Background
Methods
Data
Variables and instruments
Ethical approval
Statistical analysis
Results
Gender difference of socioeconomic and health factors
Variables | Men
n (%) | Women
n (%) |
P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Childhood SES | |||
Birth place: | |||
Urban | 923 (10.5) | 947 (9.8) | 0.118 |
Rural | 7871 (89.5) | 8707 (90.2) | |
Father’s education: | |||
No education | 4931 (56.1) | 5465 (56.6) | 0.271 |
Some education | 3166 (36.0) | 3388 (35.1) | |
Father’s occupation: | |||
No manual | 1913 (21.7) | 2070 (21.5) | 0.570 |
Manual | 6068 (69.0) | 6702 (69.4) | |
Childhood health | |||
Good | 6164 (70.1) | 6652 (68.9) | 0.005**
|
Less than good | 1973 (22.4) | 2348 (24.3) | |
Adult SES | |||
Education: | |||
Illiterate | 1097 (12.5) | 3741 (38.7) | <0.001**
|
Only read and write | 1581 (18.0) | 1710 (17.7) | |
Finished primary | 2276 (25.9) | 1764 (18.3) | |
Junior high and above | 3840 (43.6) | 2439 (25.3) | |
Household incomes per capita: | |||
Low | 1918 (21.8) | 2710 (28.1) | <0.001**
|
Middle | 4301 (48.9) | 4914 (50.9) | |
High | 2575 (29.3) | 2030 (21.0) | |
Adult health and behaviors | |||
Chronic diseases: | |||
No | 3208 (36.5) | 3218 (33.3) | <0.001**
|
Yes | 5586 (63.5) | 6436 (66.7) | |
Currently smokers: | |||
No | 6163 (70.1) | 9292 (96.2) | <0.001**
|
Yes | 2631 (29.9) | 362 (3.8) | |
Currently drinkers: | |||
No | 4729 (53.8) | 8877 (92.0) | <0.001**
|
Yes | 4065 (46.2) | 777 (8.0) |
Prevalence of ADL and IADL disabilities
Variables |
n (%) | One or more difficulties in ADL n (%) |
P-value | One or more difficulties in IADL n (%) |
P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender: | |||||
Men | 8794 (47.7) | 1304 (14.8) | <0.001**
| 1804 (20.5) | <0.001**
|
Women | 9654 (52.3) | 1878 (19.5) | 2915 (30.2) | ||
Age group (years): | |||||
45–59 | 9590 (52.0) | 1013 (10.6) | <0.001**
| 1485 (15.5) | <0.001**
|
60–69 | 5485 (29.7) | 1047 (19.1) | 1587 (29.0) | ||
70–79 | 2552 (13.8) | 761 (29.9) | 1116 (43.9) | ||
≧80 | 821 (4.5) | 355 (43.7) | 517 (63.7) | ||
Marital status: | |||||
Married | 16,023 (86.9) | 2462 (15.4) | <0.001**
| 3671 (22.9) | <0.001**
|
Other | 2425 (13.1) | 720 (29.7) | 1048 (43.2) | ||
Ethnicity: | |||||
Han | 17,033 (92.3) | 2908 (17.1) | 0.028*
| 4297 (25.2) | <0.001**
|
Minority | 1415 (7.7) | 274 (19.4) | 422 (29.8) | ||
Childhood SES | |||||
Birth place: | |||||
Urban | 1870 (10.1) | 234 (12.6) | <0.001**
| 270 (14.5) | <0.001**
|
Rural | 16,578 (89.9) | 2944 (17.8) | 4447 (26.8) | ||
Father’s education: | |||||
No education | 10,396 (56.4) | 2051 (19.7) | <0.001**
| 3169 (30.5) | <0.001**
|
Some education | 6554 (35.5) | 866 (13.2) | 1173 (17.9) | ||
Father’s occupation: | |||||
No manual | 3983 (21.6) | 575 (14.4) | <0.001**
| 724 (18.2) | <0.001**
|
Manual | 12,770 (69.2) | 2338 (18.3) | 3569 (27.9) | ||
Childhood health | |||||
Good | 12,816 (69.5) | 2127 (16.6) | 0.006**
| 3175 (24.8) | 0.020*
|
Less than good | 4321 (23.4) | 796 (18.4) | 1147 (26.6) | ||
Adult SES | |||||
Education: | |||||
Illiterate | 4838 (26.2) | 1229 (25.4) | <0.001**
| 2210 (45.7) | <0.001**
|
Only read and write | 3291 (17.8) | 660 (20.1) | 962 (29.2) | ||
Finished primary | 4040 (21.9) | 679 (16.8) | 834 (20.6) | ||
Junior high and above | 6279 (34.1) | 614 (9.8) | 713 (11.4) | ||
Household incomes per capita | |||||
Low | 4628 (25.1) | 957 (20.9) | <0.001**
| 1450 (31.7) | <0.001**
|
Middle | 9215 (50.0) | 1749 (19.1) | 2658 (29.0) | ||
High | 4605 (24.9) | 463 (10.2) | 586 (12.9) | ||
Adult health and behaviors | |||||
Chronic diseases: | |||||
No | 6426 (34.8) | 542 (17.0) | <0.001**
| 8386 (61.1) | <0.001**
|
Yes | 12,022 (65.2) | 5884 (38.5) | 3636 (77.1) | ||
Currently smokers: | |||||
No | 15,455 (83.8) | 2771 (17.9) | <0.001**
| 4088 (26.5) | <0.001**
|
Yes | 2993 (16.2) | 411 (13.7) | 631 (21.1) | ||
Currently drinkers: | |||||
No | 13,606 (73.8) | 2605 (19.1) | <0.001**
| 3859 (28.4) | <0.001**
|
Yes | 4842 (26.2) | 577 (11.9) | 860 (17.8) |
Logistic regressions for difficulties in ADL
Variables | Model 1 (individual characteristics) | Model 2 (model 1+ childhood SES + child health) | Model 3 (model 2 + adult SES) | Model 4 (model 3 + adult health) |
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI); p-value
| OR (95% CI); p-value
| OR (95% CI); p-value
| OR (95% CI); p-value
| |
Individual characteristics | ||||
Gender: women (vs men) | 1.413 (1.287–1.551); <0.001**
| 1.373 (1.239–1.521); <0.001**
| 1.191 (1.065–1.332); 0.002**
| 1.058 (0.929–1.206);0.392 |
Age group: | ||||
60–69 (vs <45–59) | 2.131 (1.889–2.405); <0.001**
| 1.949 (1.718–2.211); <0.001**
| 1.696 (1.491–1.930); <0.001**
| 1.513 (1.331–1.720); <0.001**
|
70–790 | 3.697 (3.210–4.257); <0.001**
| 3.331 (2.857–3.884); <0.001**
| 2.871 (2.432–3.388); <0.001**
| 2.518 (2.141–2.961); <0.001**
|
≧80 | 6.554 (5.239–8.200); <0.001**
| 5.243 (3.980–6.907); <0.001**
| 4.333 (3.335–5.628); <0.001**
| 3.910 (3.008–5.082); <0.001**
|
Marital status: not married (others) | 1.390 (1.200–1.611); <0.001**
| 1.365 (1.165–1.601); <0.001**
| 1.349 (1.159–1.570); <0.001**
| 1.372 (1.180–1.596); <0.001**
|
Ethnicity: Minority (vs Han) | 1.243 (0.978–1.581); 0.076 | 1.218 (0.918–1.616); 0.171 | 1.167 (0.884–1.541); 0.274 | 1.112 (0.860–1.438); 0.419 |
Childhood SES | ||||
Birth place: rural (vs urban) | 1.272 (0.987–1.638); 0.063 | 1.020 (0.789–1.319); 0.879 | 1.018 (0.786–1.319); 0.893 | |
Father’ education: no education (vs some education) | 1.264 (1.111–1.437); <0.001**
| 1.138 (0.998–1.298); 0.054 | 1.144 (0.999–1.310); 0.053 | |
Father’s occupation: Manual (vs non-manual) | 0.999 (0.854–1.168); 0.985 | 0.892 (0.767–1.038); 0.140 | 0.917 (0.782–1.075); 0.284 | |
Childhood health: less than good (vs good) | 1.042 (0.903–1.204); 0.570 | 1.051 (0.919–1.203); 0.466 | 1.017 (0.883–1.171); 0.817 | |
Adult SES | ||||
Education (vs junior high and above) | ||||
Illiterate | 1.634 (1.314–2.030); <0.001**
| 1.682 (1.350–2.095); <0.001**
| ||
Only read and write | 1.552 (1.273–1.893); <0.001**
| 1.567 (1.283–1.913); <0.001**
| ||
Finished primary | 1.426 (1.177–1.728); <0.001**
| 1.428 (1.180–1.729); <0.001**
| ||
Household incomes per capita: | ||||
Low (vs high) | 1.831 (1.532–2.188); <0.001**
| 1.852 (1.537–2.232); <0.001**
| ||
Middle (vs high) | 1.624 (1.355–1.947); <0.001**
| 1.583 (1.313–1.907); <0.001**
| ||
Adult health and behaviors | ||||
Chronic diseases: yes (vs no) | 2.792 (2.418–3.224); <0.001**
| |||
Currently smokers: no (vs yes) | 1.126 (0.932–1.359); 0.218 | |||
Currently drinkers: no (vs yes) | 1.279 (1.094–1.494); 0.002**
|
Logistic regressions for difficulties in IADL
Variables | Model 1 (individual characteristics) | Model 2 (model 1+ childhood SES + child health) | Model 3 (model 2 + adult SES) | Model 4 (model 3 + adult health) |
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI); p-value
| OR (95% CI); p-value
| OR (95% CI); p-value
| OR (95% CI); p-value
| |
Individual characteristics | ||||
Gender: women (vs men) | 1.739 (1.588–1.904); <0.001**
| 1.655 (1.505–1.821); <0.001**
| 1.185 (1.067–1.314); <0.002**
| 1.091 (0.966–1.233); 0.167 |
Age group: | ||||
60–69 (vs <45–59) | 2.350 (2.074–2.663); <0.001**
| 2.111 (1.853–2.406); <0.001**
| 1.685 (1.482–1.915); <0.001**
| 1.567 (1.378–1.781); <0.001**
|
70–79 | 4.429 (3.859–5.083); <0.001**
| 4.002 (3.462–4.626); <0.001**
| 3.058 (2.618–3.572); <0.001**
| 2.808 (2.406–3.278); <0.001**
|
≧80 | 9.639 (7.398–12.558); <0.001**
| 7.310 (5.306–10.071); <0.001**
| 5.037 (3.850–6.590); <0.001**
| 4.687 (3.582–6.134); <0.001**
|
Marital status: not in marriage (in marriage) | 1.485 (1.268–1.739); <0.001**
| 1.454 (1.228–1.723); <0.001**
| 1.370 (1.168–1.607); <0.001**
| 1.380 (1.177–1.618); <0.001**
|
Ethnicity: Minority (vs Han) | 1.450 (1.115–1.887); <0.006**
| 1.385 (1.059–1.811); 0.02*
| 1.278 (0.993–1.645); 0.057 | 1.239 (0.978–1.568); 0.075 |
Childhood SES | ||||
Birth place: rural (vs urban) | 1.688 (1.336–2.133); <0.001**
| 1.157 (0.912–1.468); 0.229 | 1.154 (0.910–1.463); 0.236 | |
Father’s education: no education (vs some education) | 1.482 (1.321–1.663); <0.001**
| 1.194 (1.060–1.345); 0.004**
| 1.198 (1.062–1.353); 0.004**
| |
Father ‘s occupation: manual (vs no manual) | 1.258 (1.082–1.462); 0.003**
| 1.050 (0.907–1.214); 0.514 | 1.071 (0.923–1.243); 0.363 | |
Childhood health: less than good (vs good) | 1.025 (0.892–1.178); 0.729 | 1.032 (0.914–1.166); 0.608 | 1.010 (0.890–1.146); 0.878 | |
Adult SES | ||||
Education (vs junior high and above) | ||||
Illiterate | 3.218 (2.660–3.893); <0.001**
| 3.300 (2.721–4.000); <0.001**
| ||
Only read and write | 2.114 (1.762–2.536); <0.001**
| 2.133 (1.776–2.561); <0.001**
| ||
Finished primary | 1.483 (1.259–1.746); <0.001**
| 1.483 (1.261–1.743); <0.001**
| ||
Household incomes per capita: | ||||
Low (vs high) | 2.108 (1.764–2.520); <0.001**
| 2.118 (1.761–2.547); <0.001**
| ||
Middle (vs high) | 1.826 (1.535–2.173); <0.001**
| 1.793 (1.502–2.141); <0.001**
| ||
Adult health and behaviors | ||||
Chronic diseases: yes (vs no) | 1.842 (1.652–2.053); <0.001**
| |||
Currently smokers: no (vs yes) | 1.047 (0.886–1.236); 0.590 | |||
Currently drinkers: no (vs yes) | 1.203 (1.053–1.374); 0.006**
|