Background
Methods
Data collection
Definitions
Outcome and statistics
Results
Patient characteristics at the time of admission
No Bacterial Infection (n = 1635) | Respiratory Co-infection (n = 54) | Respiratory Secondary Infection (n = 85) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 58.0 ± 18.0 | 65.9 ± 15.5 | 70.0 ± 13.9 | < 0.0001a=**/b=** |
Sex (male) | 1131 (64.9%) | 41 (75.9%) | 71 (83.5%) | 0.0006 |
BMI | 24.5 ± 4.68 | 23.3 ± 4.57 | 24.6 ± 6.97 | 0.19 |
Smoker | 260 (16.0%) | 6 (13.6%) | 5 (7.04%) | 0.0001 |
Hypertension | 607 (35.4%) | 18 (34. 0%) | 43 (51.2%) | 0.02 |
Cardiovascular disease | 167 (9.67%) | 5 (9.26%) | 23 (27.1%) | < 0.0001 |
Cancer | 114 (6.65%) | 5 (9.43%) | 7 (8.43%) | 0.61 |
Diabetes | 381 (22.1%) | 11 (20.4%) | 32 (37.7%) | 0.004 |
Asthma | 112 (6.58%) | 3 (5.88%) | 5 (6.02%) | 0.96 |
Hyperuricemia | 178 (10.4%) | 6 (11.1%) | 20 (23.8%) | 0.0001 |
COPD | 74 (4.31%) | 6 (11.3%) | 8 (9.52%) | 0.01 |
Chronic liver disease | 53 (3.19%) | 1 (1.89%) | 4 (4.71%) | 0.63 |
Chronic kidney disease | 117 (7.09%) | 6 (11.1%) | 19 (22.6%) | < 0.0001 |
Steroid users | 62 (3.60%) | 7 (13.4%) | 9 (10.6%) | < 0.0001 |
Immunosuppressive drug users | 34 (1.98%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (3.53%) | 0.35 |
No Bacterial Infection (n = 1635) | Respiratory Co-infection (n = 54) | Respiratory Secondary Infection (n = 85) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fever | 37.2 ± 0.92 | 37.6 ± 1.03 | 37.4 ± 1.15 | 0.004 a=** |
Cough | 1009 (58.8%) | 27 (50.0%) | 44 (58.7%) | 0.43 |
Sputum | 402 (23.5%) | 21 (38.9%) | 25 (33.8%) | 0.005 |
Sore throat | 409 (24.0%) | 9 (17.0%) | 9 (12.00%) | 0.03 |
Nasal discharge | 260 (15.2%) | 4 (7.69%) | 5 (6.67%) | 0.04 |
Dysgeusia | 318 (18.6%) | 4 (7.84%) | 6 (8.11%) | 0.01 |
Dysosmia | 283 (16.6%) | 5 (9.80%) | 4 (5.41%) | 0.02 |
Dyspnea | 513 (30.4%) | 28 (51.9%) | 35 (48.0%) | < 0.0001 |
Disturbance of consciousness | 50 (2.91%) | 8 (13.0%) | 9 (12.2%) | < 0.0001 |
Malaise | 835 (48.7%) | 31 (57.4%) | 42 (56.8%) | 0.19 |
Systolic blood pressure | 129.2 ± 19.6 | 129.8 ± 21.9 | 130.6 ± 27.4 | 0.83 |
Diastolic blood pressure | 80.6 ± 13.5 | 79.6 ± 13.7 | 77.1 ± 13.9 | 0.09 |
Heart rate | 87.2 ± 16.6 | 93.7 ± 19.6 | 86.7 ± 18.8 | 0.02a=* |
Respiratory Rate | 19.2 ± 4.58 | 20.7 ± 5.47 | 21.8 ± 6.47 | < 0.0001b=** |
SpO2 | 96.0 ± 3.07 | 93.7 ± 4.95 | 95.3 ± 3.04 | < 0.0001a=** |
No Bacterial Infection (n = 1635) | Respiratory Co-infection (n = 54) | Respiratory Secondary Infection (n = 85) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
WBC (/μL) | 5627.5 ± 2693.5 | 7579.8 ± 3868.5 | 7927.3 ± 4971.6 | < 0.0001a=**/b=** |
Neutrophil (/ μL) | 3633.8 ± 2440.9 | 6109.9 ± 4275.7 | 6689.5 ± 4737.9 | < 0.0001a=**/b=** |
Lymphocyte(/μL) | 1059.8 ± 616.3 | 705.2 ± 438.1 | 742.0 ± 462.9 | < 0.0001a=**/b=** |
Hb (g/dL) | 14.1 ± 1.88 | 13.5 ± 1.98 | 13.1 ± 2.15 | < 0.0001a=*/b=** |
PLT (× 103 /μL) | 19.9 ± 7.65 | 20.4 ± 7.50 | 19.5 ± 8.95 | 0.80 |
Alb (g/dL) | 3.78 ± 0.61 | 3.29 ± 0.92 | 3.12 ± 0.62 | < 0.0001a=**/b=** |
TB (mg/dL) | 0.66 ± 0.36 | 0.78 ± 0.65 | 0.69 ± 0.43 | 0.08 |
ALP (IU/L) | 175.5 ± 124.0 | 220.3 ± 142.3 | 197.3 ± 100.6 | 0.02a=* |
AST (IU/L) | 40.9 ± 69.1 | 54.7 ± 53.1 | 53.0 ± 91.3 | 0.13 |
ALT (IU/L) | 38.6 ± 91.2 | 50.7 ± 63.5 | 43.8 ± 54.4 | 0.56 |
BUN (mg/dL) | 16.5 ± 10.6 | 27.6 ± 25.5 | 31.4 ± 41.2 | < 0.0001a=**/b=** |
Cr (mg/dL) | 1.06 ± 1.43 | 1.68 ± 2.34 | 1.38 ± 1.47 | 0.0018 a=** |
LDH (IU/L) | 268.7 ± 136.6 | 337.1 ± 150.4 | 368.2 ± 184.1 | < 0.0001a=**/b=** |
UA (mg/dL) | 4.88 ± 1.81 | 5.55 ± 2.34 | 5.11 ± 2.21 | 0.04a=* |
CK (IU/L) | 149.7 ± 456.3 | 248.7 ± 347.8 | 218.9 ± 387.1 | 0.14 |
Na (mEq/L) | 138.3 ± 3.62 | 137.7 ± 5.53 | 137.4 ± 3.91 | 0.08 |
K (mEq/L) | 3.98 ± 0.46 | 4.03 ± 0.54 | 4.20 ± 0.55 | 0.0002b=** |
Cl (mEq/L) | 101.8 ± 3.97 | 100.7 ± 5.56 | 102.1 ± 3.80 | 0.11 |
BNP (pg/mL) | 69.4 ± 401.9 | 157.1 ± 403.0 | 104.2 ± 169.6 | 0.51 |
IgG(mg/dL) | 1151.2 ± 359.4 | 1128.4 ± 293.3 | 1197.8 ± 293.6 | 0.27 |
Ferritin (ng/mL) | 531.1 ± 583.0 | 814.4 ± 712.5 | 876.7 ± 982.0 | < 0.0001a=*/b=** |
KL-6 (IU/L) | 315.9 ± 302.4 | 422.0 ± 308.9 | 488.2 ± 439.1 | < 0.0001 b=** |
HbA1c (%) | 6.37 ± 1.31 | 6.76 ± 1.60 | 6.88 ± 1.39 | 0.002 b=** |
CRP (mg/dL) | 4.48 ± 5.35 | 10.8 ± 9.61 | 9.93 ± 10.1 | < 0.0001a=**/b=** |
Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 0.16 ± 0.62 | 2.81 ± 9.57 | 1.05 ± 2.83 | < 0.0001a=**/b=* |
No Bacterial Infection (n = 1635) | Respiratory Co-infection (n = 54) | Respiratory Secondary Infection (n = 85) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
GGO on chest X-ray images | 1176 (65.8%) | 44 (83.0%) | 70 (84.3%) | < 0.0001 |
Infiltrative shadow on chest X-ray images | 423 (26.2%) | 32 (64.0%) | 45 (54.2%) | < 0.0001 |
GGO on chest CT images | 1261 (81.2%) | 47 (92.2%) | 76 (97.4%) | 0.0002 |
Infiltrative shadow on chest CT images | 586 (38.4%) | 31 (67.4%) | 47 (61.8%) | < 0.0001 |