Background
Methods
Participants
Measures
Falls
Independent variables
Analytical sample
Statistical methods
Results
Summary statistics and minimally-adjusted associations
Characteristic | Men | Women | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N(%) | Relative risk (95% CI) | P-value | N(%) | Relative risk (95% CI) | P-value | |
Age (years)a | 68.9 (6.8) | 1.15 (1.10,1.21) | < 0.001 | 69 (7.1) | 1.12 (1.07,1.17) | < 0.001 |
Marital status | ||||||
Married/cohabiting | 1238 (81.7%) | 1117 (62.6%) | ||||
Divorced/widowed/separated | 213 (14.1%) | 1.19 (1.03,1.37) | 0.058 | 603 (33.8%) | 1.18 (1.07,1.30) | < 0.001 |
Never married | 64 (4.2%) | 1.06 (0.81,1.38) | 63 (3.5%) | 1.35 (1.10,1.64) | ||
Household wealthb | ||||||
Poorest quintile | 169 (11.2%) | 0.97 (0.93,1.01) | 0.177 | 257 (14.4%) | 0.99 (0.96,1.03) | 0.744 |
Second | 234 (15.4%) | 329 (18.5%) | ||||
Third | 307 (20.3%) | 392 (22%) | ||||
Fourth | 379 (25%) | 393 (22%) | ||||
Highest quintile | 426 (28.1%) | 412 (23.1%) | ||||
BMI (kg/m2)a | 28.2 (4.3) | 1.02 (0.97,1.08) | 0.453 | 28.3 (5.5) | 1.04 (0.99,1.09) | 0.106 |
Smoking status | ||||||
Never | 458 (30.2%) | 1.00 | 0.081 | 843 (47.3%) | 1.00 | 0.509 |
Ex | 917 (60.5%) | 1.13 (0.98,1.29) | 760 (42.6%) | 1.03 (0.93,1.13) | ||
Current | 140 (9.2%) | 1.24 (1.01,1.52) | 180 (10.1%) | 0.93 (0.78,1.11) | ||
Physical activityb | ||||||
Sedentary | 49 (3.2%) | 0.86 (0.80,0.92) | < 0.001 | 71 (4%) | 0.97 (0.92,1.03) | 0.372 |
Low | 253 (16.7%) | 449 (25.2%) | ||||
Moderate | 844 (55.7%) | 928 (52%) | ||||
High | 369 (24.4%) | 335 (18.8%) | ||||
Alcohol consumptionb | ||||||
Not at all in past year | 110 (7.3%) | 0.94 (0.90,0.98) | 0.009 | 214 (12%) | 0.99 (0.96,1.03) | 0.688 |
≥ 1/2 times per year | 124 (8.2%) | 391 (21.9%) | ||||
1/2 times per month | 143 (9.4%) | 235 (13.2%) | ||||
≥ 1/2 times per week | 802 (52.9%) | 701 (39.3%) | ||||
Almost every day | 336 (22.2%) | 242 (13.6%) |
Characteristic | Men | Women | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | Relative risk (95% CI) | P-value | N (%) | Relative risk (95% CI) | P-value | |
Number of comorbiditiesb | 1 (0, 2) | 1.10 (1.06,1.14) | < 0.001 | 2 (1, 2) | 1.07 (1.04,1.11) | < 0.001 |
Hearingc | ||||||
Excellent | 195 (12.9%) | 1.08 (1.02,1.13) | 0.006 | 361 (20.2%) | 1.05 (1.00,1.09) | 0.054 |
Very good | 369 (24.4%) | 538 (30.2%) | ||||
Good | 551 (36.4%) | 614 (34.4%) | ||||
Fair | 312 (20.6%) | 224 (12.6%) | ||||
Poor | 88 (5.8%) | 46 (2.6%) | ||||
Eyesightc | ||||||
Excellent | 255 (16.8%) | 1.12 (1.06,1.19) | < 0.001 | 244 (13.7%) | 1.08 (1.03,1.13) | 0.002 |
Very good | 558 (36.8%) | 605 (33.9%) | ||||
Good | 547 (36.1%) | 726 (40.7%) | ||||
Fair | 136 (9%) | 157 (8.8%) | ||||
Poor/blind | 19 (1.3%) | 51 (2.9%) | ||||
Incontinenced | 116 (7.7%) | 1.29 (1.11,1.51) | 0.001 | 391 (21.9%) | 1.20 (1.09,1.33) | < 0.001 |
Troubled by painc | ||||||
None | 1010 (66.7%) | 1.15 (1.09,1.21) | < 0.001 | 1013 (56.8%) | 1.09 (1.04,1.13) | < 0.001 |
Mild | 190 (12.5%) | 193 (10.8%) | ||||
Moderate | 250 (16.5%) | 430 (24.1%) | ||||
Severe | 65 (4.3%) | 147 (8.2%) | ||||
CES-Depression scoreb | 0 (0, 1) | 1.07 (1.04,1.10) | < 0.001 | 1 (0, 2) | 1.05 (1.03,1.08) | < 0.001 |
Full-tandem stand | ||||||
≥ 10 s if aged ≥70/≥30 s if aged < 70 | 1266 (83.6%) | 1.00 | < 0.001 | 1324 (74.3%) | 1.00 | < 0.001 |
< 10 s if aged ≥70/< 30 s if aged < 70 | 172 (11.4%) | 1.28 (1.09,1.49) | 299 (16.8%) | 1.16 (1.03,1.31) | ||
Not attempted | 77 (5.1%) | 1.58 (1.36,1.84) | 160 (9.0%) | 1.31 (1.15,1.49) | ||
Frailty status | ||||||
Not frail | 889 (58.7%) | 1.00 | < 0.001 | 984 (55.2%) | 1.00 | < 0.001 |
Pre-frail | 537 (35.4%) | 1.27 (1.12,1.44) | 641 (36%) | 1.14 (1.03,1.26) | ||
Frail | 89 (5.9%) | 1.66 (1.42,1.94) | 158 (8.9%) | 1.35 (1.18,1.54) | ||
Forced expiratory volume (litres)a | 2.8 (0.8) | 0.91 (0.86,0.96) | 0.001 | 1.9 (0.5) | 0.93 (0.89,0.97) | 0.001 |
Cognitiona | −0.06 (0.89) | 0.91 (0.86,0.96) | 0.001 | 0.08 (0.88) | 0.94 (0.90,0.98) | 0.008 |
Mutually-adjusted associations
Characteristic | Men | Women | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Relative risk (95% CI) | P-value | Relative risk (95% CI) | P-value | |
Age (z-score)a | 1.10 (1.04,1.18) | 0.002 | 1.09 (1.03,1.15) | 0.003 |
Marital statusd | ||||
Married/cohabiting | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Divorced/widowed/separated | 1.09 (0.93,1.27) | 0.558 | 1.05 (0.94,1.17) | 0.072 |
Never married | 1.05 (0.80,1.37) | 1.26 (1.03,1.53) | ||
Household wealthb | 1.04 (0.99,1.09) | 0.086 | – | – |
BMI (z-score)a | – | – | 1.02 (0.97,1.07) | 0.411 |
Smoking statusd | ||||
Never | 1.00 | |||
Ex | 1.06 (0.93,1.22) | 0.374 | – | – |
Current | 1.16 (0.94,1.44) | |||
Physical activityb | 0.98 (0.90,1.07) | 0.685 | – | – |
Alcohol consumption frequencyb | 0.96 (0.92,1.01) | 0.133 | – | – |
Number of comorbiditiesa | 1.04 (1.00,1.08) | 0.052 | 1.02 (0.99,1.06) | 0.214 |
Hearingb | 1.01 (0.96,1.07) | 0.700 | 1.00 (0.95,1.05) | 0.981 |
Visionb | 1.05 (0.99,1.11) | 0.136 | 1.04 (0.98,1.09) | 0.174 |
Incontinencec | 1.09 (0.93,1.28) | 0.263 | 1.12 (1.00,1.24) | 0.042 |
Painb | 1.10 (1.04,1.17) | 0.001 | 1.04 (0.99,1.09) | 0.128 |
Depression score (CES-D)a | 1.02 (0.99,1.06) | 0.238 | 1.03 (1.01,1.06) | 0.010 |
Full-tandem standd | ||||
≥ 10 s if aged ≥70/≥30 s if aged < 70 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
< 10 s if aged ≥70/< 30 s if aged < 70 | 1.13 (0.97,1.32) | 0.039 | 1.09 (0.96,1.22) | 0.407 |
Not attempted | 1.23 (1.04,1.47) | 1.05 (0.90,1.22) | ||
Frailty statusd | ||||
Not frail | 1.00 | 0.661 | 1.00 | 0.706 |
Pre-frail | 1.06 (0.92,1.23) | 0.98 (0.88,1.10) | ||
Frail | 1.10 (0.87,1.39) | 0.93 (0.78,1.11) | ||
Forced expiratory volume (z-score)a | 1.00 (0.94,1.07) | 0.931 | 1.00 (0.95,1.06) | 0.997 |
Cognition (z-score)a | 1.00 (0.94,1.07) | 0.900 | 1.00 (0.95,1.05) | 0.937 |