Introduction
Methods
Study population
Outcome
Determinants
Statistical analysis
Results
Variable | Total sample (N = 4116) | Included (N = 1375) | Excluded (N = 2741) | p value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |
81.6 | 5.7 | 80.7 | 5.6 | 82.1 | 5.8 | < 0.0001* 1 | |
Women (%) | 64 | 64 | 64 | 0.8950 3 | |||
ADL disabled (%) | 36 | 25 | 42 | < 0.0001* 3 | |||
IADL disabled (%) | 57 | 46 | 63 | < 0.0001* 3 | |||
WHOQOL-BREF | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |
Physical Health | 55.4 | 19.7 | 57.9 | 18.8 | 51.9 | 20.3 | < 0.0001* 2 |
Psychological | 63.8 | 16.2 | 66.0 | 14.8 | 60.7 | 17.4 | < 0.0001* 2 |
Social Relationships | 67.4 | 16.6 | 68.1 | 16.1 | 66.5 | 17.2 | 0.0190* 1 |
Environment | 69.5 | 14.3 | 70.9 | 13.7 | 67.4 | 14.9 | < 0.0001* 2 |
WHOQOL-BREF: Global Score | 56.0 | 20.2 | 58.3 | 19.2 | 52.9 | 21.0 | < 0.0001* 2 |
WHOQOL-OLD | |||||||
Sensory Abilities | 65.8 | 22.0 | 68.3 | 20.9 | 62.3 | 23.1 | < 0.0001* 2 |
Autonomy | 60.5 | 19.5 | 62.3 | 18.8 | 58.0 | 20.2 | < 0.0001* 2 |
Past, Present and Future Activities | 61.7 | 15.7 | 63.0 | 14.8 | 60.0 | 16.8 | < 0.0001* 2 |
Social Participation | 57.3 | 20.5 | 59.9 | 18.9 | 53.7 | 22.0 | < 0.0001* 2 |
Death and Dying | 69.6 | 22.5 | 69.4 | 22.2 | 69.9 | 22.7 | 0.5806 1 |
Intimacy | 66.8 | 19.5 | 67.5 | 18.7 | 65.7 | 20.4 | 0.0333* 2 |
WHOQOL-OLD Total Score | 63.6 | 13.4 | 65.1 | 12.5 | 61.6 | 14.3 | < 0.0001* 2 |
Living Situation (%) | < 0.0001* 3 | ||||||
Living alone | 39 | 40 | 39 | ||||
Living with a partner | 50 | 53 | 49 | ||||
Living with others | 10 | 7 | 12 | ||||
Rural (%) | 41 | 38 | 42 | 0.0459* 3 | |||
Education (%) | 0.1316 3 | ||||||
Low | 73 | 71 | 74 | ||||
Intermediate | 17 | 18 | 17 | ||||
High | 10 | 10 | 9 | ||||
Income (subjective) (%) | 0.0015* 3 | ||||||
Appropriate | 80 | 83 | 79 | ||||
Social Support (available) (%) | 86 | 84 | 87 | 0.0068* 3 | |||
Social Participation (no shortage) (%) | 71 | 67 | 73 | < 0.0001* 3 | |||
MNA (%) | < 0.0001* 3 | ||||||
< 17 | 3 | 1 | 4 | ||||
17–23.5 | 15 | 11 | 17 | ||||
≥ 24 | 82 | 88 | 78 | ||||
DemTect (%) | 0.1259 3 | ||||||
< 9 | 14 | 13 | 14 | ||||
9–12 | 30 | 29 | 30 | ||||
13–18 | 57 | 59 | 55 | ||||
Timed Up-and-Go (%) | |||||||
Better than age-specific cut-off value | 39 | 46 | 35 | < 0.0001* 3 |
ADL and IADL
Variable | ADL disability | IADL disability | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) | p value | β (95% CI) | p value | |
Intercept | −0.56 (− 3.21–2.09) | 0.6791 1 | −1.13 (− 3.87–1.61) | 0.4200 1 |
Age (continuous) | – | – | 0.06 (0.03–0.09) | 0.0002* 1 |
Women | 0.27 (0.08–0.46) | 0.0053* 1 | − 0.33 (− 0.50 - -0.16) | 0.0002* 1 |
ADL disabled | – | – | 1.02 (0.81–1.24) | < 0.0001* 1 |
IADL disabled | 1.02 (0.81–1.24) | < 0.0001* 1 | – | – |
WHOQOL-BREF | ||||
Physical Health | −0.02 (− 0.03 - -0.01) | 0.0027* 1 | − 0.03 (− 0.04 - -0.01) | 0.0002* 1 |
Psychological | – | – | – | – |
Social Relationships | – | – | 0.01 (0.003–0.03) | 0.0140* 1 |
Environment | 0.02 (0.002–0.04) | 0.0325* 1 | −0.03 (− 0.05 - − 0.01) | 0.0017* 1 |
Global Score | -0.01 (− 0.03 - -0.003) | 0.0148* 1 | – | – |
WHOQOL-OLD | ||||
Sensory Abilities | – | – | – | – |
Autonomy | – | – | – | – |
Past, Present and Future Activities | – | – | – | – |
Social Participation | – | – | – | – |
Death and Dying | – | – | – | – |
Intimacy | – | – | – | – |
Total Score | – | – | – | – |
Living Situation | – | – | – | – |
Rural-Urban | – | – | – | – |
Education | – | – | ||
Intermediate | −0.29 (−0.57 - -0.01) | 0.0437* 1 | ||
Income (subjective) | ||||
Appropriate | – | – | – | – |
Social Support (available) | – | – | 0.57 (0.34–0.80) | < 0.0001* 1 |
Social Participation (no shortage) | 0.18 (0.01–0.36) | 0.0430* 1 | – | – |
MNA < 17 ≥ 24 | – | – | – | – |
DemTect < 9 | 0.31 (0.03–0.59) | 0.0314* 1 | 0.43 (0.10–0.76) | 0.0105* 1 |
Timed Up-and-Go | ||||
Better than age-specific cut-off value | −0.33 (− 0.52 - -0.13) | 0.0009* 1 | − 0.27 (− 0.44 - -0.11) | 0.0007* 1 |
Variable | ADL disability | IADL disability | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | |
Age (per additional year of age) | – | – | 1.06 (1.03–1.09) | 0.0002* 1 |
Women | 1.72 (1.17–2.52) | 0.0053* 1 | 0.52 (0.37–0.73) | 0.0002* 1 |
ADL disabled | – | – | 7.76 (5.06–11.90) | < 0.0001* 1 |
IADL disabled | 7.77 (5.09–11.86) | < 0.0001* 1 | – | – |
WHOQOL-BREF | ||||
Physical Health | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | 0.0027* 1 | 0.97 (0.96–0.99) | 0.0002* 1 |
Psychological | – | – | – | – |
Social Relationships | – | – | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | 0.0140* 1 |
Environment | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 0.0325* 1 | 0.97 (0.96–0.99) | 0.0017* 1 |
Global Score | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | 0.0148* 1 | – | – |
WHOQOL-OLD | ||||
Sensory Abilities | – | – | – | – |
Autonomy | – | – | – | – |
Past, Present and Future Activities | – | – | – | – |
Social Participation | – | – | – | – |
Death and Dying | – | – | – | – |
Intimacy | – | – | – | – |
Total Score | – | – | – | – |
Living situation | – | – | – | – |
Rural | – | – | – | – |
Education Low vs. intermediate | ||||
– | – | 1.52 (1.02–2.26) | 0.0392* 1 | |
Income (subjective) Appropriate | ||||
– | – | – | – | |
Social Support (available) | – | – | 3.15 (1.99–4.97) | < 0.0001* 1 |
Social Participation (no shortage) | 1.44 (1.01–2.04) | 0.0430* 1 | – | – |
MNA | ||||
≥ 17–23.5 vs. ≥ 24 | 1.70 (1.09–2.65) | 0.0190* 1 | 2.03 (1.20–3.42) | 0.0079* 1 |
DemTect | ||||
< 9 vs. 13–18 | 2.06 (1.29–3.28) | 0.0025* 1 | 2.36 (1.41–3.96) | 0.0011* 1 |
9–12 vs. 13–18 | 1.66 (1.15–2.40) | 0.0064* 1 | 1.54 (1.09–2.16) | 0.0134* 1 |
Timed Up-and-Go | ||||
Better than age-specific cut-off value | 0.52 (0.35–0.77) | 0.0009* 1 | 0.57 (0.41–0.79) | 0.0007* 1 |
WHOQOL-BREF and WHOQOL-OLD
Variable | Physical Health (WHOQOL-BREF) | Social Participation (WHOQOL-OLD) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) | p value | β (95% CI) | p value | |
Intercept | 65.84 (52.95–78.74) | < 0.0001* 1 | 59.27 (47.75–72.93) | < 0.0001* 1 |
Age (continuous) | – | – | – | – |
Women | −1.80 (−2.70 - -0.88) | 0.0001* 1 | – | – |
ADL disabled | −3.29 (−4.39 - -2.20) | < 0.0001* 1 | − 3.55 (− 4.70 - -2.40) | < 0.0001* 1 |
IADL disabled | − 4.09 (− 5.09 - -3.09) | < 0.0001* 1 | − 3.97 (− 5.02 - -2.92) | < 0.0001* 1 |
Living Situation | – | – | – | – |
Rural-Urban | – | – | – | – |
Education Intermediate | – | – | – | – |
Income (subjective) | ||||
Appropriate | 1.51 (0.42–2.59) | 0.0065* 1 | 1.49 (0.36–2.63) | 0.0101* 1 |
Social Support (available) | −1.24 (−2.36 - -0.12) | 0.0296* 1 | – | – |
Social Participation (no shortage) | 3.73 (2.85–4.60) | < 0.0001* 1 | 4.45 (3.53–5.36) | < 0.0001* 1 |
MNA | – | – | ||
< 17 | −9.72 (−15.52 - -3.92) | 0.0010* 1 | ||
≥ 24 | 6.62 (3.52–9.72) | < 0.0001* 1 | ||
DemTect < 9 | – | – | – | – |
Timed Up-and-Go Better than age-specific cut-off value | 5.44 (4.54–6.34) | < 0.0001* 1 | 3.53 (2.59–4.47) | < 0.0001* 1 |