Background
Methods
Study design and population
Setting
Sample size and sampling technique
Data collection
Instruments
Arabic Version of the Epworth sleepiness scale (ArESS)
RAND 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36)
Ethical approval
Statistical analysis
Results
The characteristics of the resident doctors
Variables | n (%) |
---|---|
Age (per years) | |
≤ 28 | 60(59.4) |
> 28 | 41(40.6) |
Sex | |
Male | 86(85.1) |
Female | 15(14.9) |
Marital status | |
Married | 48(47.5) |
Unmarried | 53(52.5) |
Governorate a | |
North | 79(78.2) |
Central | 5(5.0) |
South | 17(16.8) |
Living with family | |
Yes | 79(78.2) |
No | 22(21.8) |
Body mass index b | |
Underweight/normal | 39(38.6) |
Overweight | 50(49.5) |
Obese | 12(11.9) |
Weight change during residency | |
Increased | 39(38.6) |
Decreased | 27(26.7) |
No change | 35(34.7) |
Chronic diseases | |
Hypertension | 3(3.0) |
Place of graduation c | |
Local | 28(27.7) |
Regional | 52(51.5) |
Western | 21(20.8) |
Working department | |
General surgery | 23(22.8) |
Internal medicine | 11(10.9) |
Paediatrics | 22(21.8) |
Gynecology and obstetrics | 14(13.9) |
Anaesthesia | 11(10.9) |
Radiology | 7(6.9) |
Orthopaedics | 13(12.9) |
Residency years (per years) | |
≤ 1 | 37(36.6) |
> 1 | 64(63.4) |
Years of experience (per years) | |
≤ 2 | 33(32.7) |
3–4 | 41(40.6) |
> 4 | 27(26.7) |
Health-related quality of life in the participant residents
Variables | Mean ± SD |
---|---|
Physical functioning | 80.2 ± 22.3 |
Role limitations due to physical health | 61.9 ± 38.2 |
Role limitations due to emotional problems | 45.9 ± 42.9 |
Energy/fatigue | 39.6 ± 16.7 |
Emotional well-being | 50.6 ± 18.8 |
Social functioning | 49.9 ± 24.7 |
Pain | 68.7 ± 22.7 |
General health | 61.0 ± 17.2 |
Health change | 42.1 ± 19.7 |
PCS | 67.9 ± 19.9 |
MCS | 46.4 ± 19.6 |
Average total | 55.5 ± 16.4 |
n (%) | PCS Median [Q1–Q3] | p value d | MCS Median [Q1–Q3] | p value d | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (per years) | |||||
≤ 28 | 60 (59.4) | 70.4[50.2–87.4] | 0.849 e | 41.0[28.3–61.9] | 0.424 e |
> 28 | 41(40.6) | 72.0[52.5–85.0] | 44.3[33.0–65.5] | ||
Sex | |||||
Male | 86 (85.1) | 71.6[51.7–87.1] | 0.369 e | 45.3[32.2–64.6] |
0.006
e
|
Female | 15 (14.9) | 62.0[49.5–80.0] | 28.0[20.3–41.5] | ||
Marital status | |||||
Married | 48(47.5) | 57.5[48.9–87.1] | 0.570 e | 41.5[31.3–62.6] | 0.957 e |
Unmarried | 53(52.5) | 72.0[52.3–86.0] | 44.0[28.1–64.0] | ||
Governorate a | |||||
North | 79(78.2) | 72.0[52.5–85.8] | 42.0[28.3–62.0] |
0.020
f
| |
Central | 5(5.0) | 48.3[36.6–82.9] | 24.0[17.4–37.5] | ||
South | 17(16.8) | 70.0[46.9–89.8] | 0.512 f | 59.0[35.3–70.1] | |
Living with family | |||||
Yes | 79(78.2) | 72.0[52.0–87.0] | 0.103 e | 44.8[28.3–65.3] | 0.248 e |
No | 22(21.8) | 58.5[45.9–77.5] | 39.0[28.4–49.9] | ||
Body mass index b | |||||
Underweight/normal | 39(38.6) | 70.8[51.3–88.3] | 0.368 f | 41.5[27.0–64.5] | 0.899 f |
Overweight | 50(49.5) | 73.5[52.5–86.6] | 42.6[32.1–63.1] | ||
Obese | 12(11.9) | 56.3[47.4–78.0] | 43.6[31.8–61.9] | ||
Weight change during residency | |||||
Increased | 39(38.6) | 72.5[49.5–88.3] | 0.238 f | 49.5[32.0–67.3] | 0.147 f |
Decreased | 27(26.7) | 59.5[48.3–80.8] | 36.3[26.3–59.0] | ||
No change | 35(34.7) | 72.0[52.5–88.8] | 44.8[32.0–65.3] | ||
Place of graduation c | |||||
Local | 28(27.7) | 70.0[51.6–86.7] | 0.085 f | 41.4[26.4–57.6] | 0.130 f |
Regional | 52(51.5) | 64.4[47.1–82.8] | 40.4[28.3–64.1] | ||
Western | 21(20.8) | 82.5[62.6–90.4] | 51.3[40.4–68.9] | ||
Working department | |||||
General surgery | 23(22.8) | 62.5[50.0–86.3] | 0.156 f | 38.3[26.0–53.8] | 0.585 f |
Internal medicine | 11(10.9) | 87.0[60.8–90.0] | 54.0[32.0–73.0] | ||
Paediatrics | 22(21.8) | 59.1[48.4–78.4] | 43.4[30.9–58.4] | ||
Gynecology and obstetrics | 14(13.9) | 69.8[47.5–80.6] | 35.9[27.8–65.6] | ||
Anaesthesia | 11(10.9) | 85.8[74.5–95.0] | 49.5[40.8–64.8] | ||
Radiology | 7(6.9) | 72.0[52.5–83.3] | 38.5[26.3–72.8] | ||
Orthopaedics | 13(12.9) | 70.8[52.3–89.4] | 48.8[35.4–67.0] | ||
Residency years (per years) | |||||
≤ 1 | 37(36.6) | 72.0[50.4–88.1] | 47.8[30.8–65.0] | 0.196 e | |
> 1 | 64(63.4) | 68.8[51.3–85.0] | 0.617 e | 41.0[28.3–58.1] | |
Years of experience (per years) | |||||
≤ 2 | 33(32.7) | 72.0[51.0–88.1] | 54.0[30.8–66.3] | 0.149 f | |
3–4 | 41(40.6) | 60.8[49.1–82.5] | 0.116 f | 40.0[28.3–53.5] | |
> 4 | 27(26.7) | 75.8[52.5–88.8] | 41.0[27.8–71.0] |
The sleep characteristics of the resident doctors
Variables | n (%) |
---|---|
Smoking | 40(39.6) |
Caffeine use | 95(94.1) |
Coffee (per ml) | |
None | 20(19.8) |
Up to 100 | 8(7.9) |
Up to 200 | 22(21.8) |
Up to 300 | 31(30.7) |
More than 300 | 20(19.8) |
Tea (per ml) | |
None | 34(33.7) |
Up to 100 | 33(32.7) |
Up to 200 | 18(17.8) |
Up to 300 | 11(10.9) |
More than 300 | 5(5.0) |
Energy drinks (per ml) | |
None | 87(86.1) |
Up to 100 | 6(5.9) |
Up to 200 | 3(3.0) |
Up to 300 | 5(5.0) |
Caffeine at night (times per week) | |
None | 34(33.7) |
Once or twice | 29(28.7) |
Three to four | 16(15.8) |
More than four | 22(21.8) |
Non-shift sleep hours | |
≤ 4 h | 5(5.0) |
4–6 h | 61(60.4) |
≥ 6 h | 35(34.7) |
Shift sleep hours | |
≤ 4 h | 85(84.1) |
4–6 h | 14(13.9) |
≥ 6 h | 2(2.0) |
Sleeping pills use | 4(4.0) |
Time taken to fall asleep | |
≤ 10mins | 27(26.7) |
10–30 min | 35(34.7) |
30–60 min | 28(27.7) |
> 60mins | 11(10.9) |
Waking up during sleep | 73(72.3) |
Wake up to eat | 17(16.8) |
Wake up due to noise | 59(58.4) |
Sleep walking | 0(0.0) |
Nightmares | 51(50.5) |
Epworth Sleepiness Scale | |
< 10 | 63(62.4) |
≥ 10 | 38(37.6) |
Variables | n (%) | ESS Median [Q1–Q3] | P value d |
---|---|---|---|
Age (per years) | |||
≤ 28 | 60(59.4) | 9.0[5.0–11.0] | 0.670 e |
> 28 | 41(40.6) | 8.0[6.5–11.0] | |
Sex | |||
Male | 86(85.1) | 8.5[6.0–11.0] | 0.958 e |
Female | 15(14.9) | 9.0[4.0–12.0] | |
Marital status | |||
Married | 48(47.5) | 9.0[6.3–12.0] | 0.067 e |
Unmarried | 53(52.5) | 8.0[5.0–11.0] | |
Governorate a | |||
North | 79(78.2) | 9.0[6.0–11.0] | 0.861f |
Central | 5(5.0) | 10.0[5.5–13.5] | |
South | 17(16.8) | 8.0[5.5–13.5] | |
Living with family | |||
Yes | 79(78.2) | 8.0[5.0–11.0] | 0.063 e |
No | 22(21.8) | 10.0[7.0–12.3] | |
Body mass index b | |||
Underweight/normal | 39(38.6) | 8.0[5.0–11.0] | 0.110 f |
Overweight | 50(49.5) | 9.0[7.0–12.0] | |
Obese | 12(11.9) | 7.0[4.5–11.8] | |
Weight change during residency | |||
Increased | 39(38.6) | 9.0[6.0–12.0] | 0.300 f |
Decreased | 27(26.7) | 9.0[6.0–12.0] | |
No change | 35(34.7) | 7.0[5.0–11.0] | |
Place of graduation c | |||
Local | 28(27.7) | 9.0[7.0–11.0] | 0.650 f |
Regional | 52(51.5) | 8.5[6.0–11.0] | |
Western | 21(20.8) | 7.0[4.0–11.5] | |
Working department | |||
General surgery | 23(22.8) | 9.0[7.0–13.0] | 0.755 f |
Internal medicine | 11(10.9) | 8.0[4.0–9.0] | |
Paediatrics | 22(21.8) | 8.5[6.3–11.3] | |
Gynecology and obstetrics | 14(13.9) | 9.0[7.0–10.3] | |
Anaesthesia | 11(10.9) | 5.0[4.0–13.0] | |
Radiology | 7(6.9) | 8.0[5.0–11.0] | |
Orthopaedics | 13(12.9) | 9.0[4.0–11.5] | |
Residency years (per years) | |||
≤ 1 | 37(36.6) | 8.0[4.0–11.0] | 0.064 e |
> 1 | 64(63.4) | 9.0[7.0–11.0] | |
Years of experience (per years) | |||
≤ 2 | 33(32.7) | 8.0[4.0–10.0] | 0.243 f |
3–4 | 41(40.6) | 9.0[6.5–12.0] | |
> 4 | 27(26.7) | 9.0[6.0–12.0] |
Variables | n (%) | ESS Median [Q1–Q3] | P value a |
---|---|---|---|
Smoking | |||
Yes | 40(39.6) | 9.0[5.3–11.8] | 0.728 b |
No | 61(60.4) | 8.0[6.0–11.0] | |
Coffee (per ml) | |||
None | 20(19.8) | 7.5[6.3–9.8] | 0.222 c |
Up to 100 | 8(7.9) | 9.0[8.0–13.0] | |
Up to 200 | 22(21.8) | 8.5[6.5–12.0] | |
Up to 300 | 31(31.7) | 9.0[7.0–12.0] | |
More than 300 | 20(19.8) | 5.5[3.3–10.8] | |
Tea (per ml) | |||
None | 34(33.7) | 8.0[4.0–11.3] | 0.145 c |
Up to 100 | 33(32.7) | 9.0[7.0–12.0] | |
Up to 200 | 18(17.8) | 8.0[4.3–11.3] | |
Up to 300 | 11(10.9) | 8.0[7.0–13.0] | |
More than 300 | 5(5.0) | 4.0[3.0–7.5] | |
Energy drinks (per ml) | |||
None | 87(86.1) | 9.0[6.0–11.0] | 0.661 c |
Up to 100 | 6(5.9) | 8.0[3.5–14.3] | |
Up to 200 | 3(3.0) | 8.0[7.0–8.5] | |
Up to 300 | 5(5.0) | 7.0[2.0–10.0] | |
Caffeine at night (times per week) | |||
No | 34(33.7) | 8.0[7.0–11.3] | 0.371 c |
Once or twice | 29(28.7) | 8.0[5.0–12.0] | |
Three to four | 16(15.8) | 9.0[7.5–11.0] | |
More than four | 22(21.8) | 7.0[4.0–10.3] | |
Non-shift sleep hours | |||
≤ 4 h | 5(5.0) | 11.0[7.5–14.0] | 0.297 c |
4–6 h | 61(60.4) | 9.0[6.0–11.0] | |
≥ 6 h | 35(34.7) | 8.0[4.0–10.0] | |
Shift sleep hours | |||
≤ 4 h | 85(84.1) | 8.0[6.0–11.0] | 0.568 c |
4-6 h | 14(13.9) | 9.0[4.8–12.5] | |
≥ 6 h | 2(2.0) | 6.5[5.0–8.0] | |
Sleeping pill use | |||
Yes | 4(4.0) | 13.5[4.0–15.5] | 0.196 b |
No | 97(96.0) | 8.0[6.0–11.0] | |
Time taken to fall asleep | |||
≤ 10mins | 27(26.7) | 9.0[7.0–11.0] | 0.275 c |
10–30 min | 35(34.7) | 8.0[6.0–11.0] | |
30–60 min | 28(27.7) | 8.0[6.0–12.0] | |
> 60mins | 11(10.9) | 6.0[2.0–9.0] | |
Waking up during sleep | |||
Yes | 73(72.3) | 9.0[6.0–11.0] | 0.741 b |
No | 28(27.7) | 8.5[4.8–12.8] | |
Wake up to eat | |||
Yes | 17(16.8) | 9.0[7.0–12.0] | 0.492 b |
No | 84(83.2) | 8.5[5.3–11.0] | |
Wake up due to noise | |||
Yes | 59(58.4) | 9.0[5.0–11.0] | 0.953 b |
No | 42(41.6) | 8.5[7.0–12.0] | |
Nightmares | |||
Yes | 51(50.5) | 9.0[8.0–12.0] |
0.004
b
|
No | 50(49.5) | 7.0[4.0–10.3] |