Background
Experimental methods
Study population
Dietary assessment and dietary TAC calculation
Lifestyle, anthropometrics and clinical measurement
Biochemical measurement
Definition of metabolic syndrome and its components
Statistical methods
Results
( n = 1938) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1
|
Q2
|
Q3
|
Q4
| P2 | |
Total antioxidant capacity | |||||
Range
| < 842 | 842-958 | 959-1080 | > 1080 | |
Median
| 764 | 906 | 1014 | 1161 | |
Age at baseline (yr) | 37.0 ± 0.6 | 40.2 ± 0.5 | 41.4 ± 0.5 | 43.0 ± 0.5 |
<0.001
|
Men (%) | 53.9 | 46.8 | 39.0 | 34.5 |
<0.001
|
Physical activity (Met-h/week) | |||||
Job activity
| 29.2 ± 2.3 | 26.7 ± 2.3 | 22.5 ± 2.3 | 26.0 ± 2.3 |
0.25
|
Leisure time activity
| 8.2 ± 0.7 | 9.9 ± 0.7 | 10.2 ± 0.7 | 12.0 ± 0.7 |
0.005
|
Total
| 37.5 ± 2.5 | 36.6 ± 2.4 | 32.7 ± 2.4 | 38.1 ± 2.4 |
0.41
|
Current smoker (%) | 13.7 | 11.0 | 10.8 | 9.2 |
0.16
|
Education status (%) | |||||
Illiterate
| 2.5 | 1.7 | 2.3 | 2.7 |
0.73
|
Primary education
| 7.5 | 3.2 | 6.5 | 0 |
0.81
|
Academic education
| 81.1 | 90.3 | 83.9 | 91.3 |
0.81
|
Advanced academic education
| 11.3 | 6.5 | 9.7 | 8.7 |
0.81
|
( n = 1938) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1
|
Q2
|
Q3
|
Q4
| P2 | |
Total antioxidant capacity | |||||
Range
| < 842 | 842-958 | 959-1080 | > 1080 | |
Median
| 764 | 906 | 1014 | 1161 | |
Waist circumference (cm) | 90 ± 0.5 | 89.0 ± 0.5 | 89 ± 0.5 | 89 ± 0.5 |
0.44
|
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl) | 93 ± 1.1 | 91 ± 1.1 | 91 ± 1.1 | 90 ± 1.1 |
0.46
|
Serum triglycerides (mg/dl) | 148 ± 3.7 | 142 ± 3.7 | 143 ± 3.7 | 137 ± 3.7 |
0.24
|
HDL-c (mg/dl) | 42.2 ± 0.4 | 41.8 ± 0.4 | 42.2 ± 0.4 | 42.5 ± 0.4 |
0.71
|
SBP (mmHg) | 112 ± 0.6 | 112 ± 0.6 | 111 ± 0.6 | 111 ± 0.6 |
0.75
|
DBP (mmHg) | 74 ± 0.4 | 74 ± 0.4 | 73 ± 0.4 | 73 ± 0.4 |
0.12
|
Abdominal obesity (%) | 44.2 | 43.7 | 46.5 | 38.8 |
0.10
|
Hypertriglyceridemia (%) | 34.5 | 31.8 | 30.7 | 31.1 |
0.57
|
Low HDL-c (%) | 49.2 | 50.9 | 51.2 | 47.6 |
0.65
|
Hyperglycemia (%) | 22.7 | 25.2 | 24.1 | 28.0 |
0.28
|
Hypertension (%) | 12.6 | 17.4 | 14.5 | 15.5 |
0.20
|
Metabolic syndrome (%) | 24.6 | 27.5 | 27.4 | 25.9 |
0.69
|
( n = 1938) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1
|
Q2
|
Q3
|
Q4
| P1 | |
Dietary phytochemical index | |||||
Range
| < 842 | 842-958 | 959-1080 | > 1080 | |
Median
| 764 | 906 | 1014 | 1161 | |
Energy intake (kcal/d) | 2285 ± 29 | 2290 ± 29 | 2254 ± 29 | 2265 ± 29 |
0.80
|
Energy density(kcal/d) | 107.9 ± 0.9 | 97.6 ± 0.9 | 91.3 ± 0.9 | 88.6 ± 0.9 |
<0.001
|
Carbohydrate (% of total energy) | 58.1 ± 0.3 | 56.8 ± 0.3 | 57.2 ± 0.3 | 58.5 ± 0.3 |
0.21
|
Protein (% of total energy) | 13.0 ± 0.1 | 13.7 ± 0.1 | 13.9 ± 0.1 | 13.9 ± 0.1 |
0.32
|
Fat (% of total energy) | 30.5 ± 0.3 | 31.8 ± 0.3 | 31.7 ± 0.3 | 31.1 ± 0.3 |
0.09
|
Saturated fatty acid (% of total energy) | 9.7 ± 0.2 | 10.8 ± 0.2 | 10.6 ± 0.2 | 10.6 ± 0.2 |
0.15
|
Mono-unsaturated fatty acid (% of total energy) | 10.8 ± 0.1 | 11.0 ± 0.1 | 10.9 ± 0.1 | 10.5 ± 0.1 |
0.18
|
Poly-unsaturated fatty acid (% of total energy) | 6.7 ± 0.1 | 6.7 ± 0.1 | 6.5 ± 0.1 | 6.2 ± 0.1 |
0.09
|
Vitamin A (mg/d) | 422 ± 13 | 493 ± 13 | 547 ± 13 | 557 ± 13 |
<0.001
|
Total carotenoids (μg/d) | 8677 ± 278 | 9731 ± 274 | 10725 ± 274 | 10874 ± 277 |
<0.001
|
Vitamin E (mg/d) | 11.3 ± 0.2 | 11.6 ± 0.2 | 11.6 ± 0.2 | 12.2 ± 0.2 |
0.001
|
Vitamin C (mg/d) | 109 ± 3.5 | 133 ± 3.5 | 158 ± 3.5 | 185 ± 3.5 |
<0.001
|
Zinc (mg/d) | 10.6 ± 0.1 | 11.3 ± 0.1 | 11.7 ± 0.1 | 11.7 ± 0.1 |
<0.001
|
Selenium (μg/d) | 111 ± 1.4 | 112 ± 1.4 | 112 ± 1.4 | 108 ± 1.4 |
0.10
|
Whole grains (g/d) | 65.0 ± 4.3 | 87.1 ± 4.2 | 106.3 ± 4.2 | 116.1 ± 4.3 |
<0.001
|
Fruits (g/d) | 223 ± 10 | 303 ± 10 | 405 ± 10 | 566 ± 10 |
<0.001
|
Vegetables (g/d) | 275 ± 8 | 300 ± 8 | 309 ± 8 | 298 ± 8 |
0.028
|
Legumes (g/d) | 12.5 ± 1.0 | 16.7 ± 0.9 | 18.4 ± 0.9 | 21.7 ± 1.0 |
<0.001
|
dairy (g/d) | 329 ± 11 | 447 ± 11 | 516 ± 11 | 596 ± 11 |
<0.001
|
Nuts (g/d) | 5.1 ± 0.4 | 5.9 ± 0.4 | 7.7 ± 0.4 | 9.9 ± 0.4 |
<0.001
|
( n = 1938) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1
|
Q2
|
Q3
|
Q4
| P for trend | |
Total antioxidant capacity | |||||
Range
| < 16788 | 16788-22518 | 22518-29249 | > 29249 | |
Mean
| 15333 | 20842 | 24648 | 29857 | |
Waist circumference | 0 | -1.6 (-2.56, -0.72) | -2.22 (-3.14, -1.29) | -3.89 (-4.82, -2.95) |
<0.01
|
Fasting blood glucose | 0 | -2.41 (-5.22, 0.40) | -2.38 (-5.19, 0.44) | -3.02 (-5.87, -0.17) |
<0.01
|
Serum triglycerides | 0 | -9.27 (-19.70, 1.17) | -10.54 (-21.0, -0.08) | -19.22 (-29.8, -8.64) |
0.24
|
HDL-cholesterol | 0 | 0.28 (-0.96, 1.53) | 1.31 (0.06, 2.57) | 2.24 (0.97, 3.5) |
<0.01
|
Systolic blood pressure | 0 | -0.17 (-1.74, 1.48) | -1.52 (-3.21, 0.39) | -2.53 (-4.41, -0.65) |
<0.01
|
Diastolic blood pressure | 0 | -0.01(-1.15, 1.34) | -1.23 (-2.45, -0.19) | -2.19 (-3.33, -0.97) |
<0.01
|