 | |
- Support | 0.14 | 0.13 | -0.10 | 0.09 | -0.12 | 0.02 | |
- Physical health problems | -0.35 | -0.22 | 0.42 | -0.27 | 0.48 | -0.25 |
CarerQol-7D | Whole sample | Subgroup analyses | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASIS | SRB | PU | CSI | Pt | EQ-5D score | EQ-5D score | income | |||||||||||
caregiver | care recipient | |||||||||||||||||
low | high | low | high | low | high | low | high | low | high | low | high | low | high | low | high | |||
(n = 484) | (n = 421) | (n = 465) | (n = 413) | (n = 417) | (n = 409) | (n = 508) | (n = 362) | (n = 391) | (n = 853) | (n = 457) | (n = 787) | (n = 430) | (n = 439) | (n = 394) | (n = 210) | |||
Fulfillment | - no | -0.12***
| 0.02 | -0.12*
| -0.20***
| 0.11*
| -0.13**
| 0.01 | -0.19***
| -0.13**
| 0.06 | -0.18***
| -0.04 | -0.20***
| -0.06 | -0.28***
| -0.10*
| -0.17*
|
- some |
a
| -0.12**
|
a
|
a
| -0.10*
|
a
|
a
|
a
|
a
| -0.08 |
a
|
a
|
a
|
a
|
a
|
a
|
a
| |
Relational problems | - some | -0.01 | -0.06 | 0.02 | -0.01 | -0.06 | 0.04 | -0.02 | 0.04 | -0.05 | -0.01 | -0.02 | -0.02 | -0.02 | -0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.08 |
- a lot |
b
| 0.00 |
b
|
b
| 0.00 | 0.04 |
b
|
b
| -0.03 | -0.03 |
b
|
b
|
b
|
b
|
b
|
b
|
b
| |
Mental health problems | - some | -0.14***
| -0.13**
| -0.23***
| -0.18**
| -0.09 | -0.18**
| -0.08 | -0.15**
| -0.05 | -0.10 | -0.21***
| -0.19***
| -0.06 | -0.13*
| -0.22***
| -0.21***
| -0.06 |
- a lot | -0.21***
| -0.28***
|
b
|
b
| -0.36***
| -0.38***
|
b
|
b
| -0.22**
| -0.21**
|
b
| -0.36***
|
b
| -0.32***
|
b
| -0.27***
| -0.24**
| |
Problems with daily activities | - some | -0.04 | -0.01 | -0.06 | -0.03 | -0.02 | 0.02 | -0.05 | -0.01 | -0.13**
| -0.06 | -0.02 | -0.01 | -0.06 | -0.02 | -0.09c
| -0.07 | -0.09 |
- a lot | -0.08**
| -0.17**
| -0.05 |
b
| -0.08 | -0.03 |
b
|
b
| -0.27***
| -0.12 |
b
| -0.15*
|
b
| 0.00 |
b
|
b
| -0.03 | |
Financial problems | - some | -0.03 | 0.03 | -0.06 | -0.01 | 0.01 | -0.02 | -0.05 | -0.09 | 0.00 | 0.01 | -0.07*
| -0.01 | -0.08*
| -0.03 | -0.03 | -0.12*
| 0.07 |
- a lot |
b
| 0.03 |
b
|
b
| 0.05 | -0.00 |
b
|
b
| 0.00 | 0.01 |
b
| -0.01 |
b
| 0.01 |
b
| -0.07 |
b
| |
Support | - no | -0.11***
| -0.15**
| -0.05 | -0.06 | -0.14*
| -0.15**
| -0.05 | -0.05 | -0.15*
| -0.20**
| -0.06 | -0.12*
| -0.10*
| -0.12*
| -0.10*
| -0.09 | -0.03 |
- some | -0.07**
| -0.06 | -0.10 | -0.04 | -0.07 | -0.11 | -0.03 | -0.03 | -0.09 | -0.13*
| -0.03 | -0.10*
| -0.05 | -0.05 | -0.07 | -0.09 | -0.06 | |
Physical health problems | - some | -0.12***
| -0.13*
| -0.11c
| -0.14**
| -0.14*
| -0.07 | -0.17**
| -0.14**
| -0.17*
| -0.10 | -0.14**
| -0.05 | -0.13**
| -0.11 | -0.08 | -0.09 | -0.18*
|
- a lot | -0.13***
| -0.15**
|
b
|
b
| -0.22***
| -0.13*
|
b
|
b
| -0.18*
| -0.19**
|
b
| -0.04 |
b
| -0.13*
|
b
| -0.04 | -0.13 | |
Constant (coefficient) | 8.13 | 7.96 | 8.34 | 8.27 | 8.04 | 7.60 | 8.33 | 8.15 | 8.34 | 8.04 | 8.11 | 7.78 | 8.14 | 7.84 | 8.41 | 7.39 | 8.31 | |
Adjusted R2
| 0.21 | 0.25 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.25 | 0.23 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.25 | 0.23 | 0.24 |
CarerQol & ASIS, SRB, PU, CSI, Pt
Discriminative validity
CarerQol-7D | CarerQol-VAS | ASIS | SRB | PU | CSI | Pt | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fulfillment | - no (n = 83) | 6.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 0.6 | 6.4 | 11.7 |
- a lot (n = 777) | 7.4 | 7.0 | 3.6 | 2.3 | 4.2 | 25.6 | |
Relational problems | - no (n = 805) | 7.4 | 7.0 | 3.5 | 2.2 | 3.9 | 25.4 |
- a lot (n = 80) | 6.6 | 5.6 | 6.0 | 0.0 | 7.4 | 18.4 | |
Mental health problems | - no (n = 724) | 7.6 | 7.1 | 3.3 | 2.3 | 3.5 | 25.8 |
- a lot (n = 131) | 5.7 | 5.7 | 6.1 | -0.4 | 7.7 | 16.5 | |
Problems combining daily activities | - no (n = 626) | 7.5 | 7.2 | 3.0 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 26.8 |
- a lot (n = 132) | 5.9 | 5.8 | 6.4 | -0.2 | 8.2 | 14.5 | |
Financial problems | - no (n = 844) | 7.4 | 7.0 | 3.6 | 2.0 | 3.8 | 25.2 |
- a lot (n = 103) | 6.5 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 0.7 | 7.7 | 16.5 | |
Support | - no (n = 336) | 6.9 | 6.5 | 4.3 | 1.5 | 5.2 | 23.3 |
- a lot (n = 321) | 7.5 | 7.2 | 3.6 | 2.1 | 4.1 | 23.7 | |
Physical health problems | - no (n = 614) | 7.7 | 7.1 | 3.1 | 2.3 | 3.3 | 25.6 |
- a lot (n = 177) | 6.1 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 0.2 | 7.2 | 17.3 |