To evaluate a potential correlation between flexural strength and indirect tensile strength in assessing the mechanical strength of resin composite cements.
Methods
Flexural strength (n = 5) and indirect tensile strength (n = 5) of 7 resin composite cements (RelyX Unicem 2 Automix [RXU], Panavia SA [PSA], Clearfil SA [CSA], Panavia F2.0 [PF2], Multilink Implant [MLI], DuoCem [DCM], Panavia 21 [P21]) were determined. Specimens were either auto-polymerized or dual-cured (except P21) and stored in water at 37 °C for 1 day prior to measurement. Flexural and indirect tensile strength of 4 cements (RXU, PSA, PF2, MLI) was additionally measured directly after curing and after 96 h water storage at 37 °C.
Results
Except for PF2, dual-cured specimens achieved higher flexural strength than auto-polymerized specimens. In the indirect tensile strength test differences in auto-polymerized and dual-cured specimens were only detected for RXU and DCM. A general non-linear correlation was found between flexural and indirect tensile strength values. However, strength values of auto-polymerized and dual-cured specimens did not generally correlate.
Conclusions
Flexural strength and indirect tensile strength of resin composite cements are correlated. At high strength values the indirect tensile test is less sensitive than the flexural test. The results suggest that the indirect tensile test may only be recommended as a screening test especially for low or medium strength resin composite cements.
Abkürzungen
AC
Auto-cured
CSA
Clearfil SA
DC
Dual-cured
DCM
DuoCem
FS
Flexural strength
ITS
Indirect tensile strength
MLI
Multilink Implant
P21
Panavia 21
PF2
Panavia F2.0
PSA
Panavia SA
RXU
RelyX Unicem 2 Automix
Background
The restoration of teeth with ceramic crowns is an important aspect in oral rehabilitation. In order to provide an aesthetic outcome, silicate ceramics are the material of first choice [1]. However, their mechanical strength is low [2]. The mechanical strength of silicate ceramic restorations is strongly influenced by the mechanical properties of the cement [3]. Therefore, assessing the mechanical strength of resin composite cements is important to classify these materials.
In the last decades there was a strong improvement of dental luting agents. Consequently a wide range of possibilities for the cementation of fixed restorations is offered to the clinician nowadays. Resin composite cements may be polymerized by auto-polymerization or by light-activation [4]. Light-curing starts with the exposure to a light within a defined wave-length, activating the initiator, thus starting the polymerization. Auto-polymerization requires two components, one containing the activator, the second one the initiator. Polymerization starts immediately after mixing. Campherquinone is generally used as an initiator for light activation, benzoyl peroxide for auto-polymerization [5]. Inhibitors are added to delay the polymerization process. Thus sufficient time is available to place the restoration. Today, most resin composite cements provide both activation systems allowing the placement of a restoration within sufficient time while guaranteeing complete polymerization. To assess the clinical performance of these cement materials, in vitro tests prior to clinical application are required.
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Resin composite cements are widely tested for their bonding capacities, but mechanical strength tests are rare [6, 7]. Mechanical strength is assessed by flexural strength. However, the preparation of the test specimens is time consuming and demanding. The preparation of test specimens for indirect tensile or compressive strength test is easier. Further, the indirect tensile strength proved to be more sensitive than a compressive strength test [8]. In that study, the indirect tensile test revealed to be an appropriate test to assess the influence of artificial aging on a resin composite cement: A decrease in indirect tensile strength was observed for water storage at 37 °C as well as thermocycling over an aging period of 64 days for a conventional resin composite cement.
The purpose of this study was to investigate if indirect tensile strength test and flexural strength test of resin composite cements provide similar results.
Methods
Seven resin composite cements were used in this investigation, 3 self-adhesive and 4 conventional resin cements (Table 1). Flexural and indirect tensile strength tests were performed on dual-cured and auto-polymerized cement specimens after 24 h water storage. Further, with 2 self-adhesive and 2 conventional resin composite cements (RXU, PSA, PF2, MLI) measurements were performed immediately after curing as well as after 96 h water storage at 37 °C.
Table 1
List of resin composite cements used
Material
Code
Type
Manufacturer
Lot No.
RelyX Unicem 2 Automix
RXU
self-adhesive, dual-curing
3 M ESPE
Seefeld, Germany
585065
Panavia SA
PSA
self-adhesive, dual-curing
Kuraray Noritake Dental
Kurashiki, Japan
069ABA
Clearfil SA
CSA
self-adhesive, dual-curing
0057 AA
Panavia F2.0
PF2
conventional dual-curing
A:0575A/B:0289B
Multilink Implant
MLI
conventional dual-curing
Ivoclar VivadentSchaan, Liechtenstein
RS 6681
DuoCem
DCM
conventional dual-curing
Coltène Whaledent
Altstätten, Switzerland
679895
Panavia 21
P21
conventional auto-curing
Kuraray Noritake Dental
Kurashiki, Japan
41407
Specimen preparation for flexural strength tests
For flexural strength measurements specimens with dimensions of 25.0 x 2.0 x 2.0 mm were produced according to ISO 4049:2009 in sets of 10. Cements were mixed according to the manufacturer’s instructions and filled into cavities of a customized Teflon mold. Glass slides of 1 mm in thickness covered with a transparent Mylar foil (Hawe Transparent Strips, KerrHawe, Bioggio, Switzerland) were placed on both sides of the mold to keep the cement in place. Five specimens of each set were light cured, 5 specimens were auto-polymerized.
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For auto-polymerization 5 specimens were left in the mold for 60 min in a dark box. The remaining 5 specimens were light-cured with a polymerization lamp (Elipar, 3 M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany) with an intensity of 1200 MW/cm2. The exit window of the LED lamp had a diameter of 8 mm. It was positioned directly on the glass slide, thus maintaining a well-defined distance of 1 mm to the specimen’s surface. Light curing started in the center of the specimen. After light exposure the exit window was moved to the section next to the center overlapping the previous section by half the diameter of the exit window (i. e. 4 mm). The procedure was repeated until the specimen on the one side of the center had been completely irradiated. Thereafter the section on the other side of the center was light-cured the same way. The procedure described was repeated from the rear side of the specimen. Duration of each light exposure was 20 s. After light-curing was completed, the cements were left in the mold for 15 min. Specimens were carefully removed from the mold and deflashed with 320 grit sandpaper (3 M, St. Paul, MN, USA). All specimens were stored in water at 37 °C for 24 h.
Specimen preparation for indirect tensile strength tests
To measure indirect tensile strength, cylindrical test specimens (3 mm in height and 3 mm in diameter) were produced in sets of 10 using a customized Teflon mold. The procedure was similar to that applied for flexural strength specimens. Light-curing was done by irradiating both sides for 20 s each.
Measurement of flexural strength
Flexural strength measurements were performed according to ISO 4049. Height and width of each bar was measured in the middle of the specimen with a digital caliper (Mitutoyo 500-181-30, Mitutoyo Europe, Neuss, Germany). To measure the flexural strength the specimens were positioned on two cylindrical supports with diameters of 2 mm. The distance between the supports was 20 mm. Loading was performed with a cylindrical loading piston with a diameter of 2 mm in the middle of the bar, using a universal testing machine (Z020, Zwick/Roell, Ulm, Germany). The crosshead speed was set to 1 mm/min. Load at fracture was registered and the flexural strength (σFS) was calculated according to the following equation:
Height and diameter of the specimens were measured and the specimens were loaded perpendicular to the cylinder axis until fracture (Z020, Zwick/Roell). Load at fracture was registered and the indirect tensile strength (σITS) was calculated according to the following equation:
Additional light-cured and auto-polymerized specimens of RXU, PSA, PF2 and MLI (n = 5) were manufactured to assess the effect of water storage. Flexural strength and indirect tensile strength were measured immediately after curing and after 96 h water storage at 37 °C.
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Statistics
All data was analyzed with Shapiro-Wilk normality test. Statistical analysis was performed with one-way ANOVA for normal distributed data and with Kruskal-Wallis test for not normal distributed data (p < 0.05). Statistic software StatPlus:mac Pro Version v6 (2016), AnalystSoft Inc. was used.
Results
Flexural strength tests
For all materials except PF2 a significant higher flexural strength was recorded for dual cured specimens compared to the auto-polymerized specimens after 24 h water storage (Table 2). Shapiro-Wilk test revealed a normal distribution for flexural strength data, hence one-way ANOVA was applied to test for differences between the cements. For auto-polymerization MLI achieved highest values followed by DCM, PF2, P21, PSA, CSA, and RXU. In the dual-cured state specimens of MLI revealed highest flexural strength values, followed by DCM, RXU, PF2, CSA, and PSA.
Table 2
Flexural strength (FS) and indirect tensile strength (ITS) of the cements after 24 h water storage at 37 °C (mean ± standard deviation)
Significant differences (p < 0.05) between auto-polymerization (AC) and dual-curing (DC) are marked grey
Indirect tensile strength tests
Shapiro-Wilk test revealed a not normal distribution for indirect tensile strength data, therefore Kruskal-Wallis was applied to test for differences between the cements. After 24 h water storage, significant differences between values obtained by dual-curing and those after auto-polymerization were only found for RXU and DCM (Table 2). All other cements attained similar values for dual-cured and auto-polymerized specimens.
Indirect tensile strength was highest for auto-polymerized specimens of PF2, P21, MLI and DCM. PSA, RXU and CSA achieved significantly lower values than the other cements (p < 0.001). Highest values of dual-cured specimens were achieved for MLI, DCM, RXU and PF2. Significantly lower values attained CSA and PSA (p < 0.001).
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Effect of water storage
Flexural strength increased for all materials after 24 h of water storage compared to the state directly after curing (Fig. 1, Table 3). The increase was significant for all cements except auto-polymerized specimens of RXU and dual-cured specimens of MLI. Between 24 h and 96 h of water storage auto-polymerized specimens of MLI, PSA and PF2 as well as dual-cured specimens of PF2 exhibited a significant reduction in flexural strength.
Fig. 1
Effect of water storage at 37 °C on flexural strength (FS) and indirect tensile strength (ITS) of the respective cement after auto-polymerization (AP) or dual-curing (DC)
Table 3
P-values of auto-polymerized (AP) and dual-cured (DC) cement specimens of 0 h vs. 24 h and 24 h vs. 96 h
Significant differences (p < 0.05) are marked grey
×
Indirect tensile strength increased in the first 24 h for auto-polymerized specimens of PSA, PF2 and RXU as well as for dual-cured specimens of PSA and PF2. A significant decrease between 24 and 96 h was only noted for PSA.
Correlation between flexural strength and indirect tensile strength
Flexural strength and indirect tensile strength are non-linearly correlated (Fig. 2). With increasing flexural strength indirect tensile strength asymptotically approached a maximum in the range of 50 MPa.
Fig. 2
Correlation between flexural strength and indirect tensile strength of all specimens
×
Discussion
The present results prove that flexural strength and indirect tensile strength are strongly correlated. However, the correlation is not linear and the indirect tensile strength test is less sensitive. Therefore, the indirect tensile strength test may only be recommended as a screening test in the early stage of material development.
Flexural strength
Flexural strength has been established as a standard method for the investigation of mechanical strength of dental materials due to its reproducibility and reliable results [9, 10]. Nevertheless during this study the manufacturing process of the specimens for the flexural strength test was experienced as a time demanding process. Air bubbles due to the mixing procedure as well as failures during the polishing process might lead to unusable specimens. Therefore, the flexural strength test is not recommended as a screening test for resin composite cements. However, the flexural strength test is superior to the indirect tensile strength test for testing materials with high strength as well as for aging procedures due to its high sensitivity (Fig. 2).
Water storage at 37 °C resulted in an increase in strength for all cements (MLI, PF2, PSA, RXU) over the first 24 h. The effect can be explained by an increased conversion rate [11‐13]. During the period between 24 h and 96 h values for dual-cured specimens of RXU and PSA as well as auto-polymerized specimens of RXU remained constant. These self-adhesive cements contain phosphate groups that are able to bind to water. Water uptake might result in an increase of volume and due to the development of internal compressive stress in an increase of strength.
A decrease in flexural strength values for dual-cured specimens of MLI, PF2 and auto-polymerized specimens of MLI, PF2, and PSA after a storage time of 96 h was recorded. MLI and PF2 obviously revealed a stronger susceptibility to water attack. For auto-polymerized PSA specimens an incomplete polymerization process with remaining monomers at the surface dissolving into the water over time might have been responsible for the decrease in strength values.
Indirect tensile strength
Indirect tensile strength has been used to successfully evaluate aging of dental cement [8]. In the present study the indirect tensile strength test revealed low sensitivity to water storage at 37 °C. In the previously mentioned study [8] significantly lower values were achieved for PF2 directly after light curing (22.0 ± 3.2 MPa [8] vs 35.0 ± 1.3 MPa). After 24 h water storage at 37 °C a value of 47.0 ± 3.8 MPa was recorded which again is higher than the one found previously (40.0 ± 3.4 MPa) [8]. The difference is more pronounced directly after light curing and therefore might be attributed to the fact that in the present study no ED Primer II, which induces the polymerization [14], was applied on the mold.
Curing mode
For all materials investigated and for both test methods the dual-curing procedure revealed better or similar strength values than auto-polymerization, confirming results found in previous studies [1, 4, 15, 16]. The effect of dual-curing resulting in higher values than auto-polymerizing was more pronounced for flexural strength than for indirect tensile strength (Table 2).
Resin based luting agents are advised to being exposed to light-curing in order to achieve a higher degree of conversion of the material [17]. A higher degree of conversion results in higher strength values, which was found for all cements after 24 h water storage except PF2. PF2 revealed similar values for both curing modes suggesting that the auto-polymerization process itself is very effective. The type of photo-initiator and functional monomer used in a cement influences the degree of conversion [18]. PF2 and PSA contain Campherquinone. While Campherquinone is most widely used in dental resin composites, it photo-initiates polymerization at a relatively low rate. Tertiary amines are therefore commonly added as co-initiators to accelerate polymerization [19, 20]. For Panavia F 2.0 a higher degree of conversion was found when the specimens were dual-cured (60 %) compared to autopolymerization (50 %) [14]. In the present study the degree of conversion of PF2 did not affect flexural strength or indirect tensile strength. MLI contains dibenzoyl peroxide as a chemical initiator. For a model dual-cured resin cement containing dibenzoyl peroxide the degree of conversion was significantly increased in the dual-curing mode [21]. Safety data sheet of RXU revealed a peroxide initiator system containing t-butylperoxy-3,5,5-trimethylhexanoat. A significantly lower degree of polymerization was found for autopolymerized specimens of RXU (11.05 ± 4.16 %) when compared to dual-cured specimens (37.27 ± 5.01 %) [22]. The low degree of polymerization could be the reason for the significant difference for flexural strength values for auto-polymerized specimens when compared to dual-cured specimens for MLI, RXU and PSA.
An increase in flexural strength values was noted for all cements subjected to water storage after 24 h, which might be due to the continuing polymerization process after the initial light curing [23, 24]. All materials achieved the initial strength requirements of a material of 50 MPa for flexural strength as described in ISO 4049.
Correlation of flexural strength and indirect tensile strength
A non-linear correlation between indirect tensile strength and flexural strength was found for all specimens. The effect of aging was generally more pronounced on flexural strength than on indirect tensile strength (Fig. 1). This may be explained by the surface to volume ratio of the specimens. Aging over a short time affects mainly the surface area. Flexural strength specimens had a higher surface to volume coefficient than indirect tensile strength specimens and therefore react more sensitive to surface effects like water attack.
For composite resin cements with higher strength the indirect tensile strength test is not able to differentiate in the same sensitivity as the flexural strength test does.
Conclusions
The results suggest that indirect tensile strength is recommended as screening test to evaluate a large number of specimens or materials at the same time within a limited range of compositions. For measurements requiring a higher degree of sensitivity, for assessing the effect of aging or for comparison of different brands the flexural strength test is the test method of choice.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Fredy Schmidli for the lab support.
Funding
No funding.
Availability of data and materials
All cited articles are available on pubMed.
Authors’ contributions
GC: data collector, manuscript draft, given final approval of the version to be published, agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work. JF: analysis and interpretation of data, critical revising of manuscript, given final approval of the version to be published, agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work. NR: analysis and interpretation of data, statistics, manuscript draft and critical revising, given final approval of the version to be published, agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Authors’ information
GC: Doctoral candidate at Division of Dental Materials and Engineering, Clinic for Reconstructive Dentistry and Temporomandibular Disorders, University Hospital of Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
JF: Prof. Dr. med. dent. Dr. rer. nat., Head of Division of Dental Materials and Engineering, Clinic for Reconstructive Dentistry and Temporomandibular Disorders, University Hospital of Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
NR: Dr. med. dent. Dentist and postdoc researcher at Division of Dental Materials and Engineering, Clinic for Reconstructive Dentistry and Temporomandibular Disorders, University Hospital of Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Competing interests
The authors’ declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
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