Background
Being an adolescent: Risk factor for both perinatal health and depression
Depression and mental health problems in pregnant adolescents
Method
Study design, population and setting
Study procedures
Measures
Research designed questionnaire
Perinatal depression screening tool
Depression diagnosis and severity assessment
Statistical analysis
Results
Sample characteristics
Variable | Category | Overall (N = 176) | Non-Depressed1 (N = 118) | Depressed2 (N = 58) | Mean(SD) PHQ-Score | 95% C.I. | Group Differences |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age in years | 15-16 Years | 27(15.3) | 7(25.9) | 20(74.1) | 17.2(4.0) | (15.6-18.8) | (F(2, 173) = 18.63; P < 0.001)† |
17 Years | 41(23.3) | 25(61.0) | 16(39.0) | 11.3(7.0) | (9.0-13.5) | ||
18 Years | 108(61.4) | 86(79.6) | 22(20.4) | 9.5(5.7) | (8.5-10.6) | ||
Occupation | Unemployed | 133(75.6) | 84(63.2) | 49(36.8) | 11.8(6.4) | (10.7-12.9) | t(174) = 2.3; P = 0.020 |
Actively employed | 43(24.4) | 34(79.1) | 9(20.9) | 9.2(5.9) | (7.3-11.0) | ||
Education level | Primary and below | 141(80.1) | 89(63.1) | 52(36.9) | 11.5(6.6) | (10.4-12.6) | t(174) = 1.7; P = 0.091 |
Secondary and above | 35(19.9) | 29(82.9) | 6(17.1) | 9.5(5.3) | (7.7-11.3) | ||
Marital status | Unmarried | 85(48.3) | 40(47.1) | 45(52.9) | 14.7(5.1) | (13.6-15.8) | t(174) = 8.4; P < 0.001 |
Married | 91(51.7) | 78(85.7) | 13(14.3) | 7.8(5.7) | (6.6-9.0) | ||
Living arrangements | Living with other | 113(64.2) | 48(58.5) | 34(41.5) | 8.6(5.9) | (7.5-9.7) | t(174) = −8.1; P < 0.001 |
Living with parents | 63(35.8) | 42(67.7) | 20(32.3) | 15.6(4.6) | (14.4-16.8) | ||
Monthly income | < 10,000Ksh. | 82(46.6) | 28(87.5) | 4(12.5) | 12.4(6.2) | (11.0-13.7) | (F (2, 173) = 3.42; P = 0.035)† |
10,000-14,999Ksh | 62(35.2) | 12(31.6) | 26(68.4) | 10.5(6.9) | (8.7-12.2) | ||
> = 15,000Ksh | 32(18.2) | 106(76.8) | 32(23.2) | 9.2(5.0) | (7.4-11.0) | ||
Type of housing | Temporary | 38(21.6) | 93(82.3) | 20(17.7) | 15.2(6.1) | (13.2-17.2) | t(174) = 4.7; P < 0.001 |
Permanent | 138(78.4) | 25(39.7) | 38(60.3) | 10.0(6.0) | (9.0-11.0) | ||
Receiving social support | No | 40(22.7) | 10(25.0) | 30(75.0) | 17.2(4.5) | (15.8-18.6) | t(174) = 8.0; P < 0.001 |
Yes | 136(77.3) | 108(79.4) | 28(20.6) | 9.3(5.7) | (8.4-10.3) | ||
Partner/ parent reaction | Positive | 101(57.4) | 87(86.1) | 14(13.9) | 8.0(5.4) | (7.0-9.1) | (F (2, 173) = 40.85; P < 0.001)† |
Negative | 36(20.5) | 14(38.9) | 22(61.1) | 15.6(5.1) | (13.9-17.3) | ||
Ambivalent | 39(22.2) | 17(43.6) | 22(56.4) | 15.0(5.2) | (13.3-16.7) | ||
Has other children | No | 138(78.4) | 88(63.8) | 50(36.2) | 12.0(6.2) | (11.0-13.1) | t(174) = 3.7; P < 0.001 |
Yes | 38(21.6) | 30(78.9) | 8(21.1) | 7.8(6.1) | (5.8-9.8) | ||
Experienced a stressful life event | No | 53(30.1) | 51(96.2) | 2(3.8) | 6.0(4.1) | (4.9-7.1) | t(174) = −8.2; P < 0.001 |
Yes | 123(69.9) | 67(54.5) | 56(45.5) | 13.3(5.9) | (12.3-14.4) | ||
Experience substance abuse | No | 161(91.5) | 112(69.6) | 49(30.4) | 10.8(6.3) | (9.8-11.8) | t(174) = −2.4; P = 0.019 |
Yes | 15(8.5) | 6(40.0) | 9(60.0) | 14.8(6.2) | (11.4-18.2) | ||
Attending clinic as scheduled | No | 15(8.5) | 1(6.7) | 14(93.3) | 18.7(3.4) | (16.8-20.6) | t(174) = 5.2; P < 0.001 |
Yes | 161(91.5) | 117(72.7) | 44(27.3) | 10.4(6.1) | (9.5-11.4) | ||
Experience domestic violence | No | 108(61.4) | 90(83.3) | 18(16.7) | 8.6(5.9) | (7.4-9.7) | t(174) = −7.8; P < 0.001 |
Yes | 68(38.6) | 28(41.2) | 40(58.8) | 15.2(4.8) | (14.0-16.3) | ||
Currently diagnosed with HIV/AIDS | No | 162(92.0) | 117(72.2) | 45(27.8) | 10.6(6.3) | (9.6-11.5) | t(174) = −4.0; P < 0.001 |
Yes | 14(8.0) | 1(7.1) | 13(92.9) | 17.4(3.3) | (15.5-19.4) |
Depression prevalence
Associations between socio-demographic factors and adolescent depression
Variable | Category | Beta(S.E) | 95%C.I Beta | β | P-Value | R2 change | F- ratio R2 change |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age in years | 15 to 16 Years | 2.46 | (0.1-4.8) | 0.14 |
0.038
| 0.372 | 12.3a |
17 Years | 0.32 | (−1.3-1.9) | 0.02 | 0.701 | |||
18 years |
Reference
| ||||||
Occupation | Employed | 0.11 | (−1.7-1.9) | 0.01 | 0.903 | ||
Unemployed |
Reference
| ||||||
Marital status | Married | 0.00 | (−2.6-2.6) | 0. 00 | 0.999 | ||
Unmarried |
Reference
| ||||||
Living with parents | Yes | 1.11 | (−1.5-3.7) | 0.09 | 0.403 | ||
No |
Reference
| ||||||
Type of housing | Permanent | −0.27 | (−2.2-1.6) | −0.02 | 0.782 | ||
Temporary |
Reference
| ||||||
Income | < 10,000Ksh | 0.27 | (−1.7-2.3) | 0.02 | 0.788 | ||
10,000-14,999 | −1.04 | (−3.0-0.9) | −0.08 | 0.286 | |||
> = 15,000Ksh |
Reference
| ||||||
Receiving social support | Yes | −2.76 | (−4.8--0.7) | −0.19 |
0.008
| 0.181 | 7.1a |
No |
Reference
| ||||||
Partner reaction | Negative | 1.46 | (−1.2-4.1) | 0.10 | 0.272 | ||
Ambivalent | 0.96 | (−1.4-3.4) | 0.06 | 0.429 | |||
Positive |
Reference
| ||||||
Have other children | Yes | −1.58 | (−3.4-0.2) | −0.11 | 0.089 | ||
No |
Reference
| ||||||
Experience a stressful life event | Yes | 3.27 | (1.4-5.1) | 0.25 |
0.001
| ||
No |
Reference
| ||||||
Substance abuse | Yes | 1.44 | (−1.0-3.9) | 0.07 | 0.246 | ||
No |
Reference
| ||||||
Experience domestic violence | Yes | 0.99 | (−0.9-2.8) | 0.08 | 0.292 | ||
No |
Reference
| ||||||
Diagnosed with HIV/AIDS | Yes | 3.81 | (1.3-6.3) | 0.17 |
0.004
| ||
No |
Reference
| ||||||
Whether attending clinic as scheduled | Yes | −2.55 | (−5.2-0.1) | −0.11 | 0.059 | ||
No |
Reference
| ||||||
R2 | 0.554 |