1. Background
2. Data
Income | Household Size | |
---|---|---|
Low income | Less than $15,000 | 1 or 2 persons |
Less than $20,000 | 3 or 4 persons | |
Less than $30,000 | 5 or more persons | |
Low middle income | $15,000 to $29,999 | 1 or 2 persons |
$20,000 to $39,999 | 3 or 4 persons | |
$30,000 to $59,999 | 5 or more persons | |
High middle income | $30,000 to $59,999 | 1 or 2 persons |
$40,000 to $79,999 | 3 or 4 persons | |
$60,000 to $79,999 | 5 or more persons | |
High income | $60,000 or more | 1 or 2 persons |
$80,000 or more | 3 persons or more |
Variable | Definition |
---|---|
Quantity(cigarette) | Daily number of cigarette smoked |
Quantity(alcohol) | Daily number of drinks |
Low strain | = 1 if job strain score belongs to the first quantile, 0 otherwise |
Medium strain | = 1 if job strain score belongs to the second quantile, 0 otherwise |
High strain | = 1 if job strain score belongs to the third quantile, 0 otherwise |
Real cigarette tax | = Real excise cigarette tax per carton |
Trend | = Linear year trend |
Male | = 1 if gender is male, 0 otherwise |
Female | = 1 if gender is female, 0 otherwise |
Married | = 1 if married/living with a partner/common-law, 0 otherwise |
Separated | = 1 if widowed/separated/divorced, 0 otherwise |
Single | = 1 if never married, 0 otherwise (base category) |
Less than secondary | = 1 if education is less than secondary, 0 otherwise |
secondary | = 1 if education is secondary, 0 otherwise |
Some post secondary | = 1 if education is some post secondary, 0 otherwise |
Post secondary | = 1 if education is post secondary, 0 otherwise |
Age 18-29 | = 1 if aged 18-29 years, 0 otherwise |
Age 30-44 | = 1 if aged 30-44 years, 0 otherwise |
Age 45-65 | = 1 if aged 45-65 years, 0 otherwise |
Low income | = 1 if household income is in low income group, 0 otherwise |
Low middle income | = 1 if household income is in middle low income group, 0 otherwise |
High middle income | = 1 if household income is in middle high income group, 0 otherwise |
High income | = 1 if household income in high income group, 0 otherwise |
Household size | = Number of people living in a household |
Non immigrant | = 1 if country of birth is Canada, 0 otherwise |
Immigrant | = 1 if country of birth is not Canada, 0 otherwise |
No ban | = 1 if there is no workplace restrictions on smoking,0 otherwise |
Partial ban | = 1 if smoking is allowed in designated areas,0 otherwise |
Full ban | = 1 if there is full workplace restrictions on smoking,0 otherwise |
Social support | Social support score, indicating the social support available to the respondent at his/her main job in the past 12 months. |
HUI | Health utility index |
Newfoundland | = 1 if province of residence is Newfoundland, 0 otherwise |
Prince Edward | = 1 if province of residence is Prince Edward, 0 otherwise |
Nova Scotia | = 1 if province of residence is Nova Scotia, 0 otherwise |
New Brunswick | = 1 if province of residence is New Brunswick, 0 otherwise |
Quebec | = 1 if province of residence is Quebec, 0 otherwise |
Ontario | = 1 if province of residence is Ontario, 0 otherwise |
Manitoba | = 1 if province of residence is Manitoba, 0 otherwise |
Saskatchewan | = 1 if province of residence is Saskatchewan, 0 otherwise |
Alberta | = 1 if province of residence is Alberta, 0 otherwise |
British Columbia | = 1 if province of residence is British Columbia, 0 otherwise |
Mechanical | = 1 if individual's job belong to mechanical occupations,0 otherwise |
Trade | = 1 if individual's job belong to trade occupations,0 otherwise |
professional | = 1 if individual's job belong to professional occupations,0 otherwise |
managerial | = 1 if individual's job belong to managerial occupations,0 otherwise |
Health | = 1 if individual's job belong to health occupations,0 otherwise |
Service | = 1 if individual's job belong to services occupations,0 otherwise |
Farm | = 1 if individual's job belong to farm occupations,0 otherwise |
3. Methods
4. Results
Smoking | Alcohol | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables
|
Mean
|
S.D
|
Mean
|
S.D
|
Quantity | 12.845 | 0.099 | 0.617 | 0.007 |
High strain | 0.372 | 0.005 | 0.314 | 0.003 |
Medium strain | 0.231 | 0.005 | 0.235 | 0.003 |
Low strain | 0.397 | 0.006 | 0.412 | 0.003 |
Male | 0.554 | 0.006 | 0.533 | 0.003 |
Female | 0.446 | 0.006 | 0.467 | 0.003 |
Married | 0.540 | 0.006 | 0.628 | 0.003 |
Separated | 0.144 | 0.004 | 0.102 | 0.002 |
Single | 0.316 | 0.005 | 0.269 | 0.003 |
Less secondary | 0.152 | 0.004 | 0.096 | 0.002 |
Secondary | 0.171 | 0.004 | 0.135 | 0.002 |
Some postsecondary | 0.313 | 0.005 | 0.283 | 0.003 |
postsecondary | 0.364 | 0.005 | 0.485 | 0.003 |
Age 18-29 | 0.294 | 0.005 | 0.249 | 0.003 |
Age 30-44 | 0.363 | 0.005 | 0.359 | 0.003 |
Age 45-65 | 0.343 | 0.005 | 0.392 | 0.003 |
Low income | 0.047 | 0.002 | 0.030 | 0.001 |
Low middle income | 0.150 | 0.004 | 0.108 | 0.002 |
High middle income | 0.354 | 0.005 | 0.320 | 0.003 |
High income | 0.375 | 0.005 | 0.475 | 0.003 |
Household size | 2.900 | 0.015 | 3.067 | 0.008 |
Non immigrant | 0.897 | 0.003 | 0.857 | 0.002 |
immigrant | 0.103 | 0.003 | 0.142 | 0.002 |
No ban | 0.138 | 0.004 | - | - |
Partial ban | 0.367 | 0.005 | - | - |
Full ban | 0.492 | 0.006 | - | - |
Social support | 4.192 | 0.022 | 4.014 | 0.012 |
HUI | 0.907 | 0.002 | 0.923 | 0.001 |
Newfoundland | 0.015 | 0.001 | 0.016 | 0.001 |
Prince Edward | 0.006 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Nova Scotia | 0.033 | 0.002 | 0.030 | 0.001 |
New Brunswick | 0.023 | 0.002 | 0.022 | 0.001 |
Quebec | 0.265 | 0.005 | 0.257 | 0.003 |
Ontario | 0.369 | 0.005 | 0.372 | 0.003 |
Manitoba | 0.035 | 0.002 | 0.035 | 0.001 |
Saskatchewan | 0.034 | 0.002 | 0.032 | 0.001 |
Alberta | 0.119 | 0.004 | 0.109 | 0.002 |
British Colombia | 0.103 | 0.003 | 0.116 | 0.002 |
Mechanical | 0.221 | 0.005 | 0.191 | 0.002 |
Trade | 0.216 | 0.005 | 0.193 | 0.002 |
Professional | 0.123 | 0.004 | 0.143 | 0.002 |
Managerial | 0.143 | 0.004 | 0.172 | 0.002 |
Health | 0.085 | 0.003 | 0.113 | 0.002 |
Service | 0.167 | 0.004 | 0.144 | 0.002 |
Farm | 0.040 | 0.002 | 0.040 | 0.001 |
N | 7880 | 27063 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
---|---|---|---|
High strain | 1.328*** | 1.154*** | 1.026*** |
(0.278) | (0.276) | (0.274) | |
Medium strain | 0.567** | 0.457* | 0.379 |
(0.254) | (0.254) | (0.254) | |
Real cigarette tax | -0.047*** | -0.046*** | -0.028* |
(0.017) | (0.017) | (0.017) | |
Trend | -0.121** | -0.128*** | -0.191*** |
(0.048) | (0.049) | (0.047) | |
Male | 2.821*** | 2.781*** | 2.717*** |
(0.300) | (0.296) | (0.306) | |
Married | 0.339 | 0.288 | 0.309 |
(0.337) | (0.337) | (0.335) | |
Separated | 2.010*** | 1.919*** | 1.973*** |
(0.493) | (0.484) | (0.487) | |
Less secondary | 2.019*** | 1.951*** | 1.773*** |
(0.440) | (0.435) | (0.445) | |
Secondary | 0.352 | 0.310 | 0.231 |
(0.433) | (0.432) | (0.430) | |
Post secondary | -0.608* | -0.642* | -0.621* |
(0.356) | (0.350) | (0.349) | |
Age 30-44 | 3.190*** | 3.202*** | 3.183*** |
(0.338) | (0.338) | (0.340) | |
Age 45-65 | 5.064*** | 5.069*** | 4.957*** |
(0.404) | (0.401) | (0.404) | |
Low income | 0.531 | 0.460 | 0.205 |
(0.475) | (0.470) | (0.476) | |
Low middle income | 0.758** | 0.837*** | 0.624** |
(0.307) | (0.305) | (0.312) | |
High income | -0.900*** | -0.828*** | -0.616** |
(0.290) | (0.284) | (0.285) | |
Household size | -0.126 | -0.123 | -0.105 |
(0.112) | (0.111) | (0.111) | |
Immigrant | -2.878*** | -2.887*** | -2.638*** |
(0.594) | (0.593) | (0.597) | |
Partial ban | -1.864*** | -1.901*** | -1.817*** |
(0.392) | (0.392) | (0.397) | |
Full ban | -3.349*** | -3.441*** | -3.347*** |
(0.399) | (0.403) | (0.415) | |
Social support | 0.157*** | 0.094 | |
(0.058) | (0.058) | ||
HUI | -4.649*** | ||
(0.922) | |||
Newfoundland | 0.353 | ||
(0.914) | |||
Prince Edward | 1.642** | ||
(0.731) | |||
Nova Scotia | 0.671 | ||
(0.765) | |||
New Brunswick | 1.788** | ||
(0.813) | |||
Quebec | 1.552** | ||
(0.625) | |||
Ontario | 0.474 | ||
(0.612) | |||
Manitoba | 0.680 | ||
(0.780) | |||
Saskatchewan | 1.152 | ||
(0.725) | |||
Alberta | 0.696 | ||
(0.619) | |||
Mechanical | -0.047 | ||
(0.647) | |||
Trade | 0.103 | ||
(0.664) | |||
Professional | -0.877 | ||
(0.714) | |||
managerial | -0.456 | ||
(0.694) | |||
Health | -0.452 | ||
(0.750) | |||
Service | -0.018 | ||
(0.666) | |||
Constant | 12.470*** | 12.010*** | 15.410*** |
(0.735) | (0.782) | (1.422) | |
Observations | 7880 | 7763 | 7696 |
4.1 Smoking results
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Comp1
|
comp2
|
comp1
|
Comp2
|
Comp1
|
Comp2
| |
High strain | 0.116*** | 0.016 | 0.111*** | 0.002 | 0.102*** | -0.009 |
(0.027) | (0.033) | (0.027) | (0.033) | (0.028) | (0.031) | |
Medium strain | 0.061** | -0.007 | 0.056** | -0.013 | 0.045 | -0.013 |
(0.027) | (0.026) | (0.027) | (0.026) | (0.027) | (0.026) | |
Real cigarette tax | -0.002 | -0.004* | -0.003 | -0.004* | -0.002 | -0.0003 |
(0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | |
Trend | -0.013** | -0.0001 | -0.013** | -0.001 | -0.017*** | -0.009 |
(0.005) | (0.006) | (0.005) | (0.006) | (0.005) | (0.006) | |
Male | 0.144*** | 0.221*** | 0.141*** | 0.221*** | 0.132*** | 0.214*** |
(0.036) | (0.073) | (0.034) | (0.060) | (0.033) | (0.063) | |
Married | 0.029 | 0.008 | 0.025 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.042 |
(0.038) | (0.043) | (0.038) | (0.041) | (0.037) | (0.051) | |
Separated | 0.169*** | 0.066 | 0.164*** | 0.064 | 0.150*** | 0.099** |
(0.049) | (0.048) | (0.049) | (0.050) | (0.047) | (0.049) | |
Less seconday | 0.177*** | 0.059 | 0.177*** | 0.048 | 0.160*** | 0.030 |
(0.043) | (0.044) | (0.043) | (0.044) | (0.044) | (0.050) | |
Secondary | 0.028 | 0.056 | 0.024 | 0.052 | 0.009 | 0.052 |
(0.042) | (0.052) | (0.042) | (0.051) | (0.042) | (0.057) | |
Post secondary | -0.102*** | 0.043 | -0.104*** | 0.036 | -0.096*** | 0.037 |
(0.037) | (0.042) | (0.037) | (0.041) | (0.036) | (0.045) | |
Age 30-44 | 0.261*** | 0.234*** | 0.265*** | 0.230*** | 0.271*** | 0.212*** |
(0.039) | (0.058) | (0.039) | (0.048) | (0.039) | (0.055) | |
Age 45-65 | 0.385*** | 0.322*** | 0.389*** | 0.321*** | 0.392*** | 0.281*** |
(0.045) | (0.051) | (0.045) | (0.049) | (0.045) | (0.057) | |
Low income | 0.048 | 0.063 | 0.051 | 0.043 | 0.015 | 0.048 |
(0.048) | (0.075) | (0.048) | (0.076) | (0.049) | (0.079) | |
Low middle income | 0.072** | 0.020 | 0.081*** | 0.020 | 0.057* | 0.017 |
(0.031) | (0.028) | (0.031) | (0.028) | (0.030) | (0.029) | |
High income | -0.085*** | -0.023 | -0.078** | -0.031 | -0.057* | -0.018 |
(0.031) | (0.030) | (0.031) | (0.029) | (0.030) | (0.036) | |
Household size | -0.011 | -0.003 | -0.011 | -0.003 | -0.008 | -0.006 |
(0.012) | (0.011) | (0.012) | (0.011) | (0.012) | (0.011) | |
Immigrant | -0.296*** | -0.008 | -0.300*** | -0.024 | -0.273*** | -0.057 |
(0.057) | (0.109) | (0.058) | (0.102) | (0.061) | (0.089) | |
Partial ban | -0.103*** | -0.100*** | -0.106*** | -0.100*** | -0.102*** | -0.081** |
(0.035) | (0.031) | (0.036) | (0.031) | (0.036) | (0.036) | |
Full ban | -0.250*** | -0.137*** | -0.255*** | -0.148*** | -0.244*** | -0.141*** |
(0.037) | (0.045) | (0.038) | (0.039) | (0.038) | (0.048) | |
Social support | 0.007 | 0.015** | 0.004 | 0.011 | ||
(0.006) | (0.006) | (0.006) | (0.006) | |||
HUI | -0.274*** | -0.224* | ||||
(0.091) | (0.124) | |||||
Newfoundland | 0.044 | 0.006 | ||||
(0.089) | (0.162) | |||||
Prince Edward | 0.119 | 0.128 | ||||
(0.075) | (0.118) | |||||
Nova Scotia | 0.011 | 0.147 | ||||
(0.077) | (0.102) | |||||
New Brunswick | 0.209*** | -0.002 | ||||
(0.079) | (0.130) | |||||
Quebec | 0.076 | 0.215** | ||||
(0.067) | (0.105) | |||||
Ontario | 0.010 | 0.127 | ||||
(0.065) | (0.110) | |||||
Manitoba | -0.018 | 0.174 | ||||
(0.080) | (0.130) | |||||
Saskatchewan | 0.075 | 0.070 | ||||
(0.076) | (0.113) | |||||
Alberta | 0.063 | 0.059 | ||||
(0.066) | (0.112) | |||||
Mechanical | 0.019 | -0.059 | ||||
(0.069) | (0.050) | |||||
Trade | 0.014 | -0.018 | ||||
(0.060) | (0.051) | |||||
Professional | -0.090 | -0.034 | ||||
(0.071) | (0.071) | |||||
Managerial | -0.081 | 0.050 | ||||
(0.066) | (0.057) | |||||
Health | -0.076 | 0.026 | ||||
(0.072) | (0.097) | |||||
Service | -0.001 | -0.016 | ||||
(0.064) | (0.056) | |||||
Constant | 2.340*** | 2.766*** | 2.315*** | 2.711*** | 2.533*** | 2.770*** |
(0.078) | (0.101) | (0.086) | (0.102) | (0.152) | (0.211) | |
π1
| 0.729 (0.056) | 0.271 | 0.722 (0.044) | 0.278 | 0.746 (0.056) | 0.254 |
Observations | 7880 | 7880 | 7763 | 7763 | 7696 | 7696 |
4.2 Alcohol consumption results
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
---|---|---|---|
High strain | 0.007 | -0.007 | -0.010 |
(0.014) | (0.014) | (0.014) | |
Medium strain | 0.031** | 0.020 | 0.019 |
(0.015) | (0.016) | (0.016) | |
Trend | 0.010*** | 0.009*** | 0.009*** |
(0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | |
Male | 0.485*** | 0.480*** | 0.462*** |
(0.012) | (0.012) | (0.013) | |
Married | -0.142*** | -0.137*** | -0.122*** |
(0.018) | (0.018) | (0.018) | |
Separated | 0.012 | 0.017 | 0.018 |
(0.024) | (0.025) | (0.025) | |
Less secondary | -0.034 | -0.027 | -0.038 |
(0.024) | (0.024) | (0.025) | |
secondary | 0.041* | 0.051** | 0.041* |
(0.022) | (0.022) | (0.022) | |
Post secondary | -0.040*** | -0.044*** | -0.034** |
(0.014) | (0.014) | (0.014) | |
Age 30-44 | -0.113*** | -0.120*** | -0.116*** |
(0.018) | (0.019) | (0.019) | |
Age 45-65 | -0.099*** | -0.112*** | -0.106*** |
(0.020) | (0.020) | (0.020) | |
Low income | 0.013 | 0.008 | 0.001 |
(0.033) | (0.034) | (0.034) | |
Low middle income | -0.007 | -0.018 | -0.023 |
(0.020) | (0.020) | (0.020) | |
High income | 0.178*** | 0.178*** | 0.172*** |
(0.013) | (0.014) | (0.014) | |
Household size | -0.021*** | -0.020*** | -0.022*** |
(0.005) | (0.005) | (0.005) | |
immigrant | -0.147*** | -0.140*** | -0.173*** |
(0.017) | (0.017) | (0.018) | |
Social support | 0.009** | 0.008** | |
(0.004) | (0.004) | ||
HUI | -0.075 | ||
(0.052) | |||
Newfoundland | -0.024 | ||
(0.032) | |||
Prince Edward | -0.099*** | ||
(0.033) | |||
Nova Scotia | -0.116*** | ||
(0.029) | |||
New Brunswick | -0.082*** | ||
(0.030) | |||
Quebec | -0.053** | ||
(0.023) | |||
Ontario | 0.012 | ||
(0.023) | |||
Manitoba | -0.053* | ||
(0.030) | |||
Saskatchewan | -0.060** | ||
(0.031) | |||
Alberta | -0.093*** | ||
(0.025) | |||
Mechanical | 0.088*** | ||
(0.033) | |||
Trade | 0.013 | ||
(0.032) | |||
Professional | 0.022 | ||
(0.032) | |||
Managerial | 0.020 | ||
(0.031) | |||
Health | -0.068** | ||
(0.031) | |||
Service | 0.143*** | ||
(0.034) | |||
Constant | 0.466*** | 0.450*** | 0.538*** |
(0.025) | (0.029) | (0.069) | |
Observations | 27063 | 25637 | 25472 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Comp1
|
comp2
|
comp1
|
Comp2
|
comp1
|
comp2
| |
High strain | -0.041 | 0.131*** | -0.067** | 0.112** | -0.063** | 0.092* |
(0.028) | (0.050) | (0.029) | (0.056) | (0.030) | (0.049) | |
Medium strain | 0.028 | 0.108** | 0.005 | 0.010* | 0.002 | 0.099* |
(0.028) | (0.051) | (0.029) | (0.054) | (0.030) | (0.055) | |
Trend | 0.014*** | 0.020** | 0.012*** | 0.018** | 0.013*** | 0.018** |
(0.004) | (0.008) | (0.004) | (0.008) | (0.004) | (0.008) | |
Male | 0.852*** | 0.966*** | 0.835*** | 0.949*** | 0.785*** | 0.899*** |
(0.027) | (0.054) | (0.028) | (0.056) | (0.031) | (0.061) | |
Married | -0.198*** | -0.205*** | -0.188*** | -0.197*** | -0.157*** | -0.186*** |
(0.032) | (0.063) | (0.032) | (0.065) | (0.034) | (0.061) | |
Separated | 0.003 | 0.097 | 0.004 | 0.102 | 0.022 | 0.057 |
(0.045) | (0.072) | (0.046) | (0.076) | (0.047) | (0.076) | |
Less secondary | -0.161*** | 0.008 | -0.136*** | 0.004 | -0.150*** | -0.035 |
(0.047) | (0.064) | (0.048) | (0.066) | (0.050) | (0.066) | |
secondary | -0.0001 | 0.123* | 0.014 | 0.147** | 0.012 | 0.097 |
(0.040) | (0.065) | (0.040) | (0.066) | (0.042) | (0.061) | |
Post secondary | 0.026 | -0.270*** | 0.016 | -0.273*** | 0.036 | -0.241*** |
(0.028) | (0.055) | (0.029) | (0.056) | (0.030) | (0.055) | |
Age 30-44 | -0.178*** | -0.217*** | -0.192*** | -0.213*** | -0.183*** | -0.196*** |
(0.034) | (0.055) | (0.034) | (0.056) | (0.035) | (0.056) | |
Age 45-65 | -0.010*** | -0.236*** | -0.121*** | -0.251*** | -0.105*** | -0.209*** |
(0.036) | (0.067) | (0.037) | (0.070) | (0.038) | (0.069) | |
Low income | 0.023 | 0.056 | 0.022 | 0.058 | 0.017 | 0.101 |
(0.075) | (0.105) | (0.076) | (0.112) | (0.078) | (0.117) | |
Low middle income | -0.122*** | 0.153*** | -0.130*** | 0.116** | -0.141*** | 0.110** |
(0.046) | (0.057) | (0.048) | (0.058) | (0.049) | (0.056) | |
High income | 0.408*** | 0.150*** | 0.410*** | 0.144*** | 0.406*** | 0.131** |
(0.028) | (0.053) | (0.029) | (0.055) | (0.031) | (0.053) | |
Household size | -0.036*** | -0.053*** | -0.034*** | -0.053** | -0.036*** | -0.067*** |
(0.011) | (0.020) | (0.011) | (0.021) | (0.011) | (0.017) | |
immigrant | -0.240*** | -0.336*** | -0.226*** | -0.307*** | -0.258*** | -0.365*** |
(0.044) | (0.092) | (0.045) | (0.097) | (0.051) | (0.111) | |
Social support | -6.09e-05 | 0.030** | -0.002 | 0.027** | ||
(0.007) | (0.012) | (0.007) | (0.013) | |||
HUI | 0.177* | -0.340** | ||||
(0.107) | (0.146) | |||||
Newfoundland | -0.043 | -0.037 | ||||
(0.064) | (0.135) | |||||
Prince Edward | -0.307*** | 0.028 | ||||
(0.075) | (0.158) | |||||
Nova Scotia | -0.309*** | -0.062 | ||||
(0.069) | (0.116) | |||||
New Brunswick | -0.203*** | -0.126 | ||||
(0.067) | (0.118) | |||||
Quebec | -0.074 | -0.061 | ||||
(0.046) | (0.109) | |||||
Ontario | -0.101** | 0.192* | ||||
(0.044) | (0.102) | |||||
Manitoba | -0.186*** | 0.090 | ||||
(0.064) | (0.120) | |||||
Saskatchewan | -0.192*** | 0.103 | ||||
(0.061) | (0.141) | |||||
Alberta | -0.302*** | 0.071 | ||||
(0.052) | (0.109) | |||||
Mechanical | 0.094 | 0.132 | ||||
(0.059) | (0.084) | |||||
Trade | 0.012 | -0.004 | ||||
(0.060) | (0.086) | |||||
Professional | 0.106* | -0.165 | ||||
(0.064) | (0.100) | |||||
Managerial | 0.062 | -0.074 | ||||
(0.061) | (0.093) | |||||
Health | -0.234*** | -0.321** | ||||
(0.074) | (0.132) | |||||
Service | 0.237*** | 0.197** | ||||
(0.063) | (0.095) | |||||
Constant | -1.282*** | 0.444*** | -1.241*** | 0.338** | -1.326*** | 0.590** |
(0.055) | (0.115) | (0.061) | (0.133) | (0.138) | (0.236) | |
π1
| 0.905 (0.010) | 0.095 | 0.903 (0.011) | 0.097 | 0.890 (0.013) | 0.11 |
Observations | 27063 | 27063 | 25637 | 25637 | 25472 | 25472 |