Background
Methods
Study area
Data collection methods
Data analysis
Results and discussion
Medicinal plant species richness and part used for remedial preparations
Voucher No. | Scientific name | Family | Vernacular name | Habit | Disease treated | PU | Method of preparation & part administered |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AHU167 |
Abutilon bidentatum
| Malvaceae | Muka Adi | HA | Headache | L | Boiled in hoja and served like a tea |
(Hochst.) A. Rich. | Rh disease | L | Decoction taken orally | ||||
Mineral deficiency in children | L | Infusion taken oral | |||||
AHU212 | Acacia nilotica (L.) | Fabaceae | Serkema | T | Bad breath/halitosis | B | Chew and spit |
Willd. ex Del. | |||||||
AHU197 |
Acalypha fruticosa
| Euphorbiaceae | Dhirii | Sh | Heart disease | L | Decoction is taken oral |
Forssk. | Kidney infection/Nephropathy | L | Decoction is taken oral | ||||
AHU171 |
Acanthospermum
| Asteraceae | Kumutu Adi | HA | Itching skin | Ap | Concoction is drenched |
hispidum DC. | |||||||
AHU33 |
Acokanthera schimperi
| Appocynaceae | Qarari | Sh | Tonsillitis | St, L | Concocted, gargling and rinsing the throat |
(A. DC.) Schweinf. | Malaria | Ap | Dried & smoke is used as mosquito repellent | ||||
AHU117 | *Aloe harlana Reynolds | Aloaceae | Hargesa | Sh | Snake bite, liver swelling & spleen swelling/Splenomegaly | L | Crushed and filtrate taken oral in all cases |
Colon cleaner | Sa | Crystallized, powdered and juice taken oral | |||||
Skin fungus, hair fungus & skin inflammation | J, L | Concocted together and used as ointment and wash the hair | |||||
Sa, J | |||||||
AHU161 | *Aloe mcloughlinii Chris. | Aloaceae | Hargesa | Sh | Eye infections | Sa | Extract the sap and drop in the eye |
AHU162 | Aloe megalacantha Baker | Aloaceae | Hargesa Guracha | Sh | Colon cleaner | J, Sa | Crystallized & Juice made/sibri, taken oral |
AHU160 |
Aloe retrospiciens
| Aloaceae | Hargesa Adi | Sh | Colon cleaner | J, Sa | Crystallized & Juice made/sibri, taken oral |
Reynolds & Bally | |||||||
AHU153 | Asparagus africanus Lam. | Asparagaceae | Hida Sere | Sh | Swelling and infection on the head (korokor) | L | Crushed and put on hot plate and applied on the head while warm |
AHU201 | Asparagus racemosus Willd. | Asparagaceae | Hida Sero Guracha | Sh | Body burning feeling and mentally disturbed | Br | Concocted and taken oral and drenched |
Itching the whole skin | R | Crushed and the filtrate is drenched | |||||
AHU213 | Azadirachta indica A. Juss. | Meliaceae | Kinina | T | Malaria | S, L | Mixture of leaf infusion and oil extracted from seed taken oral |
Intestinal parasites | S, L | Mixture of leaf infusion and oil extracted from seed taken oral as anthelmintics | |||||
AHU207 | Bidens pilosa L. | Asteraceae | Xiye | HA | Difficulty of blood clotting | St, L | Crushed and bandaged on bleeding part |
AHU112 | Cadaba rotundifolia Forssk. | Capparidaceae | Delensisa | Sh | Extended flow of menstruation/Menometrorrhagia | B, L | Concocted together with Withania somnifera and a cup of filtrate is taken oral |
AHU178 | Cadia purpurea (Picc.) Ait. | Fabaceae | Cheeka | Sh | Gastritis | N | Collect from the flower and taken oral |
Heartburn/Pyrosis | N | Sucked from flower and used as carminative | |||||
AHU146 | Capparis tomentosa Lam. | Capparidaceae | Gemora | CP | Nipple pores remain closed after birth | R, L | Concoction taken oral to facilitate opening of nipple pores |
AHU111 | Caralluma speciosa N.E. Br. | Asclepiadaceae | Ya’ii Bera | HP | Skin cyst & tumour locally known as keledo | St | Crushed with Gloriosa superba and put on the tumour |
Gangrene | St | Powdered with Gloriosa superba and turtle bone then put on the starting point | |||||
Swollen body part-gofla | St | Crushed and bandage on swollen part | |||||
Anti poison | Sa | Diluted sap taken orally | |||||
Wound | Sa | Sap extracted and used as ointment | |||||
Itching skin | Sa | Sap extracted and used as ointment | |||||
AHU154 | Carissa spinarum L. | Apocynaceae | Agamsa | Sh | Premature ejaculation | F | Decoction of unripened fruit is served as a tea and wash the body with the infusion |
AHU199 | Cissampelos mucronata A. Rich. | Menispermaceae | Bal-Toke | CP | Sudden illness locally called dingetegna | R | Chew & swallow to stop sudden vomiting, abdominal pain and discomfort |
AHU204 | Coccinia sp. Burger | Cucurbitaceae | Hanchota | CH | Kidney disease | Tu | Infusion taken oral |
AHU214 | Commelina stephaniniana Chiov. | Commelinaceae | Hola gebis | HA | Skin fungus around the neck and face | Sa | Extract creamy sap and use as an ointment |
AHU187 | Commicarpus sinuatusMeikle | Nyctaginaceae | Kontom | HP | Gonorrhoea | L | Concoction with leaf and fruit of Cucumis dipsaceus and taken oral |
Skin fungus around the neck and face | L | Leaf paste mixed with oil and used as ointment | |||||
AHU184 | Craterostigma plantagineum Hochst. | Scrophulariaceae | Roba Enjire | HA | Liver disease | R, L | Concoction taken oral |
Diarrhoea | R, L | Concoction taken oral | |||||
AHU158 | Croton macrostachyus Del. | Euphorbiaceae | Bekenisa | T | Liver disease/Jaundice | B | Concocted with bark of Terminalia brownii and drink a cup of infusion |
AHU108 | Cucumis dipsaceus Ehrenb. ex Spach | Cucurbitaceae | Hare Goge | CH | Gonorrhoea | F, L | Concocted with Commicarpus sinuatus leaf and taken oral |
Urinary retention/Ischuria | L | Crushed and filtrate taken oral | |||||
Skin fungus | F | Rub the affected part with warm fruit | |||||
AHU108B | Cucumis ficifolius A. Rich. | Cucurbitaceae | Hare Goge | CH | Swelling due to poisonousthorn | F | Put on hot plate and bandage on the swollen part while warm |
AHU217 | Cucumis prophetarum L. | Cucurbitaceae | Hidi | CA | Wound and Swollen body part | F | Make it warm and bandage on wound/ swollen part while warmth |
AHU114 | Cynoglossum coeruleum Hochst. ex A. DC. | Boraginaceae | Mexene Tiro | HA | Kwashiorkor | Ap | Concocted with Verbascum sinaiticum and taken oral |
AHU149 | Datura stramonium L. | Solanaceae | Qamaxari | HA | Ear infections/Otitis externa & media | F, L | Dried, ground together and mix with oil and drop in the ear |
Worms created in the tooth gum | F | Boiled and put on the gum area | |||||
AHU159 | Dodonaea angustifolia L.f. | Sapindaceae | Edecha | Sh | Hair fungus Swelling and bursting on the head (korokor) | L | Dried, powdered and mixed with oil and used as an ointment |
Malaria | F | Fresh fruits are eaten | |||||
Intestinal parasite | L | Fresh leaf extract taken oral as anthelmintics | |||||
AHU164 | Echidnopsis dammanniana Spren. | Asclepiadaceae | Muka Mesqa | HA | Snake bite poison | St | Crushed and tie on the snake bite |
AHU209 | Echinops macrochaetus Fresen. | Asteraceae | Qore Hare | HA | Toothache | R | Crushed and put on the painful teeth |
AHU196 | Erianthemum aethiopicum Wiens & Polhill | Loranthaceae | Digelo Serkema | E | Breast swelling/Mastitis | St, L | Concoction taken oral |
AHU192 | Erucastrum arabicum Fisch. & Mey. | Brassicaceae | Rafu Shimbiro | HA | Skin fungus around the neck and face | P, S | Dried, powdered, mix with oil and use as an ointment |
AHU118 | Euclea racemosa Murr. subsp. schimperi | Ebenaceae | Miesa | Sh | Snake bite poison | L | Crushed with Aloe sp. and filtrate taken oral |
Liver swelling | L | Crushed with Aloe sp. and filtrate taken oral | |||||
Spleen swelling/Splenomegaly | L | Crushed with Aloe sp. and filtrate taken oral | |||||
AHU163 | Eulophia petersii Rchb.f | Orchidaceae | Shunkurta Gara, Ejiji | HA | Swollen body part-gofla | Bu | Cooked bulb eaten |
Abdominal pain/kurtet | Bu | Soup made from bulb taken oral | |||||
AHU110 | Gloriosa superba L. | Colchicaceae | Harmel Kubra | Sh | Toothache | L | Crushed leaf applied on painful teeth |
Epilepsy | L | Crushed leaf filtrate taken oral | |||||
Skin cyst & tumour/keledo | L | Crushed leaf is bandage on tumour/cyst | |||||
Gallstone | L | Immersed in water and infusion taken oral | |||||
Gangrene | L | Crushed with succulent Caralluma speciosa and tie on the starting point | |||||
AHU126 | *Gomphocarpus purpurascens A. Rich. | Asclepiadaceae | Ari-Yuyo | HA | Itching skin | L | Roasted and powdered leaf is mixed with oil & used as ointment |
Evil eye | L | A cup of Infusion taken oral & smoke bath with dry leaf | |||||
AHU145 | Gossypium hirsutum L. | Malvaceae | Jibri Boke | Sh | Small swelling with oozing pus in the vagina/Vaginitis | L | Concocted with Acokanthera schimperi and kurunfud and wash the affected part |
AHU177 | Grewia bicolor Juss. | Tiliaceae | Deka | Sh | Small swelling with oozing pus/skin ulcer | L | Crushed leaf in bandage on it |
Epidermal drying | L | Extract is applied on skin as emollients | |||||
Bad breath (Halitosis) | St | Used as a toothbrush | |||||
AHU144 | Heliotropium aegyptiacum Lehm. | Boraginaceae | Harma Deysa | HA | Leech attached on throat | L | Crushed and filtrate is used for gargling the throat |
AHU166 | Heliotropium steudneri Vatke | Boraginaceae | Muka Michii | HA |
mich
| L | Crushed and filtrate is drenched |
Skin fungus | L | Fresh leaf rubbed on affected part | |||||
AHU169 | Indigofera amorphoides Jaub. & Spach | Fabaceae | Muka Adi | HP | Heart disease | Ap | Decoction taken oral |
AHU176 | Indigofera sp. | Fabaceae | Muka Aroo | HA | Herpes zoster | L | Dried, powdered, roasted and mixed with oil to be used as ointment |
AHU174 | *Indigofera ellenbeckii Bak. f. | Fabaceae | War | HP | Mouth infection | L | Crushed leaf filtrate is used to wash mouth |
AHU189 | Jasminum grandiflorum L. | Oleaceae | Bilu | Sh | Chapped lips | L | Paste of fresh leaf used as emollient on lips |
Tooth gum infection/Gingivitis | L | Crushed and applied on the gum in the mouth | |||||
AHU152 | Jatropha curcas L. | Euphorbiaceae | Hambete Muluk | Sh | Constipation | S | Decocted and oily fluid taken oral as laxative |
AHU203 | Kalanchoe marmorata Bak. | Crassulaceae | Chophi Gurati | HP | Eye infection | St | Extracted sap is boiled, cooled & dropped |
Ear infections/Otitis | St | Sap extracted, boiled, cooled & dropped | |||||
Swelling with pus due to spine | St, L | Crushed with Ricinus communis seed and bandage on to remove the pus and spine | |||||
AHU200 | Kleinia abyssinica (A. Rich.) A. Berger | Asteraceae | Abrasha | HA | Sexual dysfunction | Rh | Aphrodisiac fresh rhizome is eaten few hours before sexual performance |
AHU202 | Kleinia odora (Forssk.) DC. | Asteraceae | Luko | HP | Nerve case | L | Oily extract is boiled, mixed with Cadaba rotundifolia and used to massage |
AHU205 | Kleinia pendula (Forssk.) DC. | Asteraceae | Afrasha | HP | Swollen body part | St | Decoction of fresh succulent is bandaged on swollen part while warm |
AHU206 | Kleinia squarrosa Cufod. | Asteraceae | Luko | Sh | Intestinal parasite | St | Crush and taken oral as anthelmintics |
Swelling on gum and toothache | St | Used as toothbrush | |||||
AHU195 | Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. | Cucurbitaceae | Buqee | CA | Obstructed labour/Dystocia | L | Crushed and filtrate taken oral in a traditional assisted delivery |
AHU173 | Leucas minimifolia Chiov. | Lamiaceae | Muka Adi | Sh | Eye diseases | L | Crushed and filtrate dropped in the eye |
Closing of the eye in the morning specially children | L | Crushed and filtrate dropped in the eye | |||||
AHU175 | *Leucas stachydiformis (Hochst. ex Benth.) Briq. | Lamiaceae | Muka Bofta | HA | Mouth infection | L | Decoction taken oral |
Nose infection | L | Decoction taken oral | |||||
AHU150 | Lawsonia inermis L. | Lytheraceae | Hina | Sh | Infection after haemorrhage & skin tumour removal | L | Crushed fresh leaf is applied external as antiseptic |
L | |||||||
Fever | L | Crushed and wash the head | |||||
AHU148 | Maerua triphylla A. Rich. | Capparidaceae | Qanqalcha | Sh | Stomach gofla | L | Concocted and taken oral |
AHU127 | Melhania zavattarii Cufod. | Sterculiaceae | Muka bira | Sh | Kidney infection | F, L | Concoction taken oral |
AHU179 | Ocimum basilicum L. var. thyrsiflorum (L.) Benth. | Lamiaceae | Rahan | HP |
sirkita
| L | Crushed and filtrate taken oral |
AHU140 | Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex Benth. | Lamiaceae | Rahana, Riroo | Sh |
mich
| L | Crush and squeeze the solution to drench and drink a teaspoon of it with tea or coffee |
Eye infection | L | Immerse in water and wash the eye with diluted infusion | |||||
AHU215 | Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller | Cactaceae | Tini | Sh | Hair fungus | J | Extracted and wash the hair |
AHU210 | Osyris quadripartita Decn. | Santalaceae | Wato | Sh | Malaria | R, L | Reddish infusion resulted after 24 hours immersion is taken oral |
AHU105 | Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L. | Euphorbiaceae | Harmel Xixiqaa | HA | Heart disease | Ap | Concocted and taken oral |
AHU147 | Plumbago zeylanica L. | Plumbaginaceae | Merxes | HA | Low level swelling under skin | R, L | Decoction taken oral |
AHU216 | Portulaca oleracea L. subsp. oleracea | Portulacaceae | Merere Haree | HA | Constipation | L | Cooked and served as laxative vegetable |
Cough | L | Cooked and eaten as a demulcent agent | |||||
AHU142 | Pouzolzia parasitica (Forssk.) Schweinf. | Urticaceae | Dirba | HA | Infertility in female | R, L | Concoction taken oral to increase the chance of fertility |
AHU142 | Pouzolzia parasitica (Forssk.) Schweinf. | Urticaceae | Dirba | HA | Diarrhoea | Tu, L | Crushed together and infusion taken oral |
Haemorrhage | L | Washing of anal opening with the infusion | |||||
Hair fungus | Tu, L | Concocted to wash the hair | |||||
AHU151 | Prunus persica (L.) Batsch | Rosaceae | Kuki | T | Snake bite poison | L | Crushed and filtrate taken oral |
Liver swelling | L | Infusion taken oral | |||||
Spleen swelling/Splenomegaly | L | Infusion taken oral | |||||
AHU208 | Punica granatum L. | Lythraceae | Roman (Am) | T | Swollen body part/gofla | F | Decoction serves like a tea |
AHU172 | Pupalia lappacea (L.) A. Juss. | Amaranthaceae | Metene | HA | Urinary retention/Ischuria | Ap | Concoction taken oral |
AHU194 | Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth | Asteraceae | Wachara Haree | HA | Liver disease/swollen and create fluid sacs | L | Decoction with sugar taken like a tea |
AHU109 | *Rhynchosia erlangeri Harms | Fabaceae | Harmel | Sh | Mental problem | L | Crushed leaf filtrate taken oral |
Heart disease | L | Concocted mix with honey and taken oral | |||||
AHU119 | Ricinus communis L. | Euphorbiaceae | Qobo | T | Constipation | S | Extracted oil taken as oral laxative |
AHU182 | Senna italica Mill. | Fabaceae | Tenemeki | HA | Colon cleaner | L | Concocted with the fruit of Tamarindus indica and sugar and used as laxative |
AHU181 | Steganotaenia araliacea Hochst. ex A. Rich. | Apiaceae | Harfetu | T | Body burning feeling and mentally disturbed | L | Concocted with Grewia sp. and Cissampelos mucronata and taken oral |
AHU183 | Tamarindus indica L. | Fabaceae | Roka | T | Colon cleaner | F | Concocted with Senna italica and sugar and used as laxative |
AHU155 | Terminalia brownii \Fresen. | Combretaceae | Bireysa | T | Liver disease/Jaundice | B | Concocted with bark of Croton macrostachyus and drink a cup of infusion |
AHU157 | Tragia plukenetii A. Rodel.-Smith | Euphorbiaceae | Dobi | HA | Nipple opening remain closed after birth | R, L | Concocted and filtrate is taken oral |
AHU185 | Tribulus terrestris L. | Zygophyllaceae | Qumutu Gala | HA | Heart disease | Ap | Concoction taken oral |
AHU143 | Verbascum sinaiticum Benth. | Scrophulariaceae | Muka loni, Gura Haree | Sh | Kwashiorkor | Ap | Concocted with Cynoglossum coeruleum and taken oral |
AHU156 | Vernonia amygdalina Del. | Asteraceae | Ebicha | T | Liver disease/Jaundice | B | Immerse in water and drink the infusion |
AHU141 | Withania somnifera (L.) Dun. in DC. | Solanaceae | Hidi Bude | Sh | Extended flow of menstruation/Menometrorrhagia | B, L | Concocted together with Cadaba rotundifolia & a cup of filtrate is taken oral |
Gallstone | R, L | Concoction taken oral | |||||
Evil eye | Br | Dried and smoke bath | |||||
AHU188 | Zinnia peruviana (L.) L. | Asteraceae | Muka Ilili | HA | Depigmentation of section of skin/Vitiligo | R, L | Concocted and applied on affected part |
AHU104 | Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf. | Rhaminaceae | Kurkura | T | Haemorrhage | L | Crushed and bath the anal opening |
Headache | L | Concocted and used to wash the head |
Growth form | No. of species | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Shrub | 29 | 34.9 |
Herb/annual | 28 | 33.7 |
Tree | 11 | 13.3 |
Herb/perennial | 7 | 8.4 |
Creeper/herbaceous | 3 | 3.6 |
Climber/annual | 2 | 2.4 |
Climber/perennial | 2 | 2.4 |
Epiphyte | 1 | 1.2 |
Informant consensus factor and frequency of citation
Major health problems of the study areas | List of plant species used and no. of citation in the bracket | Total no. of use citation | Fic value |
---|---|---|---|
Gastritis and heartburn/pyrosis | Cadia purpurea (8) | 8 | 1 |
Constipation | Jatropha curcas (10), Portulaca oleracea (19), Ricinus communis (11) | 40 | 0.95 |
Haemorrhage | Pouzolzia parasitica (11), Ziziphus spina-christi (7) | 18 | 0.94 |
Intestinal parasite | Azadirachta indica (11), Dodonaea angustifolia (9), Kleinia squarrosa (3) | 23 | 0.91 |
Skin cyst & tumor | Caralluma speciosa (3), Gloriosa superba (4), Plumbago zeylanica (15), | 22 | 0.90 |
Diarrhoea | Craterostigma plantagineum (4), Pouzolzia parasitica (5) | 9 | 0.88 |
Kidney infections | Acalypha fruticosa (4), Coccinia sp. (12), Melhania zavattarii (2) | 18 | 0.88 |
Eye and ear | Aloe mcloughlinii (6), Datura stramonium (5), Kalanchoe marmorata (6), Leucas minimifolia (3), Ocimum lamiifolium (7) | 27 | 0.81 |
Wound and external infections | Asparagus africanus (5), Caralluma speciosa (3), Cucumis prophetarum (7), Dodonaea angustifolia (4),Gossypium hirsutum (3), Grewia bicolor (3), Jasminum grandiflorum (5), Kalanchoe marmorata (4), Leucas stachydiformis (4), Lawsonia inermis (6) | 44 | 0.79 |
Skin itching, fungus, inflammation | Acanthospermum hispidum (4), Aloe harlana (8), Asparagus africanus (3), Caralluma speciosa (3), Commelina stephniniana (5), Commicarpus sinuatus (4), Cucumis dipsaceus (7), Dodonaea angustifolia (2), Erucastrum arabicum (2), Gomphocarpus purpurascens (3), Grewia bicolor (3), Heliotropium steudneri (3), Opuntia ficus-indica (10), Pouzolzia parasitica (4) | 61 | 0.78 |
Swollen body part locally called gofla | Aloe harlana (6), Kleinia pendula (3), Caralluma speciosa (3), Cucumis ficifolius (13), Cucumis prophetarum (4), Euclea racemosa (3), Eulophia petersii (5), Erianthemum aethiopicum (3), Kleinia squarrosa (3), Maerua triphylla (2), Prunus persica (2), Punica granatum (3), Richardia tingitana (4), | 54 | 0.77 |
Species name | Disease (s) treated | F(%) |
---|---|---|
Aloe megalacantha
| Colon cleaner | 87.3 |
Cissampelos mucronata
| Sudden illness locally called “dingetegna” | 85.5 |
Aloe harlana
| Swollen body part locally called gofla, snake bite, liver swelling, spleen swelling, colon cleaner, skin fungus, hair fungus, skin inflammation | 78.2 |
Ocimum lamiifolium
| “mich”, eye infection | 76.4 |
Portulaca oleracea
| Constipation, cough | 70.9 |
Tamarindus indica
| Colon cleaner | 70.1 |
Withania somnifera
| Extended flow of menstruation/menometrorrhagia, gallstone, evil eye | 69.1 |
Cadia purpurea
| Gastritis, heartburn/pyrosis | 67.3 |
Azadirachta indica
| Intestinal parasite, malaria | 56.4 |
Lawsonia inermis
| Infection after hemorrhage removal, infection after skin tumor removal, fever | 49.1 |
Pouzolzia parasitica
| Diarrhoea, hemorrhage, hair fungus | 47.3 |
Kleinia abyssinica
| Sexual dysfunction | 41.8 |
Terminalia brownii
| Liver disease/jaundice | 38.2 |
Caralluma speciosa
| Skin cyst & tumor locally known as keledo, gangrene, swollen body part, anti poison, wound, itching skin | 34.5 |
Cucumis ficifolius
| Swollen body part locally called gofla | 23.6 |
Gomphocarpus Purpurascens
| Itching skin, evil eye | 32.7 |
Plumbago zeylanica
| Skin cyst & tumor locally called keledo | 27.3 |
Coccinia sp.
| Kidney infections | 21.8 |
Methods of preparation and routes of administration
Method of preparation | Number of preparations | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Concoction | 71 | 50.7 |
Fluids extraction | 15 | 10.7 |
Infusion | 9 | 6.4 |
Crushed and pounded | 8 | 5.7 |
Decoction | 6 | 4.3 |
Ointment | 5 | 3.6 |
Cooked as a soup | 4 | 2.9 |
Dried and powdered | 4 | 2.9 |
Make it warm/hot | 4 | 2.9 |
Small cut of fresh part to be rubbed | 3 | 2.1 |
Dried for smoke bath | 2 | 1.4 |
Small cut of fresh part to be chewed | 2 | 1.4 |
Small cut of fresh part to be eaten | 2 | 1.4 |
Small cut of stick for brushing | 2 | 1.4 |
Syrup | 2 | 1.4 |
Pulverized and filtered | 1 | 0.7 |
Internal | No. of preparations | Percentage | External | No. of preparations | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oral drink | 64 | 45.7 | Dermal ointment | 17 | 12.1 |
Oral eaten | 6 | 4.3 | Dermal bandage | 16 | 11.4 |
Eye/internal | 4 | 2.9 | Buccal cavity | 11 | 7.9 |
Ear/internal | 2 | 1.4 | Herbal bath | 9 | 6.4 |
Vaginal/Internal | 1 | 0.7 | Drenched | 4 | 2.9 |
Total |
77
|
55.10%
| Dermal rubbing | 2 | 1.4 |
Smoke bath | 2 | 1.4 | |||
Steam bath | 1 | 0.7 | |||
Massage | 1 | 0.7 | |||
Total
|
63
|
44.90%
|