Background
Methods
Study areas
Selection of informants
Plant identification
Data analysis
Review study
Results
Socio-demographic factors
Variable | Number of herbalists and traditional healers (N = 144) |
---|---|
Gender | |
Male | 102 |
Female | 42 |
Education level | |
No formal education | 32 |
Elementary | 14 |
Secondary school | 28 |
High secondary school | 44 |
Undergraduate | 22 |
Graduate (higher education) | 4 |
Residency | |
Bethlehem | 6 |
Hebron | 26 |
Jenin | 18 |
Jericho | 17 |
Jerusalem | 9 |
Nablus | 16 |
Qalqilya | 16 |
Ramallah | 11 |
Salfeit | 5 |
Tubas | 6 |
Toulkarem | 14 |
Age (mean ± SD) years | 54.8 ± 17.9 |
Experience (mean ± SD) years | 29.1 ± 10.9 |
Scientific names | Arabic local names | English common names | Family | Voucher specimen codes | Urinary tract diseases | Part used and mode of preparation | Method of preparation | # Informant 144 | FC, % | UV | CV |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paronychia argentea Lam. | رجل الحمام | Chickweed, Algerian tea | Caryophyllaceae | Pharm-PCT-1793 | Kidney stones | Entire plant/Boil about 100 g of the plant in 100 ml water. 30 ml of this decoction is to be given orally before each meal. | Decoction | 140 | 97.22 | 0.97 | 1.71 |
Curcuma longa L. | كركم | Turmeric | Zingiberaceae | Pharm-PCT-2709 | Enuresis | Roots/Steep 150 g of the roots in 200 ml water for two hours. This infusion is to be given after each meal. | Infusion | 135 | 93.75 | 0.94 | 1.64 |
Plantago ovata Forssk. | لسان الحمل البيضوي | Blond Psyllium | Plantaginaceae | Pharm-PCT-1891 | Kidney stones | Seeds/About 50 g of dried and ground seeds are to be given orally once daily. | Powder | 134 | 93.06 | 0.93 | 1.63 |
Portulaca oleracea L. | فرفحينه | Common Purslane | Portulacaceae | Pharm-PCT-1935 | Renal failure | Entire plant/10 drops of the fresh plant juice are to be given twice daily. | Juice | 134 | 93.06 | 0.93 | 1.63 |
Punica granatum L. | رمان | Pomegranate | Lythraceae | Pharm-PCT-2721 | Kidney stones | Fruits/300 ml of Pomegranate juice obtained from the fruits is to be given five times a day. | Juice | 133 | 92.36 | 0.92 | 1.62 |
Juglans regia L. | جوز | Walnuts | Juglandaceae | Pharm-PCT-2714 | Prostatic enlargement | Bark/Boil 100 g from the ground bark in 300 ml water for 30 min. 50 ml of this decoction is to be given twice daily. | Decoction | 132 | 91.67 | 0.92 | 1.61 |
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. | کیس الراعي | Shepherd’s-Purse | Brassicaceae | Pharm-PCT-497 | Urinary tract infection | Fruits/ Boil about 100 g from the ground fruits in 300 ml water. Give 100 ml three times a day after meals. | Decoction | 132 | 91.67 | 0.92 | 1.61 |
Quercus infectoria subsp. veneris (A.Kern.) Meikle | بلوطحلبي | Aleppo Oak | Fagaceae | Pharm-PCT-1977 | Prostatic enlargement | Entire plant/Boil about 50 g of the any plant part in 200 ml water. 50 ml of this decoction is to be given four times a day with meals. | Decoction | 119 | 82.64 | 0.83 | 1.45 |
Crocus sativus L. | زعفران | Saffron | Iridaceae | Pharm-PCT-2733 | Enuresis | Flowers/Steep 40 g of the flowers in 100 ml boiled water for 8 h. 15 ml from this infusion is to be given two times a day | Infusion | 118 | 81.94 | 0.82 | 1.44 |
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. | كركديه | Roselle | Malvaceae | Pharm-PCT-2752 | Urinary tract infection | Flower/Boil about 150 g of the plant in 100 ml water. 40 ml of this decoction is to be given orally before each meal. | Decoction | 112 | 77.78 | 0.78 | 1.36 |
Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. | الخله المصريه | Khella | Apiaceae | Pharm-PCT-139 | Urinary tract infection | Fruits/Boil about 250 g of the plant in 500 ml water. 100 ml of this decoction is to be given orally three to five times a day. | Decoction | 102 | 70.83 | 0.71 | 1.24 |
Ammi majus L. | الخله الشيطانيه | Bishop’s Flower, Bishop’s weed | Apiaceae | Pharm-PCT-138 | Urinary tract infection | Fruits/Boil about 30 g of fruits in 100 ml water for 5 min. This decoction is to be given three times a day after meals. | Decoction | 98 | 68.06 | 0.68 | 1.19 |
Taraxacum syriacum Boiss. | هندباء | Silkweed | Compositae | Pharm-PCT-2396 | Kidney stones | Roots/Boil about 300 g of the plant in 500 ml water. 100 ml of this decoction is to be given orally before each meal. | Decoction | 95 | 65.97 | 0.66 | 1.16 |
Sambucus ebulus L.
| البيلسان | Danewort | Adoxaceae | Pharm-PCT-2135 | Enuresis, prostatic enlargement. | Leaves/Steep 200 g of the powdered leaves in 500 ml boiled water for 12 h. About 100 ml from this infusion is to be given three times daily. | Infusion | 92 | 63.89 | 0.64 | 1.12 |
Morus alba L. | توت ابيض | White Mulberry | Moraceae | Pharm-PCT-2750 | Kidney stones | Fruits/150 ml of fresh juice are to be given orally every two hours. | Juice | 91 | 63.19 | 0.63 | 1.11 |
Zea mays L. | ذره | Maize | Poaceae | Pharm-PCT-2747 | Prostatic enlargement, urinary tract infections | Flower stigmas (corn silk) | Infusion | 72 | 50.00 | 0.58 | 1.02 |
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | شومر | Fennel | Apiaceae | Pharm-PCT-1041 | Kidney stones, urinary tract infection | Fruits/ Boil about 50 g of the fruits in 50 ml water. 25 ml of this decoction is to be given three times a day. | Decoction | 78 | 54.17 | 0.54 | 0.95 |
Daucus carota L. | جزر بري | Wild carrot | Apiaceae | Pharm-PCT-829 | Urinary tract infection | Fruits/ Boil about 150 g of the powder in 600 ml water. About 150 ml of this decoction is to be given three times a day. | Decoction | 69 | 47.92 | 0.48 | 0.84 |
Buddleja coriacea Remy | عفار | Butterfly bush | Scrophulariaceae | Pharm-PCT-2746 | Enuresis | Flowers/Boil about 20 g of the flowers in 200 ml water. About 50 ml of this decoction is to be given once daily. | Infusion | 67 | 46.53 | 0.47 | 0.82 |
Persea americana Mill. | افوكادو | Avocado | Lauraceae | Pharm-PCT-2740 | Enuresis | Leaves/Boil about 50 g of leaves in 150 ml water for 5 min. This decoction is to be given three times a day after meals. | Decoction | 66 | 45.83 | 0.46 | 0.80 |
Cucurbita pepo L. | قرع | Pumpkin | Cucurbitaceae | Pharm-PCT-2762 | Prostatic enlargement | Seeds/ Boil about 100 g of the seeds in 600 ml water. About 50 ml of this decoction is to be given three times a day. | Decoction | 66 | 45.83 | 0.46 | 0.80 |
Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. | كنباث أفرع | Branched Horsetail | Equisetaceae | Pharm-PCT-915 | Renal failure | Entire plant/ Boil about 50 g of the powder in 600 ml water. About 100 ml of this decoction is to be given three times a day. | Decoction | 66 | 45.83 | 0.46 | 0.80 |
Ferula communis L. | كلخ | Common Giant Fennel | Apiaceae | Pharm-PCT-1016 | Kidney stones | Fruits/Steep 50 g of the plant in 150 ml boiled water for 12 h. 10 ml from this infusion is to be given two times a day | Infusion | 65 | 45.14 | 0.45 | 0.79 |
Rosa canina L. | ورد السياج | Rose hips, Dog-rose | Rosaceae | Pharm-PCT-2052 | Urinary tract infection | Fruits/Boil about 70 g of leaves in 150 ml water for 15 min. This decoction is to be given three times a day after meals. | Decoction | 65 | 45.14 | 0.45 | 0.79 |
Ficus sycomorus L. | جميز | Fig-Mulberry | Moraceae | Pharm-PCT-1030 | Urinary tract infection, renal failure | Fruits/Extract 100 ml of juice to be given orally five times a day. | Juice | 63 | 43.75 | 0.44 | 0.77 |
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss | بقدونس | Garden Parsley | Apiaceae | Pharm-PCT-2739 | Prostatic enlargement, urinary tract infections, kidney stones | Fruits/Boil about 100 g from the powdered fruits in 600 ml water. About 150 ml from this decoction is to be given 4–5 times daily. | Decoction | 44 | 30.56 | 0.43 | 0.76 |
Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. | الصمغ العربي | Arabic Gum | Leguminosae | Pharm-PCT-2755 | Kidney stones | Gum/About 20 g of gum are to be given orally twice daily with a cup of milk. | Powder | 61 | 42.36 | 0.42 | 0.74 |
Raphanus raphanistrum L. | فجل بري | Radish | Brassicaceae | Pharm-PCT-2007 | Kidney stones | Seeds/ Boil about 250 g of the powder in 750 ml water. About 150 ml of this decoction is to be given three times a day. | Decoction | 59 | 40.97 | 0.41 | 0.72 |
Olea europaea L. | زيتون | Olive | Oleaceae | Pharm-PCT-1664 | Renal failure | Fruits/Three table spoons of Olive oil is to be given orally twice a day. | Oil | 57 | 39.58 | 0.40 | 0.69 |
Apium graveolens L. | كرفس | Celery | Apiaceae | Pharm-PCT-204 | Prostatic enlargement | Entire plant/Ten drops of Celery entire plant juice are to be given orally three times a day. | Juice | 56 | 38.89 | 0.39 | 0.68 |
Astracantha gummifera (Labill.) Podlech | الكثيراء | Tragacanth | Leguminosae | Pharm-PCT-2754 | Kidney stones | Gum/About 50 g of gum are to be given orally three times daily with 2 cups of water. | Powder | 55 | 38.19 | 0.38 | 0.67 |
Urtica pilulifera L. | القريص الشائك | Roman Nettle | Urticaceae | Pharm-PCT-2561 | Kidney stones, Urinary tract infections | Roots/Boil about 20 g of the powder in 100 ml water. About 30 ml of this decoction is to be given three times a day. | Decoction | 55 | 38.19 | 0.38 | 0.67 |
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. | عنب الدب | Bearberry | Ericaceae | Pharm-PCT-2705 | Urinary tract infection | Leaves/Boil about 90 g from the dried leaves in 400 ml water. About 50 ml from this decoction is to be given 3–5 times daily. | Decoction | 55 | 38.19 | 0.38 | 0.67 |
Cinnamomum verum J.Presl | قرفه | Cinnamon | Lauraceae | Pharm-PCT-2707 | Prostatic enlargement | Bark/ Boil about 80 g from the dried powdered plant in 400 ml water. About 50 ml from this decoction is to be given 3–5 times daily. | Decoction | 54 | 37.50 | 0.38 | 0.66 |
Angelica archangelica L. | حشيشة الملاك | Wild Celery | Apiaceae | Pharm-PCT-2758 | Kidney stones | Roots/Boil about 100 g from the dried powdered plant in 500 ml water. About 50 ml from this decoction is to be given 4–5 times daily. | Decoction | 51 | 35.42 | 0.35 | 0.62 |
Lolium temulentum L. | زوان مسكر | Darnel | Poaceae | Pharm-PCT-1453 | Enuresis | Seeds/Boil about 200 g from the dried powdered plant in 500 ml water. About 100 ml from this decoction is to be given twice daily. | Decoction | 44 | 30.56 | 0.31 | 0.54 |
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal | سموه | Ashwagandha | Solanaceae | Pharm-PCT-2678 | Kidney stones | Roots/Boil about 50 g of the powder in 100 ml water. About 50 ml of this decoction is to be given three times a day after meals. | Decoction | 43 | 29.86 | 0.30 | 0.52 |
Origanum jordanicum Danin & Kunne | زعتر | Thyme | Lamiaceae | Pharm-PCT-1729 | Kidney stones | Leaves/Boil about 60 g of leaves in 200 ml water for 5 min. This decoction is to be given three times a day after meals. | Decoction | 42 | 29.17 | 0.29 | 0.51 |
Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. | جرجير بري | Rocketcress | Brassicaceae | Pharm-PCT-2757 | Urinary tract infection | Leaves/Steep 40 g of the powdered leaves in 100 ml water for12 hours. About 30 ml from this infusion is to be given three times daily. | Infusion | 42 | 29.17 | 0.29 | 0.51 |
Jateorhiza palmata (Lam.) Miers | ساق الحمام | Calumba | Menispermaceae | Pharm-PCT-2753 | Urinary infections | Flowers/Steep 200 g of the powdered flowers in 800 ml water for 8 h. About 50 ml from this infusion is to be given three times daily. | Infusion | 40 | 27.78 | 0.28 | 0.49 |
Viola kitaibeliana Schult. | بنفسج | Dwarf Pansy | Violaceae | Pharm-PCT-2656 | Kidney stones | Seeds/About 10 drops of seeds oil is to be given orally twice daily. | Oil | 35 | 24.31 | 0.24 | 0.43 |
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. | عرق السوس | Licorice | Leguminosae | Pharm-PCT-1128 | Enuresis | Roots/Steep 50 g of the powdered roots in 300 ml water for 12 h. About 100 ml from this infusion is to be given four times daily. | Infusion | 34 | 23.61 | 0.24 | 0.41 |
Ocimum basilicum L. | ريحان | Basil | Lamiaceae | Pharm-PCT-2717 | Kidney stones | Leaves/Steep100 grams of the powdered leaves in 400 ml water for 6 h. About 50 ml from this infusion is to be given five times daily. | Infusion | 32 | 22.22 | 0.22 | 0.39 |
Hypericum perforatum L. | سانت جون | St John’s Wort | Hypericaceae | Pharm-PCT-2734 | Kidney stones | Flowers Boil about 30 g of plant in 100 ml water for 25 min. This decoction is to be given three times a day after meals. | Decoction | 32 | 22.22 | 0.22 | 0.39 |
Fragaria vesca L. | فراوله | Strawberry | Rosaceae | Pharm-PCT-2763 | Urinary tract infection | Fruits/ Extract 150 ml of juice to be given orally four times a day. | Juice | 29 | 20.14 | 0.20 | 0.35 |
Cyperus longus L. | بردي | Sweet Cyperus | Cyperaceae | Pharm-PCT-808 | Renal failure | Entire plant/ Boil about 10 g from the dried powdered plant in 100 ml water. About 20 ml from this decoction is to be given 5–6 times daily. | Decoction | 22 | 15.28 | 0.15 | 0.27 |
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. | حنظل | Bitter apple | Cucurbitaceae | Pharm-PCT-628 | Kidney stones | Seed/ Steep 40 g of the grounded seeds in 100 ml water for 12 h. 25 ml from this infusion is to be given three times a day | Infusion | 21 | 14.58 | 0.15 | 0.26 |
Brassica nigra (L.) K.Koch | خردل اسود | Black mustard | Brassicaceae | Pharm-PCT-408 | Kidney stones | Seeds/ Steep 50 g of the powder in 300 ml water for four hours. 100 ml of this infusion is to be given 4–5 times a day. | Infusion | 18 | 12.50 | 0.13 | 0.22 |
Helichrysum sanguineum (L.) Kostel. | دم المسيح | Red everlasting | Compositae | Pharm-PCT-1170 | Renal failure | Entire plant/ Steep 100 g of the powdered plant in 100 ml water for 8 h. About 30 ml from this infusion is to be given three times a day. | Infusion | 17 | 11.81 | 0.12 | 0.21 |
Lupinus angustifolius L. | الترمس ضيق الأوراق | Blue lupin | Leguminosae | Pharm-PCT-1477 | Urinary tract infection | Roots/ Boil 50 g of the roots in 500 ml water for 30 min. 100 ml of this decoction is to be given twice a day. | Decoction | 16 | 11.11 | 0.11 | 0.19 |
Phaseolus vulgaris L. | فاصولياء | Common Bean | Leguminosae | Pharm-PCT-2748 | Renal failure | Seeds/ Boil about 40 g of the seeds in 500 ml water. 100 ml of this decoction is to be given three times a day with meals. | Decoction | 13 | 9.03 | 0.09 | 0.16 |
Vitex agnus-castus L. | كف مريم | Chaste Tree | Lamiaceae | Pharm-PCT-2663 | Renal failure | Fruits/ Extract 200 ml of juice to be given orally five times a day. | Juice | 13 | 9.03 | 0.09 | 0.16 |
Prunus avium (L.) L. | كرز حلو | Wild cherry | Rosaceae | Pharm-PCT-2751 | Kidney stones | Fruits/ About 100 ml of fresh Wild Cherry juice are to be given orally four times a day. | Juice | 8 | 5.56 | 0.06 | 0.10 |
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. | قصب بري | Common Reed | Poaceae | Pharm-PCT-1843 | Renal failure | Roots/ Boil about 200 g of the roots in 500 ml water. 100 ml of this decoction is to be given four times a day. | Decoction | 8 | 5.56 | 0.06 | 0.10 |
Malvella sherardiana (L.) Jaub. & Spach | خبيزة بريه | Field Mallow | Malvaceae | Pharm-PCT-1508 | Renal failure | Leaves/ Steep 20 g of the powdered leaves in 150 ml water for 2–3 h. About 50 ml from this infusion is to be given three times daily. | Infusion | 7 | 4.86 | 0.05 | 0.09 |
Capsicum annuum L. | الفليفلة الشجيرية | Chili pepper | Solanaceae | Pharm-PCT-2729 | Urinary tract infections | Fruits/ About 10 g of ground dried fruits are to be given orally twice daily with a cup of water. | Powder | 7 | 4.86 | 0.05 | 0.09 |
Carica papaya L. | ببايا | Papaya | Caricaceae | Pharm-PCT-2761 | Kidney stones | Seeds/ About 10 g of ground seeds are to be given orally twice daily. | Powder | 5 | 3.47 | 0.03 | 0.06 |
Urinary tract disease categories | Nt | Nur | Fic
|
---|---|---|---|
Kidney stones | 22 | 1202 | 0.98 |
Urinary infection | 17 | 912 | 0.98 |
Prostatic enlargement | 8 | 544 | 0.99 |
Enuresis | 7 | 496 | 0.99 |
Renal failure | 10 | 370 | 0.98 |
Number | Families | Number of taxa | Family use value |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Apiaceae | 8 | 26.67 |
2. | Lamiaceae | 5 | 16.67 |
3. | Leguminosae | 5 | 16.67 |
4. | Brassicaceae | 4 | 13.33 |
5. | Poaceae | 3 | 10.00 |
6. | Rosaceae | 3 | 10.00 |
7. | Compositae | 2 | 6.67 |
8. | Cucurbitaceae | 2 | 6.67 |
9. | Malvaceae | 2 | 6.67 |
10. | Moraceae | 2 | 6.67 |
11. | Solanaceae | 2 | 6.67 |
12. | Other families with one citation | 19 | 63.33 |
Pharmaceutical preparations
Literature review
Urinary tract diseases | Plant species | Ethnopharmacological usage for treatment of various urinary tract diseases and country with reference source | In-vitro and in-vivo studies on plants used for treatment of various urinary tract diseases with reference source | Side effects and toxicity of plants used for treatment of various urinary tract diseases with reference source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kidney stones |
Paronychia argentea
| In-vitro study on wistar rats it prevented and reduced the growth of kidney stones in experimental calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis [38]. | ||
Plantago ovata | No references found about its folk usage for treatment of kidney stones. | In vitro study on rats proved that intake of a P. ovata husk-supplemented diet prevented endothelial dysfunction [40]. | Arabinoxylan from Plantago ovata husks had been proven its safety scientifically on rats and rabbits [41]. | |
Punica granatum
| On male rats experiment proved that the administration of P. granatum induced urolithiatic rats resulted in removal of deposition of calcium oxalate crystals into kidneys and improving renal histology [46]. In another experiment on rats showed the protective effect of p. granatum in the ethylene glycol induced crystal depositions in kidneys [47]. | No references | ||
Taraxacum syriacum
| No references | No references | No references | |
Morus alba
| Bulgaria and Italy [48]. | Ethanlic leaves extract showed significant anti-nephrolithiatic effect in wistar rats [49]. | No reference | |
Foeniculum vulgare
| Herbal beverage of F. vulgare inhibited of calcium oxalate renal crystals formation in rats [61]. | In most toxicity experiments carried out on F. vulgare, no signs of toxicity were observed [62]. | ||
Urinary tract infections |
Capsella bursa-pastoris
| The crude extract of C. bursa-pastoris showed antibacterial activity against five Gram-positive and four Gram-negative bacteria. | ||
Ammi visnaga
|
A. visnaga has antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral activities due the presence of khellin and visnagin [78]. | Overdose or longer use of A. visnaga can lead to queasiness, dizziness, loss of appetite, headache, sleep disorders and it should be avoided during pregnancy [79]. | ||
Ammi majus
| The extract of A. majus has shown good inhibition in all the bacterial strains used specially Escherichia coli [83]. | In vitro study on Geese showed severe liver damage in these birds which fed A. majus and exposed to sunlight [84]. | ||
Renal failure |
Portulaca oleracea
| The ethanolic extract of the plant aerial parts showed significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic after intraperitoneal and topical applications but not oral administration when compared with the synthetic drug, diclofenac sodium as the active control [88]. | ||
Enuresis |
Curcuma longa
| No reference | No reference | No reference |
Crocus sativus
| No references | No references | ||
Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) |
Juglans regia
| Palestine [96]. | No reference | Juglone compound when isolated from all plant parts has multiple effects on cells such as the reduction of p53 protein levels, induction of DNA damage, inhibition of transcription and induction of cell death [97]. |
Quercus infectoria
| No reference | Contains quercetin which is at 500 mg 2 times daily gave significant symptomatic improvement to most patients, particularly those with negative expressed prostatic secretions cultures [98]. | The aqueous extract of Q. infectoria has significant toxic effect in Wistar rats for over 180 consecutive days of consumption [99]. | |
Sambucus ebulus
| The plant extract produced significant inhibition of edema induced by carrageenan at all doses when compared to the control rats group [102]. | The plant extract showed severe toxicity (in particular severe liver abscess) in all mice at all tested doses [102]. | ||
Zea mays
| Crude ethanolic extract of corn silk (stigma of Zea mays) exhibited a significant activity in anti-inflammatory herbal drugs for TNF (tumor factor-alpha) antagonistic activity. [111]. | No adverse effects have been noticed with the consumption of corn silk which support the safety of corn silk for humans [112]. |