Background
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide [
1]. Historically, HCC patients had a very poor prognosis, partly due to generally being at an advanced stage of disease at the time of diagnosis. The curative therapies for HCC remain as liver transplantation, surgical resection, and radiofrequency ablation; however, most patients with HCC are ineligible for these therapies due either to the disease burden or severity of liver disease [
2]. For intermediate-to-advanced-stage HCC, transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is considered the standard treatment by certain international guidelines [
3]. The main goal of the above-mentioned treatments is prolongation of life and palliation of symptoms rather than cure; however, further efforts to identify the prognostic factors to better stratify those patients who are likely to benefit from the treatments remain necessary.
Several blood-derived parameters have been demonstrated to be associated with survival of HCC patients. Especially, with the advantage of being readily available from routine tests of blood cell counts and liver function, the derived neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (dNLR) [
4,
5] and prognostic nutritional index (PNI) [
6,
7] have been widely discussed. The dNLR, a modified score calculated by dividing the neutrophil count by the difference between the white blood cell (WBC) count and the absolute neutrophil count (ANC), has been proposed as an alternative to the NLR in cases in which only the WBC count and ANC have been recorded. A previous study [
8] evaluated the prognostic value of the dNLR on outcome in HCC patients following TACE and demonstrated that the dNLR had a similar prognostic value to the well-established NLR; the authors suggested that the dNLR was a cheaper and more easily determinable parameter than the NLR. The PNI, which is calculated from the serum albumin level and total peripheral blood lymphocyte count, was originally proposed to assess the perioperative immunonutritional status and surgical risk in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery. Several studies have shown that low PNI relates with poor survival of HCC patients undergoing hepatic resection [
6,
9]. However, few data are available for PNI in predicting the clinical outcome of patients with HCC who undergo TACE.
Furthermore, most previous studies focused on either the dNLR or PNI solely, and there are currently few comprehensive studies of the combined use of preoperative inflammation-based prognostic scores and immunonutritional status for survival prediction in HCC patients. Therefore, we hypothesized that a combined systemic inflammation-based grade, namely the dNLR-PNI, which may represent the co-influence of systemic inflammation, may be a more suitable prognostic marker than these two variables alone. Accordingly, in the present study, we aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of the dNLR-PNI grade in patients with intermediate-to-advanced HCC undergoing TACE.
Discussion
In this study, we confirmed that the novel combined immunonutritional dNLR-PNI score is an independent predictive factor for prognosis in patients with intermediate-to-advanced HCC undergoing TACE. Patients with dNLR-PNI 2 were associated with a significantly poorer prognosis than their counterparts.
Approximately 70–90% of HCC cases occur in patients with underlying chronic liver disease, including chronic hepatitis B virus infection in eastern Asia and chronic hepatitis C virus infection in European and North American countries, independently from excessive alcohol abuse and metabolic disease [
13]. It has become clear that inflammation is central to the pathogenesis of chronic liver injury and has been proposed as a risk factor for HCC. It has been well-established that HCC usually progresses through four stages: cell degeneration, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and tumor formation. Noteworthy, inflammation is involved in all of these stages [
14]. With growing evidences regarding the role of inflammation in the HCC pathogenesis, a systemic inflammatory response has been recognized as having prognostic significance in HCC patients after liver transplantation [
15], resection [
6], ablation, and TACE [
16]. The dNLR is composed of only the WBC and neutrophil counts, which is more easily obtained from day-to-day oncological practice, without expensive measurement costs. Proctor et al. [
11] first put forward dNLR as an alternative option for clinical trials where only WBC and neutrophil counts were recorded. In their study, 12,118 patients with various kinds of cancers, including colorectal, breast, and lung cancers, among others, were enrolled. They evaluated the prognostic value of the dNLR on OS and cancer-specific survival, and demonstrated that the dNLR had similar prognostic value as the NLR. Furthermore, other researchers have validated elevated dNLR as an independent prognostic factor in patients with pancreatic cancer [
17] and colorectal cancer [
4]. However, the conclusions of other subsequent studies were inconsistent, with some studies suggesting that the dNLR was not independently associated with survival in patients with renal cell carcinoma [
5] and gastric cancer [
18]. One possible explanation of these discrepancies among the different studies may be that the use of (WBC - neutrophils) in the denominator of dNLR is broadly mixing two cell types, namely lymphocytes and monocytes, resulting in possible opposing effects in terms of the prognostic value [
11]. Lymphocytes have been reported to indicate the generation of an effective anti-tumor cellular immune response [
19], while the monocyte count has been demonstrated to be an independent prognostic factor for poor survival in patients with metastatic melanoma [
20] and colorectal cancer [
21]. Therefore, the inclusion of monocytes may potentially be the reason for these discrepancies.
Malnutrition is a frequently occurring but underdiagnosed problem in both patients with liver cirrhosis and HCC. Patients with HCC are at an especially high risk for malnutrition as the liver is an important metabolic organ, and the majority of cases are associated with liver function impairment due to liver cirrhosis. In addition, tumor progression and tumor therapies can directly impact the liver function [
22]. For example, hepatic albumin biosynthesis is downregulated by pro-inflammatory stimuli as part of a negative acute phase reaction in patients with malignancy [
23]. Previous studies have demonstrated the independent prognostic value of hypoalbuminemia in HCC [
24,
25], and a prospective clinical study revealed malnutrition as an independent negative prognostic risk factor in HCC patients [
26]. Accordingly, numerous studies have also shown better recurrence-free survival (RFS) and OS after curative treatment of HCC if the nutritional status was optimized before treatment by supplementation of branched-chain amino acids [
27,
28]. In fact, more and more evidence indicated that the cancer cachexia is reflected by a reduction in the level of albumin [
29]. Furthermore, some researchers have suggested that a lower pre-treatment PNI could be a visually validated prognostic indicator that predicts an unsatisfied survival [
11,
30]. However, other researchers have argued that the preoperative PNI does not affect the postoperative survival outcomes [
7]. Further, while an investigation concerning the kinetic changes in the PNI between pre- and post- hepatectomy, rather than the pre-treatment PNI, showed that this index was an independent risk factor for both OS and RFS, this method is not easily available and would therefore not be useful for helping clinicians establishing the appropriate interventions.
As discussed above, with the advantages of being inexpensive and easily available, the dNLR and PNI have been extensively investigated and identified as independent prognostic factors in HCC patients, at least to a certain extent. However, as one factor alone is not sufficient to predict the prognosis accurately, prognostic scores that combine markers of inflammation, such as the dNLR-PNI, are warranted. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study addressing the prognostic value of a combination of inflammation-based systems in comparison to others prognostic factors in patients treated with TACE treatment. Our results support our hypothesis and indicate that the dNLR-PNI has better discrimination and prognostic abilities compared to the individual indices. Moreover, the results showed that the dNLR-PNI grade was better than presence of vascular invasion and alpha-fetoprotein in predicting poor OS in our cohort. Furthermore, high dNLR-PNI score was related with worse liver function, larger tumor diameter and the presence of vascular invasion, which means that a high dNLR-PNI represents a more aggressive HCC biological phenotype. As mentioned above, low dNLR-PNI score predicts satisfactory survive and multivariate analyses shows its independent prognostic value which validated the dNLR-PNI score as an independent predictor of OS. Our research reflects that the accumulation of two inflammation-based indices is superior to a single inflammation-based index to reflect the systemic inflammatory response for HCC patients receiving TACE treatment.
It is interesting that the numbers of TACE treatments differed according to the dNLR-PNI grade, with having undergone TACE treatment twice found to be a high-risk prognostic factor for OS. In our center, the second TACE was generally performed 1.5–3 months after the initial TACE treatment. Some TACE interventions would be ceased due to tumor progression or a decline in liver function or performance status. In other words, repeat TACE can differentiate patients who did not benefit from the first TACE. HCC patients waiting for liver transplantation usually undergo TACE to downstage the tumor within the Milan criteria and/or as a bridge therapy before liver transplantation; in a previous study, it was identified that patients with a tumor response to TACE treatment had better OS and RFS after liver transplantation [
31]. Therefore, HCC progression after TACE is a sign of aggressive tumor behavior, which in turn relates to poor long-term survival status.
There are some limitations in the present study that need to be acknowledged. First, this was a retrospective study, which has inherent limitations and lacking the validation set. Second, it was a single-institution study of a homogenous population. Especially, the patient population is biased due to the high prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection (85.4%). Whether these results can be applied to Western populations wherein hepatitis C virus, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and other etiologies of liver disease predominate requires further study and discussion.