Background
Methods
Eligibility criteria
Search strategy
Study selection and data extraction
Quality assessment
Statistical analyses
Results
Study selection
Study characteristics
RT | Study | Sample size (ETG/CG) | M/F | Age | Sarcopenia diagnostics | Intervention | Control group | Outcome | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mode | Training movement | Intensity | Duration Days/week (weeks) | ||||||||
1 | Bellomo et al. (2013) [43] | 10/10 | 20/0 | Average:
70.9 ± 5.2 | MMI by DXA, < 2 standard deviations of a young reference population (CDC) | Weight machine | leg press and leg extension | W1–4: 3 sets/12 reps, 60–70% FMT;
W5–8: 3 sets/10 reps, 75–80% FMT;
W9–12: 3 sets/6–8 reps, 80–85% FMT | 2(12) | Non-exercise | KES |
2 | Cebrià et al. (2018) [45] | 11/17 | 7/21 | 82.6 ± 9.1/81.2 ± 5.4 | ASMI by BIA, M: ≤0.93 kg/m2, F:≤0.57 kg/m2; GS, M: 0.95–0.66 m/s; F: 0.08–0.48 m/s (Tyrovolas) | Dumbbells,
and ankle/wrist weights | UL: handgrip, wrist flexion/extension, forearm pronation/supination, elbow flexion/extension, shoulder flexion/extension /adduction/abduction; LL: ankle flexion/ extension, knee extension, and hip flexion/abduction/ adduction | 10 sets/12 reps, 40–60% 1RM | 3(12) | Non-exercise | ASMI; HGS, KES; GS |
3 | Chen et al. (2017) [42] | 15/15 | 5/25 | 68.9 ± 4.4/68.6 ± 3.1 | ASMI by BIA, M: ≤32.5%, F: ≤25.7% (Chung) | Weight machine | shoulder presses, bicep curls, triceps curls, bench presses, deadlifts, leg swings, squats, standing rows, unilateral rows, split front squats | 3 sets/8–12 reps; 60–70% 1RM | 2(8) | Non-exercise | ASMI, SMM; HGS, KES |
4 | Hamaguchi et al. (2017) [51] | 7/8 | 0/15 | 60.4 ± 2.7/60.6 ± 2.3 | SMI by DXA, < 6.12 kg/m2 (EWGSOP-2010) | Weighted vest | squats, front lunges, side lunges, calf raises, toe raises | 8 sets/3 reps | 2(6) | Non-exercise | SMI; HGS, KES |
5 | Liao et al. (2017) [52] | 25/21 | 0/46 | 66.39 ± 4.49/68.42 ± 5.86 | SMI by DXA, F: ≤7.15 kg/m2 (EWGSOP-2010) | Thera-band | seated chest press, seated row, seated shoulder press, Concentric–eccentric hip circumduction, leg press, leg curl | 3 sets/10 reps; Intensity: Borg RPE 13 | 3(12) | Non-exercise | SMI; HGS, KES; GS, TUG, CS; |
6 | Liao et al. (2018) [53] | 30/20 | 0/50 | 66.67 ± 4.54/68.32 ± 6.05 | ASMI by BIA, M: ≤32.5%, F: ≤25.7% (Chung) | Thera-band | UL: seated chest press, seated row seated shoulder press;
LL: knee extension, knee flexion, hip flexion, hip extension. | 3 sets/10 reps; Intensity: Borg RPE 13 | 3(12) | Non-exercise | SMI, AMI; KES; GS, TUG, CS |
7 | Shao et al. (2020) [46] | 41/30 | 45/26 | 69.33 ± 13.47/68.54 ± 10.62 | ASMI by BIA, M: < 7 kg/m2, F: < 5.7 kg/m2; HGS, M: < 26 kg; F: < 18 kg; GS < 0.8 m/s (AWGS) | Weight machine | knee extension/flexion, chest press, shoulder press, and low back muscle | 30 min/time | 2(24) | Education (4 weeks/time) | SMI; HGS; GS |
8 | Vikberg et al. (2019) [47] | 36/34 | 32/38 | 70.9 ± 0.28
/70.0 ± 0.29 | ALMI by DXA, M: ≤7.29 kg/m2; F: ≤5.53 kg/m2 (EWGSOP-2010) | Body weight and suspension bands | Squats, Calf Raises, Chair Stands, Half Lunges, Biceps Rowing, Push-ups, and Bridge | W1: 2 sets/12 reps;
W2–4: 3 sets/10 reps;
W5–7: 4 sets/10 reps;
W8–10: 4 sets/10 reps. Intensity: Borg RPE 10 | 3(10) | Non-exercise | ALMI; HGS; TUG, CS, SPPB, 4MWT |
VT | Study | Sample size (ETG/CG) | M/F | Age | Sarcopenia diagnostics | Intervention | Control group | Outcome | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mode | Training movement | Intensity | Duration Days/week (weeks) | ||||||||
1 | Bellomo et al. (2013) [43] | 10/10 | 20/0 | 70.9 ± 5.2 | MMI by DXA, < 2 standard deviations of a young reference population (CDC) | Vibratory mechine | Received a focused vibratory stimulation; The stimulation was applied on the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis; rectus femoris muscles. | 300 Hz | W1–8: 1 session /week;
W9–12: 3 session s/week | Non-WBV | KES |
2 | Wei et al. (2016) [48] | 20/20 | 12/28 | 75 ± 6/76 ± 6 | SMI by BIA, M: < 8.87 kg/m2, F: < 6.42 kg/m2 (EWGSOP-2010) | WBV platform | Stood on the platform of a WBV machine without shoes, knees were kept at 60° of flexion, hands placed onto the rail in front for support | 40 Hz, 4 mm; 4sets x 90s (6 min) | 3(12) | Non-WBV | SMI; KES; TUG, CS, GS |
3 | Zhu et al. (2016) [54] | 28/27 | 55/0 | 89.5 ± 4.4/87.5 ± 3.0 | SMI by DXA: M: < 7.0 kg/m2, F: < 5.4 kg/m2 (AWGS) | WBV platform | stand on the WBV plate, hands clasping the WBV rope, with legs and knees slightly bent | 12–16 Hz, 3–5 mm | 5(8) | Non-WBV | SMM; HGS; GS, TUG, CS |
4 | Zhu et al. (2019) [55] | 28/27 | 55/0 | 89.5 ± 4.4/87.5 ± 3.0 | SMI by DXA, M: < 7.0 kg/m2, F: < 5.4 kg/m2; BIA, M: < 7.0 kg/m2, F: < 5.7 kg/m2 (AWGS) | WBV platform | stand on the WBV plate, with legs and knees slightly bent, hands clasping the WBV rope | 12–16 Hz, 3–5 mm; 5 groups/time, 3 min/group. | 5(8) | Non- WBV | MM; HGS, KES; TUG, CS |
5 | Wei et al. (2016) [44] | LG/CG: 20/20 | 12/28 | 78 ± 4 /76 ± 6 | SMI by BIA, M: < 8.87 kg/m2, F: < 6.42 kg/m2 (EWGSOP-2010) | WBV platform | Stood barefoot with knee joint flexed at 60° on the platform of a whole-body WBV machine; hands holding onto the rail in front for support. | 20 Hz × 720 s (12mins), 4 mm | 3(12) | Non-WBV | SMI; KES |
MG/CG: 20/20 | 12/28 | 75 ± 6/76 ± 6 | 40 Hz × 360 s (6mins), 4 mm | ||||||||
HG/CG: 20/20 | 10/30 | 74 ± 5/76 ± 6 | 60 Hz × 240 s (4mins), 4 mm | ||||||||
6 | Wei et al. (2017) [49] | LG/CG: 20/20 | 12/28 | 78 ± 4/76 ± 6 | SMI by BIA, M: < 8.87 kg/m2, F: < 6.42 kg/m2 (EWGSOP-2010) | WBV platform | stood barefoot with knee joint flexed at 60° on the platform of the WBV machine with hands holding onto the rail in front for support | 20 Hz × 720 s, 4 mm | 3(12) | Non-WBV | SMI; TUG, CS, GS |
MG/CG: 20/20 | 12/28 | 75 ± 6/76 ± 6 | 40 Hz × 360 s, 4 mm | ||||||||
HG/CG: 20/20 | 10/30 | 74 ± 5/76 ± 6 | 60 Hz × 240 s, 4 mm |
MT | Study | Sample size (ETG/CG) | M/F | Age | Sarcopenia diagnostics | Intervention | Control group | Outcome | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mode | Training movement | Intensity | DurationDays/week (weeks) | ||||||||
1 | Bagheri et al. (2020) [56] | 10/10 | 20/0 | 63.8 ± 3.6/65 ± 3.9 | HGS < 26–30 kg, GS < 0.8 m/s, BMI at least two standard deviations below the average young population (EWGSOP-2010) | Resistance machine | 1.RT: leg extension, leg curl, bench press, lat pulldown, lateral raise, abdominal crunch. | Beginning: 8–16 reps, 40% 1RM; Progressed to: 75% 1RM | 3(8) | Non-exercise | SMM; KES |
Fixed-speed bike | 2.ET | Beginning: 55% maxHR, 15 min;Progressed to: 70% maxHR, 30 min | |||||||||
2 | Chen et al. (2017) [42] | 15/15 | 5/25 | 68.5 ± 2.7/68.6 ± 3.1 | ASMI by BIA, M: ≤32.5%, F: ≤25.7% (Chung) | Weight machine | 1.RT: shoulder presses, bicep curls, triceps curls, bench presses, deadlifts, leg swings, squats, standing rows, unilateral rows, and split front squats | 3 sets/8–12 reps;60–70% 1RM | 1(8) | Non-exercise; | SMM; HGS, KES |
/ | 2.AT: a combination of dance steps such as stepping on the spot, knee lifts, high knee running, rowing arm swings, arm swings, twist steps, arm raises, squats, V steps, mambo steps, diamond steps, and point step jumps; | / | |||||||||
3 | Hassan et al. (2015) [57] | 20/21 | Not identified | 85.9 ± 7.5 | SMI by BIA, M: < 8.87 kg/m2, F: < 6.42 kg/m2 HGS, M: < 30 kg, F: < 20 kg; GS, < 0.8 m/s (EWGSOP2010) | Air-pneumatic equipment | 1.RT: elbow and shoulder extension, leg press, knee extension and flexion, hip abduction and adduction, abdominal curl and back extension | 2–3 sets/10–15 times;Intensity: Borg RPE 12–14 | 2(24) | Non-exercise | SMI; HGS; GS |
2.Balance exercises: heel and toe raise, varied directional quick stepping, reaching, single leg standing, static balance, heel to toe walking and complex cross over stepping activities. | 3 sets/10 reps →3 sets/15 reps | ||||||||||
4 | Kim et al. (2012) [58] | 39/39 | 0/78 | 79.0 ± 2.9/78.7 ± 2.8 | 1) ASMI by BIA < 6.42 kg/m2 and KES < 1.01 Nm/kg; 2) ASMI by BIA < 6.42 kg/m2 and GS < 1.22 m/s; 3) BMI < 22.0 kg/m, KES < 1.01 Nm/kg; 4) BMI < 22.0 kg/m2 and GS < 1.22 m/s (Kim 2012/2013) | Resistance band or ankle weight | 1.RT: (1) Chair exercise:
①Repetitions of toe raises, heel raises, knee lifts, knee extensions, and others were performed while seated on a chair; ②Hip flexions, lateral leg raises, and repetitions of other exercises while standing upright behind the chair and holding the back of the chair for stability. (2) Ankle-weight exercise: seated knee flexion, extension, standing knee flexion extensions | 1 set/8 reps; Intensity: Borg RPE 12–14 | 2(12) | Education (1 month/time, 3 times) | MM, AMM; KES; GS |
2.Balance and gait training: raising the toes during the forward swing of the leg, kicking off the floor with the ball of the foot, walking with directional changes, gait pattern variations. | Weights of 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, and 1.50 kg | ||||||||||
5 | Kim et al. (2013) [59] | 32/32 | 0/64 | 79.6 ± 4.2/80.2 ± 5.6 | 1) ASMI < 6.42 kg/m2 and KES < 1.01 Nm/kg; 2) ASMI < 6.42 kg/m2 and GS < 1.22 m/s; 3) BMI < 22.0 kg/m, KES < 1.01 Nm/kg; 4) BMI < 22.0 kg/m2 and GS < 1.22 m/s. (Kim 2012/2013) | Resistance band and ankle weight | 1.RT: focused on hip extensors and adductors, knee flexors and extensors, ankle dorsi, plantar flexors. | 1 set/8 reps→ gradually increased to 2 sets/10 reps | 2(12) | Non-exercise | MM, ASM; HGS, KES; GS, TUG |
/ | 2.Gait and balance training: toe elevation of the forward leg, heel elevation of the rear limb; one-leg stands, tandem stand, tandem walking | / | |||||||||
6 | Kim et al. (2016) [60] | 35/34 | 0/69 | 81.4 ± 4.3/81.1 ± 5.1 | SMI by DXA: < 5.67 kg/m2; HGS < 17.0 kg; GS < 1.0 m/s (Kim 2016) | Weight machine; Resistance band; Hydraulic exercise machine | 1.RT: (1) Chair exercise: toe raise, heel raises, knee lifts, knee extensions; hip flexions, lateral leg raises, standing upright behind the chair and holding the back; (2) Resistance band exercise: double-arm pulldowns, bicep curls, leg extensions, hip flexions; (3) Machine: seated row, leg press, abduction, leg extension, abdominal crunch machines | 1–3 sets/10 reps | 2(12) | Education (2 weeks/time, 6 times) | MM, AMM, ASM; HGS, KES; GS |
/ | 2.AT | 1 set/10 reps→3 sets/10 reps | |||||||||
7 | Makizako et al. (2020) [33] | 36/36 | 21/51 | 74.1 ± 6.6/75.8 ± 7.3 | ASMI by BIA, M: < 7.0 kg/m2, F: < 5.7 kg/m2 (AWGS) | Resistance band | 1.RT: knee extension, hip flexion (knee raises), hip internal rotation, elbow flexion and shoulder abduction, elbow flexion and trunk rotation, hip extension, knee flexion, hip abduction, and squat. | 5 resistance levels/10 reps; Intensity: Borg RPE 12–14 | 12 weeks | Education (60 min, 1 time) | ASMI; HGS; GS, CS, TUG |
/ | 2.Balance and AT: tandem stand, heel-up stand, one-leg stand, weight shifts, and stepping; anterior-posterior or lateral stepping repetitions for 6 min. | / | |||||||||
8 | Maruya et al. (2016) [50] | 26/14 | 23/29 | 69.2 ± 5.6/68.5 ± 6.2 | SMI by BIA, M: < 7.0 kg/m2, F: < 5.7 kg/m2 (AWGS) | Weight | 1.RT: (1) Squats: a 6-s movement time, and then to slowly return to their standing position; (2) Single-leg standing: a single-leg standing posture for 1 min, using light touch on stable desk or chair; (3) Heel raises | 3 sets/6 reps; 3 sets; 3 sets/20 reps | 6 months | Non-exercise | SMI; HGS, KES; GS, SPPB |
/ | 2.AT: walking | 20–30 min/day | |||||||||
9 | Moghadam et al. (2020) [61] | 10/10 | 20/0 | 64.1 ± 3.3/65 ± 3.9 | HGS < 26–30 kg, GS < 0.8 m/s, SMI at least two standard deviations below the average young population (EWGSOP-2010) | Resistance machine | 1.RT: leg extension, leg curl, bench press, lat pulldown, lateral raise, and abdominal crunch | Beginning: 2 sets/16–18 reps, 40% 1RM; Progressed to: 3 sets/8–10 reps, 75% 1RM | 3(8) | Non-exercise | KES |
fixed-speed cycle ergometer | 2.ET | Beginning: 55% of maxHR, 15 min; Progressed to: 70% maxHR, 30 min | |||||||||
10 | Park et al. (2017) [62] | 25/25 | 0/50 | 73.5 ± 7.1/74.7 ± 5.1 | ASM/weight <25.1% (Park) | / | 1.AT: sideways, backward, and forward walking, slow and fast indoor walking; | W1–12: 13–15 RPE; W13–24: ≤15 RPE | 5(24) | Education (2 times) | ASM; HGS; CS, GS |
Thera-Band | 2.RT: elbow flexion, wrist flexion, shoulder flexion, lateral raise, front raise, chest press, reverse flies, side band, dead lift, squat, leg press, ankle plantar flexion. | W1–12: 8–11 reps/set; W13–24: 12–15 reps/set | 3(24) | ||||||||
11 | Shahar et al. (2013) [63] | 19/16 | Not identified | 69.74 ± 5.46/67.25 ± 5.48 | SMI by BIA, M: < 10.75 kg/m2, F: < 6.75 kg/m2 (NHANES III) | 1.AT: walking and jogging on the spot; walking forwards, backwards, sideways; arm movements; raising the head, moving it in circularly; moving the trunk in four directions; and pushing knee forwards and backwards. | / | 2(12) | Relaxation (2 weeks/ time, 6 times) | MM; HGS; CS, TUG, 6MWT | |
Elastic band | 2.RT: shoulder abduction; shoulder flexion; triceps extension; overhead press, side lateral extension; a standing double biceps curl; leg extension; foot extension; plantar flexion. | ||||||||||
/ | 3.Balance exercises: stand on their heels; stand on one leg with the other leg on the ground or lifted behind or aside; stand on one leg while lifting up the opposite hand; and to walk foot by foot with fingers touching the foot from the back. | ||||||||||
12 | Tsekoura et al. (2018) [23] | 18/18 | 4/32 | 74.56 ± 6.04/72.89 ± 8.31 | SMI by BIA, M: < 7.23 kg/m2, F: < 5.67 kg/m2 (EWGSOP-2010) | Weight | 1.AT: walking | 30–35 min/time | 3(12) | Education | SMI; HGS, KES; GS, TUG, CS |
2.RT: knee extensor-flexor, hip abductor-extension, ankle plantar flexors- dorsi flexors, wall push up, seated bicep curl, seated triceps extension, seated lateral shoulder raises, seated abdominal crunches | W1–4: 1 set/8 reps; Intensity: Borg RPE 10–11 (Easy) W5–8: 2 sets/10 reps; Intensity: Borg RPE 10–12 (Easy) W9–12: 2 sets/12reps; Intensity: Borg RPE 12 (Medium) | 2(12) | |||||||||
3.Balance and gait training: walking and turning around, walking- backward tandem-heel-toe- heel to toe-sideways, one leg stand, tandem stance | / | ||||||||||
13 | Vasconcelos et al. (2016) [64] | 14/14 | 0/28 | 72 ± 4.6/72 ± 3.6 | BMI ≥30 kg/m2, HGS ≤21 kg (Fried) | / | 1. stretching exercise: remained the same, 60 s in each leg for posterior, anterior, lateral, and medial muscles of hips and knees | Using the modified Borg Scale | 2(10) | Non-exercise | KES; GS, SPPB |
Weight | 2.RT: (1) W1–4: a low speed concentric and eccentric movements) → the high-speed (focusing on muscle power); (2) W5–6: perform the concentric movements of exercises “as fast as possible”; (3)W7–10: concentric and eccentric movements in high speeds | W1–2: (1) Knee exercise: 2 sets/12 reps, 50% 1RM; (2) Hip exercises: 2 sets/8 reps; (3) Mini-squats, against the wall: 2 sets/10 reps W3–4: (1) Knee exercise: 2 sets/12 reps, 75% 1RM; (2) Hip exercises: 2 sets/8 reps, 2 kg; (3) Mini-squats: 2 sets/10 reps | |||||||||
W5–6: (1) Knee exercise: 2 sets/12 reps, 40% 1RM; (2) Hip exercises: 2 sets/8 reps, 2 kg; (3) Mini-squats: 2 sets/10 reps | |||||||||||
W7–8: (1) Knee exercise: 2 sets/12 reps, 60% 1RM; (2) Hip exercises: 2 sets/8 reps, 3 kg; (3) Mini-squats: 2 sets/10 reps
W9–10: (1) Knee exercise: 3 sets/12 reps, 60% 1RM; (2) Hip exercises: 3 sets/8 reps, 3 kg; (3) Mini-squats: 3sets/10 reps | |||||||||||
14 | Zhu et al. (2019) [65] | 40/37 | 19/58 | 74.5 ± 7.1/72.2 ± 6.6 | SMI by BIA, M: < 7.0 kg/m2, F: < 5.7 kg/m2 (AWGS) | Thera-Band | 1.RT: chest, back, biceps, triceps; knee extension/flexion, heel raises, side leg lifts) | 6 sets/6–8 reps; 40% 1RM | 2(12) | Non-exercise | ASMI, AMM; HGS; GS, CS |
/ | 2.AT | / |
Publication dates and languages
Sample size and populations studied
Sarcopenia diagnosis
Diagnosis Criteria | Target district | Cut-off points | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Muscle mass | Muscle strength | Physical performance | ||
AWGS [72] | countries from Asia | ASMI by DXA: (M: < 7.0 kg/m2, F: < 5.4 kg/m2); Or ASMI by BIA: (M: < 7.0 kg/m2, F: < 5.7 kg/m2) | HGS: (M:< 28 kg, F:< 18 kg) | GS: < 1.0 m/s; Or 5-STS ≥12 s; Or SPPB: ≤9 |
EWGSOP-2010 [73] | countries from Europe | ASMI by DXA: (M: < 7.23 kg/m2, F: < 5.67 kg/m2); or ASMI by BIA: (M: < 8.87 kg/m2, F: < 6.42 kg/m2) | HGS: (M: < 30 kg, F: < 20 kg) | GS: < 1.0 m/s; or SPPB: ≤8 |
CDC [74] | New Mexico | ASM* < 2 standard deviations of a young reference population | / | / |
National Center for Health Statistics [75] | NHANES III | SMI by BIA, M: < 10.75 kg/m2, F: < 6.75 kg/m2 | / | / |
Park [62] | Busan City, South Korea | ASM2/weight <25.1% | / | / |
Chung [76] | Korea | ASMI2 by BIA, M: ≤32.5%, F: ≤25.7% | / | / |
Tokyo | ASMI3 by BIA < 6.42 kg/m2; BMI < 22.0 kg/m | KES < 1.01 Nm/kg | GS < 1.22 m/s | |
Kim 2016 [60] | Tokyo | SMI by DXA < 5.67 kg/m2 | HGS < 17.0 kg | GS < 1.0 m/s |
Tyrovolas [77] | countries from Asia, Africa, Europe, and Latin America | ASMI4 by BIA, M: ≤0.93 kg/m2, F: ≤0.57 kg/m2 | HGS: (M: < 30 kg, F: < 20 kg) | GS: (M: 0.95–0.66 m/s; F:0.08–0.48 m/s) |
Fried [78] | countries from African American | baseline: >10lbs lost unintentionally in prior year | HGS: lowest 20% (by gender, body mass index) | walking time/15 ft: slowest 20% (by gender, height) |
Intervention details
Control group
Outcome measures
Study quality
study | Eligibility criteria | Random allocation | Concealed allocation | Baseline similar | Blinding (subject) | Blinding (therapists) | Blinding (Assessor) | Measure for>85% | Intention-to-Treat Analysis | Group comparison | Point measures | Total score
(0–10) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bagheri et al. (2020) [56] | Yes | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Bellomo et al. (2013) [43] | Yes | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 |
Cebrià et al. (2018) [45] | Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Chen et al. (2017) [42] | Yes | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Hamaguchi et al. (2017) [51] | Yes | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Hassan et al. (2015) [57] | Yes | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Kim et al. (2012) [58] | Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Kim et al. (2013) [59] | Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Kim et al. (2016) [60] | Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Liao et al. (2017) [52] | Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 8 |
Liao et al. (2018) [53] | Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Makizako et al. (2020) [33] | Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Maruya et al. (2016) [50] | Yes | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Moghadam et al. (2020) [61] | Yes | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Wei et al. (2016) [48] | Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Park et al. (2017) [62] | Yes | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Shahar et al. (2013) [63] | Yes | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Shao et al. (2020) [46] | Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
Tsekoura et al. (2018) [23] | Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Vasconcelos et al. (2016) [64] | Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Vikberg et al. (2019) [47] | Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Wei et al. (2016) [44] | Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Wei et al. (2017) [49] | Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Zhu et al. (2019) [65] | Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Zhu et al. (2016) [54] | Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
Zhu et al. (2019) [55] | Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Quality assessment | Number of patients | Effect | Quality | Importance | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of studies | Design | Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Other considerations | Muscle strength | Control | Relative (95% CI) | Absolute | ||
KES subgroup (follow-up 0–24 weeks; Better indicated by lower values) | ||||||||||||
17 | randomised trials | seriousa | serious (I2 = 75) | no serious indirectness | no serious imprecision | none | 415 | 394 | – | SMD 0.86 higher (0.55 to 1.16 higher) | ⊕ ⊕ OO LOW | CRITICAL |
TUG subgroup (follow-up 0–24 weeks; Better indicated by lower values) | ||||||||||||
9 | randomised trials | seriousb | serious (I2 = 60) | no serious indirectness | no serious imprecision | none | 279 | 264 | – | SMD 0.66 lower (0.94 to 0.38 lower) | ⊕ ⊕ OO LOW | CRITICAL |
GS subgroup (follow-up 0–24 weeks; Better indicated by lower values) | ||||||||||||
17 | randomised trials | seriousc | serious (I2 = 87) | no serious indirectness | no serious imprecision | none | 500 | 465 | – | SMD 0.82 higher (0.43 to 1.21 higher) | ⊕ ⊕ OO LOW | CRITICAL |
CS subgroup (follow-up 0–24 weeks; Better indicated by lower values) | ||||||||||||
10 | randomised trials | seriousd | serious (I2 = 87) | no serious indirectness | no serious imprecision | none | 313 | 298 | – | SMD 0.11 higher (0.36 lower to 0.57 higher) | ⊕ ⊕ OO LOW | – |