Background
Methods
Author's name | Reference Number | Year | Main topic | No. of taxa with Latin names | Errors |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bohdanowicz | [20] | 1996 | food | 10 | 2 |
Chętnik | [21] | 1936 | food | 14 | 0 |
Dekowski | [22] | 1968 | food | 35 | 0 |
Dekowski | [23] | 1973 | foraging | 38 | 0 |
Dydowiczowa | [24] | 1964 | foraging | 44 | 0 |
Eljasz-Radzikowski | [25] | 1897 | general ethnographic | 18 | 0 |
Gajkowa | [26] | 1947 | general ethnographic | 4 | 3 |
Gawełek | [27] | 1910 | ethnomedicine | 36 | 0 |
Gustawicz | [28] | 1904 | general ethnographic | 18 | 0 |
Henslowa | [29] | 1962 | selected edible taxa | 12 | 0 |
Janicka-Krzywda | [30] | 2004 | food | 5 | 1 |
Jostowa | [31] | 1954 | food | 1 | 0 |
Kantor | [32] | 1907 | general ethnogr. | 46 | 5 |
Kolberg | [33] | 1962 (1874) | general ethnogr. | 54 | 1 |
Kolberg | [34] | 1962 (1882) | general ethnogr. | 35 | 1 |
Kolberg | [35] | 1962 (1891) | general ethnogr. | 75 | 0 |
Kolberg | [36] | 1973 | general ethnogr. | 6 | 0 |
Kolberg | [37] | 1963 (1888) | general ethnogr. | 22 | 0 |
Kolberg | [38] | 1968 | general ethnogr. | 29 | 0 |
Libera, Paluch | [39] | 1993 | ethnomedicine | 98 | 0 |
Łęga | [40] | 1961 | general ethnogr. | 2 | 0 |
Malicki | [41] | 1971 | foraging | 20 | 0 |
Ochrymowicz | [42] | 1900 | beliefs about herbs | 52 | 1 |
Oczykowski | [43] | 1896 | ethnomedicine | 10 | 1 |
Orzeszkowa | [44] | 1888 | ethnomedicine and beliefs | 69 | 0 |
Orzeszkowa | [45] | 1891 | ethnomedicine and beliefs | 51 | 0 |
Paluch | [46] | 1984 | ethnomedicine | 176 | 0 |
Pietkiewicz | [47] | 1928 | material culture | 23 | 0 |
Plichta | [48] | 1891 | ethnomedicine | 8 | 0 |
Ruszel | [49] | 2004 | ethnographic dictionary | 85 | 8 |
Siarkowski | [50] | 1890 | ethnomedicine | 17 | 0 |
Siarkowski | [51] | 1891 | ethnomedicine | 5 | 1 |
Sulisz | [52] | 1906 | general ethnogr. | 11 | 3 |
Sulisz | [53] | 1906 | general | 8 | 4 |
Szot-Radziszewska | [54] | 2005 | ethnomedicine | 129 | 4 |
Szromba-Rysowa | [55] | 1966 | foraging | 63 | 2 |
Szukiewicz | [56] | 1903 | folk beliefs | 5 | 0 |
Szulczewski | [57] | 1996 | general ethnogr. | >100 | 0 |
Szychowska-Boebel | [58] | 1972 | ethnomedicine | 95 | 1 |
Szychowska-Boebel | [59] | 1978 | ethnomedicine | 49 | 1 |
Tylkowa | [60] | 1988 | ethnomedicine | 81 | 4 |
Wawrzeniecki | [61] | 1916 | ritual plants | 14 | 2 |
Weryho | [62] | 1888 | ethnomedicine | 31 | 1 |
Wysłouchowa | [63] | 1896 | general ethnogr. | 38 | 0 |
Udziela | [64] | 1931 | ethnomedicine and beliefs | 141 | 0 |
-
Some taxa were widely used under one name and their 'identity' is obvious but a different Latin name had been erroneously assigned to this folk taxon. For example in one publication szałwia - Salvia officinalis was named S. pratensis, although the description of the plant without doubt refers to the former.
Results
Author | Name in the publication (with original spelling) | The correct name | Type of mistake/inaccuracy |
---|---|---|---|
Bohdanowicz [20] |
Origanum vulgare
| Chenopodiumsp. | L |
Bohdanowicz [20] |
Carduus
| Cirsium sp. | L |
Gajkowa [26] |
cuminum cyminum
| Carum carvi L. | L |
Gajkowa [26] |
panicum miliaceum
| Echinochloa crus-galli (L.)P.Beauv. | L |
Gajkowa [26] |
atriplex hortense
| Chenopodium & Atriplex spp. | L |
Janicka-Krzywda [30] |
Carlina vulgaris
| Carlina acaulis L. | ? |
Kantor [32] |
Geranium
| Dahlia sp. | ? |
Kantor [32] |
Iris
| Lilium sp.? | ? |
Kantor [32] |
Salsola
| ? | ? |
Kantor [32] |
Selinum carvifolia
| Carum carvi L. | I |
Kantor [32] |
Sesleria coerulea
| Sesleria sadlerana Janka ssp. tatrae (Degen) Deyl? | I |
Kolberg [33] |
Hippophae rhamnoides
| Salix sp. | L |
Kolberg [34] |
Helleborus albus
| Veratrum sp.? Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik.? | L |
Ochrymowicz [42] |
Iris germanica
| Iris sp. or Eupatorium cannabinum L. | ? |
Oczykowski [43] |
Rumex hydrolapathum
| some other Rumex spp. | I |
Ruszel [49] |
Plantago major
| Plantago spp. | S (the name refers to all the Plantago species) |
Ruszel [49] |
Helleborus viridis
| Veratrum lobelianum Bernh.? | L |
Ruszel [49] |
Carum carvi
| Glechoma hederacea L. s.l. | ? |
Ruszel [49] |
Thymus serpyllum
| Thymus serpyllum L. em. Fr. &Th. pulegioides L. | S (both species are used) |
Ruszel [49] |
Tilia cordata
| Tilia cordata Mill. &T. platyphyllos Scop. | S (both species are used equally frequently) |
Ruszel [49] |
Rubus plicatus
| Rubus subgenus Rubus spp. | |
Ruszel [49] |
Carduus
| Cirsium & Carduus spp. | L |
Ruszel [49] |
Rumex hydrolapathum
| Rumex spp. mainly R. obtusifolius L. | I |
Siarkowski [51] |
Thymus serpyllum
| Thymus spp. | S |
Sulisz [52] |
Origanum vulgare
| Chenopodium sp. | L |
Sulisz [52] |
Thymus vulgaris
| Thymus serpyllum L. em. Fr. or Th. pulegioides L. | I |
Sulisz [52] |
Matricaria Chamomilla
| Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip. | I |
Sulisz [53] |
Acorus calamus
| Calamagrostis epigejos (L.)Roth | ? |
Sulisz [53] |
Rhamnus cathartica
| Staphylea pinnata L. | ? |
Sulisz [53] |
Galium cruciata
| Euonymus europaeus L./Rhamnus cathartica L.? | ? (L?) |
Sulisz [53] |
Ledum palustre
| the term bagnięta was used erroneously as it refers to any wooden branches | L |
Szot-Radziszewska [54] |
Cicuta virosa
| Solanaceae, probably Hyoscyamus niger L. | L |
Szot-Radziszewska [54] |
Thymus serpyllum
| Thymus spp. | S |
Szot-Radziszewska [54] |
Salvia pratensis
| Salvia officinalis L. | L |
Szot-Radziszewska [54] |
Papaver rhoeas
| Papaver officinalis L. | L |
Szromba-Rysowa [55] |
Rubus caesius
| Rubus subgenus Rubus spp. | S (other Rubus spp. are used more frequently) |
Szromba-Rysowa [55] | Carduus sp. | Cirsium & Carduus spp. | L |
Szychowska-Boebel [59] | Crataegus oxyacantha L. | Crataegus spp. | S (Crataegus monogyna is more frequent) |
Szychowska-Boebel [59] | Crataegus oxyacantha L. | Crataegus spp. | S (as above) |
Tylkowa [60] | Sonchus olearceus L. | Taraxacum sp. | L |
Tylkowa [60] | Rubus plicatus L. | Rubus spp. | |
Tylkowa [60] | Malva alcea L. | Alcea rosea L. | L |
Tylkowa [60] | Thymus serpyllum L. | Thymus pulegioides L. | S - T. serpyllum does not occur in the region, the other species is commonly used |
Wawrzeniecki [61] |
Thymus vulgaris
| Thymus spp. | I |
Wawrzeniecki [61] |
Urtica urens
| Urtica dioica L. & U. urens L. | S |
Weryho [62] |
Vinca major
| Vinca minor L. | ? |
Collector | Name in the publication | The correct name |
---|---|---|
Orzeszkowa |
Anchusa arvensis
|
?
|
Orzeszkowa |
Thymus serpyllum
| Thymus pulegioides L. |
Orzeszkowa |
Anchusa arvensis
| Anchusa officinalis L. |
Orzeszkowa |
Asarum europaeum
| Hepatica nobilis L. |
Orzeszkowa |
Sium latifolium
| Cicuta virosa L. |
Orzeszkowa |
Ranunculus sceleratus
| Ranunculus flammula L. |
Orzeszkowa |
Ranunculus flammula
| Ranunculus sceleratus L. |
Orzeszkowa |
Lamium maculatum
| Lamiaceae but not Lamium |
Udziela |
Arabis arenosa
| Epilobium adenocaulon Hasskn. |
Udziela |
Daucus carota
| Pimpinella saxifraga L. |
Udziela |
Inula germanica
| Inula britannica L. |
Udziela |
Lappa maior (=Arctium lappa)
| Arctium tomentosum Mill. |
Udziela |
Marrubium vulgare
| Nepeta cataria L. |
Udziela |
Mentha piperita
| Mentha cfr verticillata L. |
Udziela |
Thymus serpyllum
| Thymus pulegioides L. |
Udziela |
Tilia grandiflora
| Tilia cordata Mill. |
PAE |
Betula alba
| Betula pubescens Ehrh. |
PAE |
Carlina vulgaris
| Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. |
PAE |
Echium vulgare
| Symphytum officinale L. |
PAE |
Hypericum perforatum
| Vaccinium uliginosum L. |
PAE | Malva neglecta (x3) | Malva sylvestris L. |
PAE |
Mentha cfr. aquatica
| Mentha longifolia (L.)Huds. |
PAE |
Mentha piperita
| Mentha longifolia (L.)Huds. |
PAE |
Polygonum bistorta
| Rumex acetosa L. |
PAE |
Polygonum convolvulus
| Convolvulus arvensis L. |
PAE | Polygonum mite (x2) | Polygonum lapathifolium L. s.l. (including P. tomentosum Schrank) |
PAE | Ribes rubrum (x2) | Ribes spicatum Robson |
PAE | Rosa canina (x3) | Rosa sp. |
PAE |
Rubus hirtus
| Rubus sp. |
PAE |
Rubus hirtus
| Rubus caesius L. |
PAE |
Rubus saxatilis
| Rubus caesius L. |
PAE |
Rumex acetosella
| R. thyrsiforus Fing. |
PAE | Rumex acetosella L (x 2) | Rumex acetosa L. |
PAE | Thymus serpyllum (x2) | Thymus pulegioides L. |
PAE |
Trifolium medium
| Trifolium repens L. and T. pratense L. |
PAE |
Trifolium medium
| Trifolium pratense L. |
Szychowska-Boebel | Trifolium arvense L. | Trifolium pratense L. |
Szychowska-Boebel | Trifolium arvense L. | Trifolium repens L. |
Type of study | Literature | Voucher specimens |
---|---|---|
Number of publications/herbariums | 45 | 4 |
No. of use-reports/specimens | 1983 | 459 |
No. of errors detected | 46 | 46 |
Average rate of mistakes per publication/source | 6.2 | 9.2 |
Percentage of errors detected | 2.3 | 10.0 |
Types of errors: | Number of taxa (Percentage given in parentheses) | |
wrong genus | 22 (48%) | 11 (24%) |
wrong species within the same genus | 7 (15%) | 29 (63%) |
more species from the same genus are actually used in the area | 16 (35%) | - |
the identification is too detailed (the voucher specimen is in bad condition - it should have been identified only to the genus level) | - | 5 (11%) |
Species | Family | Method of Identification | Source | Parts Used | Mode of Use |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acer platanoides L. |
Aceraceae
| H | 1, 2, 5 | sap | raw and fermented |
A | 1 | cambium | raw | ||
A | 1 | fruits | raw | ||
A | 1 | opening leaf buds | fermented | ||
A | 1, 5 | leaves | under baking bread | ||
Acer pseudoplatanus L. | A | 1, 2 | sap | raw | |
A | 1 | leaf buds | raw, ff | ||
Aegopodium podagraria L. |
Apiaceae
| A | 3, 5, 6 | young leaves | soup |
Carum carvi L. | H | 1, 2, 5 | seeds | spice | |
A | 1 | young plants | soup | ||
Daucus carota L. | A | 5, 6 | roots, leaves, fruits | soup, spice | |
Heracleum sphondylium L. | H | 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 | leaves and flowering stalks | soup | |
Pastinaca sativa L. | O | 1, 2, 6 | roots | cooked foods | |
Acorus calamus L. |
Araceae
| H | 1, 2, 5 | inner parts of stems | raw |
H | 1, 5 | leaves | under baking bread | ||
Achillea millefolium L. |
Asteraceae
| A | 4, 5, 6 | leaves | raw and as spice |
Arctium sp. | A | 3 | leaf stalks | lacto-fermented | |
A | 6 | roots | boiled | ||
Artemisia absinthium L. | O | 6 | leaves | spice for meat | |
Bellis perennis L. | N | 2 | unspecified | unspecified | |
A | 5, 6 | flowers | raw | ||
Carlina acaulis L. | H | 1, 2, 3 | receptacles, roots | unknown | |
Carlina vulgaris L. | U | 1 | unspecified parts | unkown | |
Centaurea cyanus L. | H | 1 | petals | fermented drink | |
Chamomilla recutita (L.)Rauschert | L | 2 | shoots | infusion | |
Cichorium intybus L. | U | 1, 6 | leaves | boiled (ff), raw | |
L | 1, 5, 6 | roots | coffee surrogate | ||
Cirsium oleraceum Scop. | A | 1, 3, 4 | leaves, roots | boiled, ff | |
Cirsium rivulare All. | H | 1, 2, 3, 4 | leaves | boiled, ff | |
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. | H | 2, 3, 4 | leaves, stalks | boiled, ff | |
Sonchus arvensis L. | LU | 1, 3 | green parts | raw | |
Taraxacum sp. pl. | A | 1, 5 | inflorescences | syrup, wine | |
H | 1, 2, 5 | leaves | raw, boiled | ||
Tragopogon pratensis L. s.l. | H | 2 | stalks | raw | |
Tussilago farfara L. | A | 1 | leaves | boiled, ff | |
Berberis vulgaris L. |
Berberidaceae
| H | 1, 2, 3 | fruits | raw, preserves |
Alnus sp. |
Betulaceae
| O | 2 | ||
Betula pendula Roth & Betula pubescens Ehrh. | H | 1, 2, 5 | sap | raw or fermented | |
H | 1 | leaf buds | fermented | ||
H | 1, 2 | cambium | flour, ff | ||
Anchusa arvensis (L.) M.Bieb. |
Boraginaceae
| A | 3 | shoots | boiled, ff |
Echium vulgare L. | A | 6 | flowers | nectar sucked | |
Pulmonaria obscura L. | AR | 1 | leaves | boiled, ff | |
Symphytum officinale L. | H | 1, 2, 3 | leaves | boiled, ff | |
H | 2, 6 | flowers | nectar sucked | ||
A | 6 | roots | boiled (ff?) | ||
Armoracia rusticana P.Gaertn., B.Mey,&Scherb. |
Brassicaceae
| H | 1, 2, 5 | roots | spice |
A | 1 | leaves | under baking bread or as spice | ||
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.)Medik. | A | 1, 2 | fruits | raw | |
A | 5, 6 | whole plant? | boiled | ||
Cardamine amara L. | RU | 3 | leaves | raw | |
Cardamine pratensis L. | A | 3 | leaves | ff | |
Raphanus raphanistrum L. | H | 1, 2, 3, 4 | leaves | boiled, ff | |
Sinapis arvensis L. | H | 1, 2, 3, 4 | leaves | boiled, ff | |
Campanula persicifolia L. |
Campanulaceae
| L | 1, 6 | flowers | raw |
Phyteuma spicatum L. | L | 1 | roots | unspecified | |
Humulus lupulus L. |
Cannabaceae
| O | 1, 2, 5 | inflorescences and fruits | beer, mead, bread |
O | 1 | probably shoots | ff | ||
Sambucus nigra L. |
Caprifoliaceae
| H | 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 | fruits | boiled: wine, jam, soup, rarely raw |
O | 3, 5 | flowers | fried in batter or preserves | ||
Viburnum opulus L. | A | 1, 2, 5 | fruits | boiled: wine, juice, jam | |
Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke |
Caryophyllaceae
| A | 3 | shoots | boiled, ff |
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. | N | 3 | shoots | boiled, ff | |
Euonymus verrucosus Scop. |
Celastraceae
| A | 5 | fruits | added to wine? |
Atriplex patula L. |
Chenopodiaceae
| L? | 1 | leaves | boiled, fried |
Chenopodium album L. | H | 1, 2, 3, 5 | leaves | boiled, fried | |
Chenopodium bonus-henricus L. | A | 1, 3 | leaves | boiled, fried | |
Chenopodium hybridum L. | A | 3 | leaves | boiled, fried | |
Chenopodium polyspermum L. | A | 3 | leaves | boiled, fried | |
Chenopodium polyspermum L. | A | 3 | leaves | boiled, fried | |
Convolvulus arvensis L. |
Convolvulaceae
| H | 1, 2, 3 | shoots | boiled, ff |
Carpinus betulus L. |
Corylaceae
| H | 1 | sap | raw |
Corylus avellana L. | H | 1, 3 | inflorescences, leaves | ff, mainly for flour | |
H | 1, 2, 3, 5 | fruits | raw and in cakes | ||
Juniperus communis L. |
Cupressaceae
| O | 1, 2, 5 | pseudofruits | spice, beer, snack |
Scirpus sylvaticus L. |
Cyperaceae
| A | 1, 6 | inner parts of young shoots | raw |
Pteridium aquilinum L. |
Dennstaedtiaceae
| LU | 1 | rhizomes | unspecified, ff |
Empetrum nigrum L. |
Empetraceae
| A | 1 | fruits | unspecified |
Equisetum arvense L. |
Equisetaceae
| H | 1, 2, 6 | strobils | raw, cooked |
A | 2, 6 | bulbils | raw | ||
Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull ON |
Ericaceae
| L | 1 | seeds | bread, ff |
Vaccinium myrtillus L. | H | 1, 2, 3 | fruit | raw, boiled | |
Vaccinium oxycoccos L. | H | 1, 2, 3, 5 | fruit | raw or in preserves | |
Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. | H | 1, 2, 3, 5 | fruit | raw or in preserves | |
Vaccinium uliginosum L. | H | 1, 2, 3, 5 | |||
Euphorbia peplus L. |
Euphorbiaceae
| L | 1 | whole plant | boiled, ff |
Astragalus glycyphyllos L. |
Fabaceae
| A | 5, 6 | stalks | raw |
Medicago lupulina L. | A | 6 | thickened parts of the roots | raw | |
Robinia pseudoacacia L. | H | 2 | flowers | raw, jams | |
Trifolium pratense L., T. repens L., T. montanum L. | H | 1, 2 | inflorescences | nectar sucked or dried for baking bread | |
Vicia sp. pl. | L | 1, 2 | seeds | flour for bread, ff | |
Fagus sylvatica L. |
Fagaceae
| H | 1, 3 | fruits | raw or baked, oil |
Quercus robur L. & Q. petraea Mattuschka (Liebl.) | H | 1 | fruits | flour (ff), coffee surrogate | |
Ribes alpinum L. |
Grossulariaceae
| A | 5 | fruits | raw (rarely) |
Ribes alpinum L. or R. petraeum Wulfen | NR | 1 | fruits | raw | |
Ribes nigrum L. | H | 1, 2, 6 | fruits | raw, jams | |
H | 1, 6 | leaves | spice | ||
Ribes spicatum Robson | H | 2, 6 | fruits | raw, jams | |
Ribes uva-crispa L. | O | 2, 3 | fruits | raw | |
Stratiotes aloides L. |
Hydrocharitaceae
| H | 2 | leaves, roots | boiled, ff |
Dracocephalum ruyschiana L. |
Lamiaceae
| A | 5 | flowers | nectar sucked |
Galeopsis sp. | A | 1 | leaves | boiled, ff | |
Glechoma hederacea L. s.l. | H | 1, 2, 3 | leaves | spice | |
Lamium sp pl. (mainly L. album L.) | A | 3 | shoots | boiled | |
Lamium purpureum L. | A | 5 | shoots | boiled | |
Melittis melisophyllum L. | LU | 1 | leaves | unspecified, ff; liquors | |
A | 6 | flowers | nectar sucked | ||
Mentha arvensis L. | H | 1, 6 | leaves | spice, infusions, raw | |
Mentha longifolia (L.)Hudson | H | 1 | leaves | spice | |
Origanum vulgare L. | A | 1 | flowering tops | beer condiment | |
Prunella vulgaris L. | N | 4 | shoots | boiled, ff | |
Stachys palustris L. | H | 2, 3 | rhizomes | raw, boiled | |
Thymus pulegioides L. | H | l | flowering tops | spice, teas | |
Thymus serpyllum L. | H | 1, 5 | flowering tops | spice, teas | |
Lemna minor L. | L | 1 | leaves | fried, ff | |
Allium ursinum L. |
Liliaceae
| LU | 1 | roots | spice |
O | 1, 5, 6 | leaves | raw | ||
Allium sp. | N | 2 | ? | ? | |
Maianthemum bifolium (L.) F. W. Schmidt | H | 1, 3 | fruits | raw, wine | |
Viscum album L. |
Loranthaceae
| H | 2 | fruits | raw |
Malva neglecta Wallr. |
Malvaceae
| H | 1, 2 | leaves | boiled |
H | 1, 2, 5 | immature fruits | raw | ||
Malva sylvestris L. | H | 1, 2 | leaves | boiled | |
H | 1, 2 | immature fruits | raw | ||
Fraxinus excelsior L. |
Oleaceae
| O | 5, 6 | fruits | boiled, ff |
Oenothera sp. |
Onagraceae
| A | 6 | roots | boiled |
Oxalis acetosella L. |
Oxalidaceae
| H | 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 | leaves | raw, cooked |
Oxalis stricta L. s.l. | H | 1, 2 | leaves | raw, cooked | |
Papaver rhoeas L. |
Papaveraceae
| N | 2, 5 | seeds | unspecified |
Abies alba Mill. |
Pinaceae
| O | 1 | young shoots | syrup |
Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. | O | 1 | young shoots | raw, syrup | |
O | 1 | male inflorescences | raw | ||
O | 1 | young cones | raw | ||
O | 2 | cambium | ff | ||
Pinus cembra L. | O | 1 | male inflorescences | raw | |
O | 1 | seeds | raw | ||
Pinus sylvestris L. | O | 5 | young vegetative and generative shoots | raw, syrup | |
Plantago lanceolata L. |
Plantaginaceae
| L | 1, 2, 6 | leaves | boiled, raw |
Bromus secalinus L. |
Poaceae
| A | 1, 2, 3 | seeds | ground for flour, ff |
Dactylis glomerata L. | A | 1 | stem base | raw | |
Elymus repens (L.) Gould | H | 1 | rhizomes | ground for flour | |
Festuca pratensis L. | LU | 1 | seeds | unspecified | |
Glyceria fluitans (L.) R. Br. | A | 1 | seeds | seeds, boiled or for flour | |
Glyceria plicata Fries | L | 1 | seeds | seeds, boiled or for flour | |
Phleum pratense L. | N | 2 | seeds | for flour, ff | |
Setaria pumila (Poir.) Schult. or/and Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv. | NR | 3 | seeds | boiled | |
Fallopia convolvulus (L.) AA.Löve |
Polygonaceae
| H | 3 | shoots | boiled, ff |
Polygonum hydropiper L. | A | 5 | leaves | raw | |
Polygonum lapathifolium L. ssp. pallidum | H | 1 | shoots | fried, ff | |
Rumex acetosa L. | H | 1, 3, 5 | leaves | raw, cooked | |
Rumex acetosella L. | H | 1, 3 | leaves | raw, cooked | |
Rumex crispus L. | A | 6 | leaves | cooked | |
Rumex crispus L. or R. obtusifolius L. | A | 5, 6 | fruit | boiled, ff | |
Rumex hydrolapathum Huds. | A | 6 | leaves | cooked | |
Rumex obtusifolius L. | HU | 2 | leaves | for compotes | |
Rumex thyrsiflorus Fing. | H | 2 | leaves | raw, cooked | |
Rumex crispus L. | L | 1 | leaves, seeds | flour, ff | |
Polypodium vulgare L. |
Polypodiaceae
| H | 1,2,3 | rhizomes | raw or cooked as sweetener |
Ranunculus ficaria L. |
Ranunculaceae
| A | 1, 3, 6 | leaves | boiled, raw |
Nigella sp. | L | 1 | seeds | spice | |
Nigella arvensis L. | A | 6 | seeds | spice | |
Frangula alnus Miller |
Rhamnaceae
| NU | 2 | fruits | jams |
Alchemilla sp. |
Rosaceae
| L | 1 | leaves | boiled, ff |
Crataegus sp. pl. | H | 1, 2, 3, 5 | fruit | raw, wine, jams | |
A | 6 | flowers | raw | ||
Fragaria vesca L. | H | 1, 2, 3, 5 | fruit | raw, wine, jams | |
Malus domestica Borkh. (feral plants) | O | 1, 2, 3, 5 | fruit | raw, compotes or in sauerkraut | |
Potentilla anserina L. | L | 1 | young shoots | raw | |
Prunus avium L. | O | 1 | fruits | raw, compotes | |
O | 1 | solidified sap | raw | ||
Prunus padus L. | H | 1, 2, 3, 5 | fruits | mainly raw | |
Prunus spinosa L. | H | 1, 2, 3 | fruits | raw, compotes, jams, wine | |
Pyrus pyraster (L.) Burgsd. & Pyrus communis L. em. Gaertner | O | 1, 2, 3, 5 | fruits | raw, dried, pickled | |
Rosa sp. pl. (mainly Rosa canina L.) | H | 1, 2, 5 | fruits | raw, wine, jams, infusions | |
Rubus caesius L. | H | 1, 2, 3, 5 | fruits | raw, wine, jams, infusions | |
Rubus idaeus L. | H | 1, 2, 3, 5 | fruits | raw, wine, jams, infusions | |
Rubus L. sect. Rubus sp. pl. | H | 1, 2, 3, 5 | fruits | raw, wine, jams, infusions | |
Rubus saxatilis L. | A | 1, 2, 5 | fruits | raw, juice | |
Sedum maximum (L.) Hoffm. | H | 2 | thick roots | unspecified | |
Sorbus aucuparia L. emend. Hedl. | H | 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 | fruits | wine, jams, liqueur, rarely as spice | |
Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. |
Rubiaceae
| H | 2 | flowering shoots | spice, infusions |
V. beccabunga L. or V. anagallis-aquatica L. |
Scrophulariaceae
| A | 3 | shoots | raw |
Tilia cordata Miller & Tilia platyphyllos Scop. |
Tiliaceae
| H | 1, 2 | flowers | infusion |
O | 2 | cambium | raw | ||
O | 3 | seeds | oil | ||
O | 3, 4 | leaves | boiled or into flour, ff | ||
Trapa natans L. |
Trapaceae
| L | 1 | leaves | raw, boiled, flour |
Typha latifolia L. |
Typhaceae
| A | 5, 6 | shoots and rhizomes | boiled, roasted |
Ulmus sp. |
Ulmaceae
| N | 2 | fruits, leaves | unspecified |
Urtica dioica L. & Urtica urens L. |
Urticaceae
| H | 1, 2, 3 | shoot tops | boiled, infusions |
Parthenocissus sp. |
Vitaceae
| H | 2 | fruits | fermented drink |
Viola arvensis Murr. |
Violaceae
| A | 5 | flowers | raw |