nach oben

Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research

Erschienen in:

Open Access 01.12.2022 | Systematic review

Global prevalence of falls in the older adults: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis

verfasst von: Nader Salari, Niloofar Darvishi, Melika Ahmadipanah, Shamarina Shohaimi, Masoud Mohammadi

Erschienen in: Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research | Ausgabe 1/2022

Abstract

Background

With increasing life expectancy, declining mortality, and birth rates, the world's geriatric population is increasing. Falls in the older people are one of the most common and serious problems. Injuries from falls can be fatal or non-fatal and physical or psychological, leading to a reduction in the ability to perform activities of daily living. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of falls in the older people through systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods

In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the data from studies on the prevalence of falls in the older people in the world were extracted in the databases of Scopus, Web of Science (WoS), PubMed and Science Direct, and Google Scholar, Magiran and Scientific Information Database (SID) without any time limit until August 2020. To analyze the eligible studies, the stochastic effects model was used, and the heterogeneity of the studies with the I² index was investigated. Data analysis was conducted with Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software (Version 2).

Results

In the review of 104 studies with a total sample size of 36,740,590, the prevalence of falls in the older people of the world was 26.5% (95% CI 23.4–29.8%). The highest rate of prevalence of falls in the older people was related to Oceania with 34.4% (95% CI 29.2–40%) and America with 27.9% (95% CI 22.4–34.2%). The results of meta-regression indicated a decreasing trend in the prevalence of falls in the older people of the world by increasing the sample size and increasing the research year (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The problem of falls, as a common problem with harmful consequences, needs to be seriously considered by policymakers and health care providers to make appropriate plans for preventive interventions to reduce the rate of falls in the older people.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

SID

Scientific Information Database

WoS

Web of Science

STROBE

Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology

PRISMA

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis

Background

Rising life expectancy and rising mortality are contradictory, and aging is a critical period in human life during which changes occur in internal and external organs. These changes cause the individual to adapt to the environment. Throughout the world, the world's geriatric population is rising as increasing life expectancy, declining mortality, and birth rates. Also, the number of people over the age of 60 is growing faster than other age groups. With this significant increase in the older people, improving their health and well-being is a priority [1]. According to studies, the geriatric population will increase from 600 million in 2000 to 1 billion and 200 million in 2025 [2].

One of the most common and serious problems among the older people is falling [1]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a fall is defined as an event that results in a person coming to rest inadvertently on the ground or floor or other lower level [3]. Injuries from falls can be fatal or non-fatal. Falls are associated with reduced quality of life and higher costs of health care. At older ages, the health effects and costs of falls are increasing significantly worldwide [4].

The fall can be due to factors such as medication, osteoarthritis, depression, dizziness, and disturbances in balance and gait (due to cerebellar damage or in connection with age-related degenerative changes in the middle and inner ear). Muscle weakness due to aging or medication can cause falls as well. The use of assistive devices, age over 80 years, postural hypotension and impaired vision (decreased adaptive power, lens opacity), and chronic diseases are among the causes of falls [5‐7].

Injuries due to falls may lead to a decrease in the ability to perform activities of daily living [8]. Falls, especially in the older people, increase disability, and the injured people often do not recover to their previous functional level [9, 10]. In addition to physical injuries, falls also have psychological consequences [11]. In addition to physical injuries, falls also have psychological consequences [11]. Many people who have experienced a fall are afraid of falling, which in turn leads to immobility, followed by pressure ulcers, rhabdomyolysis, pneumonia, weakness, and increased risk of falls [12, 13]. Serious injuries caused by falls include fractures, especially pelvic and thigh fractures. Also, most injuries occur in the lower limbs, upper limbs, head, and trunk, which most of them are bruises or cuts, fractures, and dislocations [14, 15].

Among them 5% lead to fractures and 5–10% to other injuries. Among the causes of hospitalization, hospitalization due to fall is 5 times more than hospitalization due to other injuries [16]. The prevalence of falls in people over 65 is 30% in the USA, 13.7% in Japan, 26.4% in China, and 53% in India [17]. Research has also shown that the prevalence of falls is higher in older women than men [18].

The average fall in a nursing home is 1.5 falls per year per bed. Investigating and reducing risk factors reduces the risk of falls. Regular assessment in a nursing home can help identify high-risk patients [19]. The evaluation includes fall conditions, the patient's complete physical history, and search for possible risk factors. One of the most effective strategies for preventing falls is multi-factor interventions aimed at identifying risk factors, muscle strengthening exercises with balance training, and quitting psychedelic drugs [20, 21].

Methods

Searching strategy and study selection

The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of falls in the older people worldwide via systematic review and meta-analysis. To collect data in this study, international databases, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, SID, Magiran were sought without any time limit until August 2020. The search process was carried out in the mentioned databases using the English keywords, "Prevalence;" "Fall"; "Slip"; "Older people"; "Older adult"; and the Persian keywords Fall; Accidents; Older people; and their possible combinations in international bases. For instance, how to search the PubMed database is described in the box below. To study the Gray literature, the review of related sites was also on the agenda. To maximize the comprehensiveness of the search, the list of the sources used in all related articles that were found in the above search was manually reviewed. Initially, the duplicate studies in various searched databases were excluded from this study. Then, the researchers of this study prepared a list of titles of all the remaining articles to obtain eligible articles by evaluating the articles in this list. In the first stage, screening, the title, and abstract of the remaining articles were carefully studied, and irrelevant articles were removed based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In the second stage, the evaluation of the suitability of the studies, the full text of the possible relevant articles remaining from the screening stage was examined based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and in this stage, unrelated studies were eliminated. To avoid bias, all steps of reviewing sources and extracting data were performed by two researchers independently. In case any articles were not included, the reason for deleting them was mentioned. In cases where there was disagreement between the two researchers, the article was reviewed by a third party. A total of 104 studies entered the third stage, i.e., qualitative evaluation.

PubMed Search Strategy: (prevalence[Title] OR outbreak[Title]) AND (fall down[Title] OR slip[Title] OR fall[Title] OR damage[Title] OR accidental fall[Title] OR injury[Title] AND (older people[Title] OR older adult[Title] OR aged[Title]) OR (fall down[Title] AND older people[Title]) OR (slip[Title] AND older adult[Title]) OR (accidental fall[Title] AND aged[Title]).

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria include: 1—cross-sectional studies, 2—studies that have studied the prevalence of falls in the older people worldwide, 3—observational studies (non-interventional studies), 4—Persian studies, 5—English studies, and exclusion criteria include: 1—case–control studies, 2—cohort, 3—case report, 4—interventional studies, 5—letter to editor, 6—studies whose full text is not available, 7—duplication of studies, 8—systematic review and meta-analysis studies.

Qualitative evaluation

To validate and evaluate the quality of articles (i.e., methodological validity and results), a checklist appropriate to the type of study was used. The STROBE checklist is commonly used to critically and qualitatively evaluate observational studies such as the present study. The STROBE checklist consists of six general scales/sections: title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, and discussion. Some of these scales have subscales, and in total, this statement contains 32 items. In fact, these 32 items encompass various methodological aspects of the study, including title, problem statement, study objectives, type of study, the statistical population of the study, sampling method, determining the appropriate sample size, definition of variables and procedures, data collection tools, statistical analysis, and findings. Accordingly, the maximum score obtained from the qualitative assessment in the STROBE checklist will be 32. Considering the score of 16 as the cutoff point, those articles obtaining a score of 16 and above will be considered as articles with suitable and average methodological quality, and those obtaining below 16 were considered as poor and were therefore excluded from the study.

Extracting the data

The information related to all selected articles which were entered into the systematic review and meta-analysis process was extracted from a pre-prepared checklist. This checklist includes the title of the article, the name of the first author, the year of publication, the country, the sample size, the number of falls per sample, the average age of the sample, and the prevalence and continent percentage.

Statistical analysis

I² test was used to evaluate the heterogeneity of selected studies. To investigate the dissemination error, due to the large statistical sample size included in the study, Begg and Mazumdar test was used at a significance level of 0.1 and its corresponding Funnel plot. The data were analyzed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software (Version 2).

Results

Study selection and data extraction

This study examined the prevalence of falls in the older people of the world through systematic review and meta-analysis. After searching in various databases, from a total of 4251 articles, 1795 articles from the PubMed database, 172 articles from the Science Direct database, 160 articles from the Scopus database, 160 articles from Web of Science database, and 1720 articles from Google Scholar database, 136 articles from Magiran database, and 111 articles from SID database were selected for the study. Out of a total of 4251 identified studies, 66 were duplicate and were excluded. In the screening stage, out of 4185 studies, 3651 articles were excluded through studying the title and abstract sections based on inclusion and exclusion criteria.

In the competency assessment stage, out of 540 studies, the remaining 436 articles were excluded regarding the inclusion and exclusion criteria due to being irrelevant through perusing the full text of the articles. In the qualitative evaluation stage, through studying the full text of the articles and based on the STROBE checklist, out of the remaining studies, no article was removed due to the poor methodological quality.

The studies were reviewed based on the four-step PRISMA 2009 process, including article identification, screening, review of article acceptance criteria, and finally, the articles entered to the meta-analysis (Fig. 1). Ultimately, 104 studies were included in the final analysis, the information of which was mentioned in the tables (Table 1) [14, 19, 22‐123].

Table 1

The extracted data from the final studies entered into the meta-analysis

	Published in	First author	Country	Average age	Sample size	Number of falls	Prevalence	Continent
1	2012	Demura [14]	Japan	70.3 ± 6.8	1850	386	20.9	Asia
2	2016	Johansson [19]	Sweden	70	1350	148	11	Europe
3	2008	Steven [22]	USA	≥ 65	922,200	5.8 m	15.9	America
4	2004	Aktaş [23]	Turkey	78	32	8	25	Asia
5	2015	Al Tehewy [24]	Egypt	67.7	411	46	11.2	Europe
6	2018	Aljawadi [25]	Saudi	≥ 60	2964	388	13.2	Asia
7	2015	Almada [26]	Europe	70 ± 8.9	41,098	3452	8.4	Europe
8	2018	Almegbel [27]	Saudi Arabia	68.8 ± 9	1182	590	49.9	Asia
9	2019	Almeida [28]	Brazil	≥ 65	211	60	28.9	America
10	2013	Antes [29]	Brazil	70–7	1705	322	19	America
11	2004	Avdić [30]	USA	72.38 ± 5.9	77	21	27.77	America
12	2009	Barker [31]	Australia	81.59	87	46	52.87	Oceania
13	2010	Bauer 32]	Germany	75.6 ± 8.3	61	42	71.2	Europe
14	2010	Bekibele [33]	Nigeria	≥ 65	2096	482	23	Africa
15	1997	Berg [34]	USA	71.7	96	50	52	America
16	2004	Bergland [35]	Norway	80.8	307	155	50.8	Europe
17	2019	Bernard [36]	France	72.45 ± 5.1	1471	485	33	Europe
18	1988	Blake [37]	Colombia	≥ 65	1042	356	35	America
19	2009	Boyd [38]	USA	≥ 65	35 m	3.5 m	10	America
20	2009	Carpenter [39]	USA	≥ 65	263	102	39	America
21	2015	Cevizci [40]	Turkey	74.1 ± 6.8	1001	321	32.1	Asia
22	2011	Chin-Liang [41]	China	82.1 ± 5.1	371	33	8.9	Asia
23	2012	Da Cruz [42]	Brazil	69.7	420	135	32.1	America
24	2019	Del Brutto [43]	USA	70.4 ± 7.9	463	173	53	America
25	2011	Demura [44]	Japan	70.7 ± 7	968	150	15.49	Asia
26	2016	Dhargave [45]	India	74.61 ± 8.4	163	47	28.9	Asia
27	2019	Dias [46]	Brazil	73	211	60	28.9	America
28	2009	Divani [47]	New Zealand	74.4 ± 7.2	1104	408	37	Oceania
29	2019	Dos Santos [48]	Brazil	70	820	229	27.9	America
30	2018	Ehrlich [49]	USA	≥ 65	7601	1482	19.5	America
31	2018	Fahlström [50]	Sweden	≥ 65	148	117	79	Europe
32	2013	Fhon [51]	Brazil	73.5 ± 8.4	240	92	38.6	America
33	1996	Fletcher [52]	Canada	≥ 65	63	20	31.7	America
34	2016	Foran [53]	Ireland	≥ 65	753	200	26.7	Europe
35	2016	Gale [54]	England	≥ 50	4301	1144	28.4	Europe
36	2014	George [55]	USA	≥ 65	1653	294	18	America
37	2017	Handrigan [56]	Canada	≥ 65	15,860	3172	20	America
38	2013	Hanlin [57]	USA	73.2	103	55	54	America
39	2020	Henwood [58]	USA	62.5	237	134	57	America
40	2011	Holt [59]	New Zealand	≥ 65	101	35	35	Oceania
41	2013	Isenring [60]	Australia	74.3	254	73	28.6	Oceania
42	2019	Janakiraman [61]	Ethiopia	≥ 50	599	170	28.4	Africa
43	2002	Izumi [62]	Japan	75	746	93	12.5	Asia
44	2014	Kabeshova [63]	France	71 ± 5.1	1760	346	19.7	Europe
45	2011	Kadir [64]	Malaysia	67.5 ± 5.6	131	17	12.9	Asia
46	2015	Kamińska [65]	Poland	78.6 ± 7.4	304	233	76.6	Europe
47	2018	Kang [66]	China	67.4 ± 5.6	619	125	20.1	Asia
48	2012	Kantayaporn [67]	Thailand	75.35	10,329	1244	12.04	Asia
49	2020	Kim [68]	Korea	≥ 45	9279	347	3.7	Asia
50	2019	Kistler [69]	USA	54.5	181,208	47,894	26.4	America
51	2007	Laessoe [70]	Denmark	73.7	94	14	15	Europe
52	2018	Lastrucci [71]	Finland	77.8 ± 8.7	1220	142	11.6	Europe
53	2011	Lim [72]	Korea	73.5 ± 6.3	828	108	13	Asia
54	2020	Lin [73]	China	≥ 60	335	77	23.28	Asia
55	2012	Logiudice [74]	Australia	≥ 45	363	113	31	Oceania
56	2018	Mahmoodabad [75]	Iran	71.42 ± 5.9	200	60	30	Asia
57	2001	Milisemiller [76]	Canada	62 ± 15.7	435	228	52.4	America
58	2007	Milisen [77]	Belgium	67.2 ± 18.4	2568	136	5.29	Europe
59	2019	Ofori-Asenso [78]	USA	62	1019	445	43.7	America
60	2013	Orces [79]	Brazil	≥ 60	5227	1954	37.4	America
61	2018	Ouyang [80]	China	60.5 ± 9.2	12,527	2041	16.3	Asia
62	2014	Pal [81]	New Zealand	≥ 45	135	36	27	Oceania
63	2018	Pathania [82]	India	75.2	335	55	16.4	Asia
64	2017	Pereira [83]	Brazil	83.7	3496	164	46.9	America
65	2019	Pitchai [84]	India	69.6	2049	512	24.98	Asia
66	2004	Schoenfelder [85]	USA	84.1	81	42	53	America
67	2014	Schumacher [86]	Germany	65.7	862	30	3.5	Europe
68	2016	Secil [87]	Turkey	68.3 ± 3.2	343	124	36.2	Asia
69	2013	Seifer [88]	USA	77	81	21	25.9	America
70	2018	Sharif [89]	USA	≥ 60	370	188	50.8	Asia
71	2015	Sharifi [90]	Iran	76.2	194	52	27.3	Asia
72	2009	Shin [91]	Korea	72.82	335	48	15	Asia
73	2011	Siqueira [92]	Brazil	70.9	6616	1826	27.6	America
74	2012	Suzuki [93]	Japan	86.94	135	50	37.04	Asia
75	2018	Tanaka [94]	Japan	68.1	1561	437	28	Asia
76	1993	Topper [95]	USA	83	100	59	59	America
77	2014	Tsai [96]	China	≥ 65	775	378	48.8	Asia
78	2009	Vassallo [97]	UK	82.1	825	150	18.1	Europe
79	2018	Vieira [98]	Brazil	≥ 60	1451	407	28.1	America
80	2004	Weir 99]	Canada	≥ 65	73,113	62,146	85	America
81	2019	Whitney [100]	USA	≥ 65	7598	827	10.88	America
82	2016	Ylitalo [101]	USA	62	280,035	756	27	America
83	2009	Yu [102]	China	≥ 60	1512	272	18	Asia
84	2018	Zhou [103]	China	≥ 60	1557	227	17.8	Asia
85	2019	Bagheri Ruchi [104]	Iran	70.11	300	100	33.3	Asia
86	2014	Taheri Tanjani [105]	Iran	≥ 60	1323	337	25.5	Asia
87	2020	Habibeh [106]	Iran	67.04	400	110	27.5	Asia
88	2016	Hoseini [107]	Iran	69.37	1616	274	17	Asia
89	2016	Khazaee [108]	Iran	≥ 60	11,954	2581	21.59	Asia
90	2013	Jafarian amiri s.r. [109]	Iran	70.1	350	123	35.1	Asia
91	2007	Nader [110]	Iran	67	207	121	58.46	Asia
92	2017	Vakili Sadeghi [111]	Iran	≥ 60	1482	271	18.3	Asia
93	2018	Gorzin [112]	Iran	≥ 60	148	29	20.13	Asia
94	2015	Aghaee [113]	Iran	72.24	2336	1033	44.2	Asia
95	2016	Nabavi [114]	Iran	70.42	288	88	30.9	Asia
96	2015	Najafi Ghazalche [115]	Iran	67.63	160	15	9.4	Asia
97	2018	Naamani [116]	Iran	78 ± 8	400	112	28	Asia
98	2015	Borhani Nezhad [117]	Iran	78.65	204	69	33.8	Asia
99	2013	Iranfar [118]	Iran	≥ 60	400	292	73	Asia
100	2015	Ghodsi [119]	Iran	≥ 60	960	672	70	Asia
101	2015	Mazharizad [120]	Iran	≥ 60	300	141	47.3	Asia
102	2017	Hadinejad [121]	Iran	70 ± 9	77,576	24,824	32	Asia
103	2013	Safizadeh [122]	Iran	69.05 ± 7.9	11,120	1234	11.1	Asia
104	2015	Torkaman Gholami [123]	Iran	60–80	378	264	70	Asia

The probability of bias in the dissemination of fall outcomes in the older people of the world by Funnel plot and Begg and Mazumdar test at a significance level of 0.1 indicated no dissemination bias in the present study (P = 0.101) (Fig. 2).

Based on the test results (I²: 99.9) and due to the heterogeneity of selected studies, a random-effects model was used to combine the studies and the shared prevalence estimate. The reason for heterogeneity between studies can be due to differences in sample size, sampling error, year of study, or place of study. Out of the 104 articles submitted for systematic review and meta-analysis with a sample size of 1,741,613 patients, 48 studies were conducted in Asia, 16 studies in Europe, 2 studies in Africa, 32 studies in America, and 6 studies in Oceania. The smallest and highest sample sizes were related to the studies of Aktaş, S. et al. (2004) (n = 32) [23] and J.A. Steven et al. (2008) (n = 922,200) [38]. The characteristics of the eligible studies shown in the meta-analysis are given in Table 1.

Meta-analysis

According to the results of the present study, the prevalence of falls in the world's older people was 26.5% (95% CI 23.4–29.8%). The midpoint of each line segment shows the prevalence in each study, and the diamond shows the population prevalence for the entire studies (Fig. 3).

Meta-regression test

To investigate the effects of potential factors in the heterogeneity of the prevalence of falls in the older people in the world, meta-regression was used for the two factors of the sample size (Figs. 4, 5). According to Fig. 4, with increasing sample size, the prevalence of falls in the older people of the world decreases, which there is a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). It was also reported (Fig. 5) that with the increase in the research year, the prevalence of falls in the older people of the world decreases, which there is also a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05).

Subgroup Analysis

Table 2 reports the prevalence of falls in the world's older people in Asia, Europe, Africa, and America and Oceania. The highest rate of prevalence of falls in the older people was related to Oceania with 34.4 (95% CI 29.2–40) and America with 27.9 (95% CI 22.4–34.2) (Table 2). Table 2 is based on the studies performed, and in order to reduce the heterogeneity created in the whole study, as reported in Table 2, the number of studies does not have the same distribution and therefore the higher or lower prevalence in a continent. It is based only on studies of that continent.

Table 2

Prevalence of falls in the older people of the world according to different continents

Continents	Number of articles	Sample size	I²	Begg and Mazumdar test	Prevalence % (95% CI)
Asia	48	164,593	99.4	0.210	25.8 (95% CI 22.1–29.9)
America	32	36,513,725	99.9	0.109	27.9 (95% CI 22.4–34.2)
Europe	16	57,533	99.5	0.964	23.4 (95% CI 15.8–33.2)
Africa	2	2695	86.3	–	25.4 (95% CI 20.5–31)
Oceania	6	2044	79.4	0.573	34.4 (95% CI 29.2–40)

Discussion

Out of the 104 articles submitted for systematic review and meta-analysis with a sample size of 1,741,613 people, 48 studies were conducted in Asia, 16 studies in Europe, 2 studies in Africa, 32 studies in America, and 6 studies in Oceania. According to the results of the present study, the prevalence of falls in the world's older people was 26.5% (95% CI 29.4.8%). To investigate the effects of potential factors in the heterogeneity of the prevalence of falls in the older people in the world, meta-regression was used for the two factors of the sample size. According to it, with increasing sample size, the prevalence of falls in the older people of the world decreases, which there is a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). Also, with the increase in the research year, the prevalence of falls in the older people of the world decreases, which was also statistically significant (P < 0.05). According to the results of subgroup analysis, the highest prevalence of falls in the older people was related to Oceania with 34.4% (95% CI 29.2–40%) and America with 27.9% (95% CI 22.4–34.2%).

Falls are common among the geriatric population; this incident is one of the main causes of disability and death among these people [43, 45]. It is said that those who fall and are not harmed often suffer the negative consequences of that fall. Older people who fall are more likely to fall within a year. These people are also more at risk of falling. This fear of falling can lead to depression and limitation of movement [38].

A study by Boyd, R. et al. showed that 3.5 million people, or about 10 percent of the older people in the USA, have fallen in the past three months. About 1.7 million people were injured, and 875,000 of the injured people went for medical treatment. Based on the results of this study, 12.9 million, or 36%, of the older people in the USA are relatively afraid of falling. According to this study, there is a significant relationship between falling and fear of falling. Among those who recently had a fall, 16% feared a severe or moderate fall; however, only 6% of these people were not afraid or were a little afraid [38].

According to a study by Cevizci, S. et al., those who do not walk at home or out of the house, or walk less, and those who cannot meet their daily needs, have a higher risk of falling than other people. It was also asserted that those who have at least one case of chronic disease, or people with physical and mental impairment, or people with lower quality of life, are at higher risk of falling [40].

The study by Handrigan et al. showed that, according to the dose–response relationship between BMI and prevalence, underweight and obese people were reported to be more common among men. For women, unlike men, obesity was not significantly linked with a higher prevalence of falls [56].

The results of a study carried out by Habibeh Ahmadipour in Kerman, Iran, found that more than a quarter of the older people who referred to the comprehensive health service centers and bases in Kerman during the past 6 months had a history of at least one fall and more than 10 percent also had a history of falling more than once [106]. In astudy by Habibeh Ahmadipour and et al, it was stated that the use of more than four drugs, the use of inappropriate shoes, and the presence of underlying disease were the most common risk factors for health-related in the older people, respectively [106].

With the increase in the elderly population, the need for more care of this population for fractures has increased, because fractures greatly reduce the quality of life of the elderly [107]. Among fractures, pelvic fractures, which occur due to falls in the elderly, are significant, and reports indicate that one-third of patients do not survive more than a year after pelvic fractures [107]. Primary prevention to reduce fractures in the elderly can be done by reducing falls and strengthening bones by eliminating risk factors or by medication [124].

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is stated that due to the increasing percentage of the world's aging population, the problem of falls, as a common problem with adverse consequences, needs to be seriously considered by policymakers and health care providers to make appropriate plans for interventions and take precautions to reduce falls in the older people. Most of the reasons that lead to falls in the elderly are related to the living environment of the elderly, and by following simple tips and providing assistive equipment to the elderly, the risk of falls in the elderly can be significantly reduced, so appropriate policy to create appropriate living environment for the elderly, such as proper lighting of the house and avoiding total darkening of the house, use of bath chairs and toilets, use of appropriate shoes, not walking after taking sleeping pills, regular eye examinations in the elderly, not carrying heavy equipment, making the phone available, and installing handles in different parts of the house, can help prevent falls in the elderly.

Acknowledgements

Authors thank Deputy for Research and Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences.

Declarations

Ethics approval was received from the ethics committee of deputy of research and technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (3010987).

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Nabavi SH, Hatami ST, Norouzi F, Gerivani Z, Hatami SE, Monadi Ziarat H, Delbari A. Prevalence of fall and its related factors among older people in Bojnurd in 2015. Salmand Iran J Ageing. 2016;11(3):466–73.CrossRef

Bakhtiyari M, Emaminaeini M, Hatami H, Khodakarim S, Sahaf R. Depression and perceived social support in the older people. Iran J Ageing. 2017;12:192–207.

Organization WH, Ageing WHO, Unit LC: WHO global report on falls prevention in older age: World Health Organization; 2008.

The prevention of falls in later life. A report of the Kellogg International Work Group on the Prevention of Falls by the Older people. Dan Med Bull. 1987;34(Suppl 4):1–24.

Barrett-Connor E, Weiss T, McHorney C, Miller P, Siris E. Predictors of falls among postmenopausal women: results from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (NORA). Osteoporos Int. 2009;20(5):715–22.PubMedCrossRef

Enrietto JA, Jacobson KM, Baloh RW. Aging effects on auditory and vestibular responses: a longitudinal study. Am J Otolaryngol. 1999;20(6):371–8.PubMedCrossRef

Rubenstein LZ. Falls in older people: epidemiology, risk factors and strategies for prevention. Age Ageing. 2006;35(2):37–41.CrossRef

Tinetti ME, Williams CS. The effect of falls and fall injuries on functioning in community-dwelling older persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1998;53(2):M112-119.PubMedCrossRef

Kosorok MR, Omenn GS, Diehr P, Koepsell TD, Patrick DL. Restricted activity days among older adults. Am J Public Health. 1992;82(9):1263–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

10.

Scaf-Klomp W, van Sonderen E, Sanderman R, Ormel J, Kempen GI. Recovery of physical function after limb injuries in independent older people living at home. Age Ageing. 2001;30(3):213–9.PubMedCrossRef

11.

Mancini C, Williamson D, Binkin N, Michieletto F, De Giacomi GV. Epidemiology of falls among the older people. Igiene e sanita pubblica. 2005;61(2):117–32.PubMed

12.

Friedman SM, Munoz B, West SK, Rubin GS, Fried LP. Falls and fear of falling: which comes first? A longitudinal prediction model suggests strategies for primary and secondary prevention. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50(8):1329–35.PubMedCrossRef

13.

Hindmarsh JJ, Estes EH, Jr. Falls in older persons. Causes and interventions. Arch Intern Med. 1989, 149(10):2217–22.

14.

Demura S, Yamada T, Kasuga K. Severity of injuries associated with falls in the community dwelling older people are not affected by fall characteristics and physical function level. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2012;55(1):186–9.PubMedCrossRef

15.

Zur O, Carmeli E, Himellfarb M, Berner YN. Vestibular function, falls and hip fracture in older people—a relationship study. Harefuah. 2004;143(3):197–202.PubMed

16.

Alexander BH, Rivara FP, Wolf ME. The cost and frequency of hospitalization for fall-related injuries in older adults. Am J Public Health. 1992;82(7):1020–3.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

17.

Dsouza S, Rajashekar B, Dsouza H, Kumar K. Falls in Indian older adults: a barrier to active ageing. Asian J Gerontol Geriatr. 2014;9:33–40.

18.

Johansson J, Nordström A, Nordström P. Greater fall risk in older people women than in men is associated with increased gait variability during multitasking. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17(6):535–40.PubMedCrossRef

19.

Rubenstein LZ, Josephson KR, Osterweil D. Falls and fall prevention in the nursing home. Clin Geriatr Med. 1996;12(4):881–902.PubMedCrossRef

20.

Sherrington C, Fairhall NJ, Wallbank GK, Tiedemann A, Michaleff ZA, Howard K, Clemson L, Hopewell S, Lamb SE. Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019; 1(1):Cd012424.

21.

Rao SS. Prevention of falls in older patients. Am Fam Physician. 2005;72(1):81–8.PubMed

22.

Self-reported falls and fall-related injuries among persons aged > or =65 years—United States, 2006. Morb Mortal Weekly Rep. 2008; 57(9):225–9.

23.

Aktaş S, Celik Y. An evaluation of the underlying causes of fall-induced hip fractures in older people persons. Ulusal travma ve acil cerrahi dergisi Turk J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2004;10(4):250–2.

24.

al Tehewy MM, Amin GE, Nassar NW. A study of rate and predictors of fall among older people patients in a university hospital. J Patient Saf. 2015;11(4):210–4.PubMedCrossRef

25.

Aljawadi MH, Khoja AT, Alhammad AM, AlOtaibi AD, Al-Shammari SA, Khoja TA. The prevalence of benzodiazepines utilization and its association with falls among Saudi older adults; results from the Saudi national survey for older people Health (SNSEH). Saudi Pharm J. 2018;26(8):1112–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

26.

Almada M, Brochado P, Portela D, Midao L, Costa E. Prevalence of fall and associated factors among community-dwelling European older adults: a cross-sectional study. J Frailty. Aging;6:66.

27.

Almegbel FY, Alotaibi IM, Alhusain FA, Masuadi EM, Al Sulami SL, Aloushan AF, Almuqbil BI. Period prevalence, risk factors and consequent injuries of falling among the Saudi older people living in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2018;8(1):66.CrossRef

28.

Almeida LMD, Meucci RD, Dumith SC. Prevalence of falls in older people people: a population based study. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2019;65(11):1397–403.PubMedCrossRef

29.

Antes DL, D’Orsi E, Benedetti TRB. Circumstances and consequences of falls among the older adults in Florianopolis. epifloripa aging 2009. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia. 2013;16(2):469–81.PubMedCrossRef

30.

Avdić D, Pecar D, Mujić-Skikić E. Risk factors of fall in older people people. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2004;4(4):71–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

31.

Barker AL, Nitz JC, Low Choy NL, Haines T. Measuring fall risk and predicting who will fall: clinimetric properties of four fall risk assessment tools for residential aged care. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009;64(8):916–24.PubMedCrossRef

32.

Bauer C, Gröger I, Glabasnia A, Bergler C, Gassmann KG. First results of evaluation of a falls clinic. Int J Gerontol. 2010;4(3):130–6.CrossRef

33.

Bekibele CO, Gureje O. Fall incidence in a population of older people persons in Nigeria. Gerontology. 2010;56(3):278–83.PubMedCrossRef

34.

Berg WP, Alessio HM, Mills EM, Tong C. Circumstances and consequences of falls in independent community-dwelling older adults. Age Ageing. 1997;26(4):261–8.PubMedCrossRef

35.

Bergland A, Wyller TB. Risk factors for serious fall related injury in older people women living at home. Injury Prev. 2004;10(5):308–13.CrossRef

36.

Bernard PL, Raffort N, Aliaga B, Gamon L, Faucanie M, Picot MC, Maurelli O, Soriteau L, Ninot G, Bousquet J, et al. Analysis of the health profiles and prevalence of falls for patients over 65 years of age in a thermal environment. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2022;6:66.

37.

Blake AJ, Morgan K, Bendall MJ, Dallosso H, Ebrahim SBJ, Arie THD, Fentem PH, Bassey EJ. Falls by older people people at home—prevalence and associated factors. Age Ageing. 1988;17(6):365–72.PubMedCrossRef

38.

Boyd R, Stevens JA. Falls and fear of falling: burden, beliefs and behaviours. Age Ageing. 2009;38(4):423–8.PubMedCrossRef

39.

Carpenter CR, Scheatzle MD, D’Antonio JA, Ricci PT, Coben JH. Identification of fall risk factors in older adult emergency department patients. Acad Emerg Med Off J Soc Acad Emerg Med. 2009;16(3):211–9.CrossRef

40.

Cevizci S, Uluocak S, Aslan C, Gokulu G, Bilir O, Bakar C. Prevalence of falls and associated risk factors among aged population: community based cost-sectional study from Turkey. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2015;23(3):233–9.PubMedCrossRef

41.

Chu C-L, Liang C-K, Chow PC, Lin Y-T, Tang K-Y, Chou M-Y, Chen L-K, Lu T, Pan C-C. Fear of falling (FF): psychosocial and physical factors among institutionalized older Chinese men in Taiwan. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2011;53(2):e232–6.PubMedCrossRef

42.

da Cruz DT, Ribeiro LC, Vieira MD, Teixeira MTB, Bastos RR, Leite ICG. Prevalence of falls and associated factors in older people individuals. Rev Saude Publica. 2012;46(1):138–46.PubMedCrossRef

43.

Del Brutto OH, Mera RM, Peinado CD, Sedler MJ. Prevalence, severity, and risk of future falls in community-dwelling older adults living in a rural community: the Atahualpa Project. J Community Health. 2019;44(3):487–91.PubMedCrossRef

44.

Demura S, Yamada T, Uchiyama M, Sugiura H, Hamazaki H. Selection of useful items for fall risk screening for community dwelling Japanese older people from the perspective of fall experience, physical function, and age level differences. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2011;53(2):123–30.PubMedCrossRef

45.

Dhargave P, Sendhilkumar R. Prevalence of risk factors for falls among older people people living in long-term care homes. J Clin Gerontol Geriatr. 2016;7(3):99–103.CrossRef

46.

Dias LZ. Comment: “Prevalence of falls in older people people: a population based study.” Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2019;65(11):1404–1404.PubMedCrossRef

47.

Divani AA, Vazquez G, Barrett AM, Asadollahi M, Luft AR. Risk factors associated with injury attributable to falling among older people population with history of stroke. Stroke. 2009;40(10):3286–92.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

48.

dos Santos F, Lange C, de Llano PMP, Lemoes MAM, Pastore CA, Paskulin LMG, da Costa AEK, Raymundo JLP. Falls of older people people living in rural areas: prevalence and associated factors. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72:177–83.PubMedCrossRef

49.

Ehrlich JR, Granger A, Bissen K, Hassan SE, Stagg BC. High prevalence of falls, fear of falling and impaired balance in older adults with vision impairment. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59(9):66.

50.

Fahlström G, Kamwendo K, Forsberg J, Bodin L. Fall prevention by nursing assistants among community-living older people people. A randomised controlled trial. Scand J Car Sci. 2018;32(2):575–85.CrossRef

51.

Fhon JRS, Rosset I, Freitas CP, Silva AO, Santos JLF, Rodrigues RAP. Prevalence of falls among frail older people adults. Rev Saude Publica. 2013;47(2):266–73.PubMedCrossRef

52.

Fletcher PC. Falls among the older people, risk factors and prevention strategies; 1996.

53.

Foran S, McCallion P, McCarron M. The prevalence of falls among older adults with intellectual disability in Ireland. Age Ageing. 2016;45:55–55.

54.

Gale CR, Cooper C, Sayer AA. Prevalence and risk factors for falls in older men and women: the English Longitudinal Study of ageing. Age Ageing. 2016;45(6):789–94.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

55.

George M, Azhar G, Kilmer G, Miller S, Bynum L, Balamurugan A. Falls and comorbid conditions among community dwelling Arkansas older adults from a population-based survey. J Ark Med Soc. 2014;111(7):136–9.PubMed

56.

Handrigan GA, Maltais N, Gagné M, Lamontagne P, Hamel D, Teasdale N, Hue O, Corbeil P, Brown JP, Jean S. Sex-specific association between obesity and self-reported falls and injuries among community-dwelling Canadians aged 65 years and older. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28(2):483–94.PubMedCrossRef

57.

Hanlin ER, Delgado-Rendón A, Lerner EB, Hargarten S, Farías R. Fall risk and prevention needs assessment in an older adult Latino population: a model community global health partnership. Prog Community Health Partnersh. 2013;7(2):191–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

58.

Henwood BF, Rhoades H, Lahey J, Pynoos J, Pitts DB, Brown RT. Examining fall risk among formerly homeless older adults living in permanent supportive housing. Health Soc Care Community. 2020;28(3):842–9.PubMedCrossRef

59.

Holt KR, Noone PL, Short K, Elley CR, Haavik H. Fall risk profile and quality-of-life status of older chiropractic patients. J Manipul Physiol Ther. 2011;34(2):78–87.CrossRef

60.

Isenring E, Baker J, Kerr G. Malnutrition and falls risk in community-dwelling older adults. J Nutr Health Aging. 2013;17(3):277–9.PubMedCrossRef

61.

Janakiraman B, Temesgen MH, Jember G, Gelaw AY, Gebremeskel BF, Ravichandran H, Worku E, Abich Y, Yilak F, Belay M. Falls among community-dwelling older adults in Ethiopia. A preliminary cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(9):66.CrossRef

62.

Izumi K, Makimoto K, Kato M, Hiramatsu T. Prospective study of fall risk assessment among institutionalized older people in Japan. Nurs Health Sci. 2002;4(4):141–7.PubMedCrossRef

63.

Kabeshova A, Annweiler C, Fantino B, Philip T, Gromov VA, Launay CP, Beauchet O. A regression tree for identifying combinations of fall risk factors associated to recurrent falling: a cross-sectional older people population-based study. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2014;26(3):331–6.PubMedCrossRef

64.

Kadir AA, Hasim H. Prevalence of falls in older people men with diabetes in Diabetic Clinic Universiti Sains Malaysia Hospital, Malaysia. J Mens Health. 2011;8:S91–3.CrossRef

65.

Kamińska MS, Brodowski J, Karakiewicz B. Fall risk factors in community-dwelling older people depending on their physical function, cognitive status and symptoms of depression. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(4):3406–16.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

66.

Kang L, Chen X, Han P, Ma Y, Jia L, Fu L, Yu H, Wang L, Hou L, Yu X, et al. A screening tool using five risk factors was developed for fall-risk prediction in chinese community-dwelling older people individuals. Rejuvenation Res. 2018;21(5):416–22.PubMedCrossRef

67.

Kantayaporn C. Fall with and without fracture in older people: what's different? J Med Assoc Thail Chotmaihet thangphaet. 2012;95(Suppl 10):S109–12.

68.

Kim JH. Fall experience and cognitive function in middle aged and older people population. Medicine. 2020;99(18): e19203.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

69.

Kistler BM, Khubchandani J, Wiblishauser M, Wilund KR, Sosnoff JJ. Epidemiology of falls and fall-related injuries among middle-aged adults with kidney disease. Int Urol Nephrol. 2019;51(9):1613–21.PubMedCrossRef

70.

Laessoe U, Hoeck HC, Simonsen O, Sinkjaer T, Voigt M. Fall risk in an active older people population—Can it be assessed? J Negat Results Biomed. 2007;6:2.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

71.

Lastrucci V, Lorini C, Rinaldi G, Bonaccorsi G. Identification of fall predictors in the active older people population from the routine medical records of general practitioners. Primary Health Care Res Dev. 2018;19(2):131–9.CrossRef

72.

Lim J-Y, Jang S-N, Park W-B, Oh MK, Kang EK, Paik N-J. Association between exercise and fear of falling in community-dwelling older people Koreans: results of a cross-sectional public opinion survey. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92(6):954–9.PubMedCrossRef

73.

Lin WQ, Huang TY, Liu L, Yang YO, Li YH, Sun MY, Qin FJ, Yang QY, Shen JC. Prevalence and related factors of depression and falls among the older people living in rural communities of Guangzhou. Psychol Health Med. 2022;6:66.

74.

LoGiudice DC, Smith K, Atkinson D, Dwyer A, Lautenschlager N, Almeida OA, Flicker L. Preliminary evaluation of the prevalence of falls, pain and urinary incontinence in remote living Indigenous Australians over the age of 45 years. Intern Med J. 2012;42(6):E102–7.PubMedCrossRef

75.

Mahmoodabad SSM, Zareipour M, Askarishahi M, Beigomi A. Prevalence of falling and its relation with chronic diseases and balance of older adults in Urmia City. Int J Ayurvedic Med. 2018;9(4):273–8.CrossRef

76.

Miller WC, Speechley M, Deathe B. The prevalence and risk factors of falling and fear of falling among lower extremity amputees. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82(8):1031–7.PubMedCrossRef

77.

Milisen K, Staelens N, Schwendimann R, De Paepe L, Verhaeghe J, Braes T, Boonen S, Pelemans W, Kressig RW, Dejaeger E: Fall prediction in inpatients by bedside nurses using the St. Thomas's Risk Assessment Tool in Falling Older people Inpatients (STRATIFY) instrument: a multicenter study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55(5):725–33.

78.

Ofori-Asenso R, Ackerman IN, Soh SE. Prevalence and correlates of falls in a middle-aged population with osteoarthritis: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Health Soc Care Community. 2022;6:66.

79.

Orces C. Prevalence and determinants of falls among older adults in Ecuador: an analysis of the SABE I survey. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61:S34–S34.

80.

Ouyang P, Sun W. The association between depressive symptoms and fall accidents among middle-aged and older people people in China. Environ Health Prev Med. 2018;23(1):42.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

81.

Pal J, Hale L, Mirfin-Veitch B, Claydon L. Injuries and falls among adults with intellectual disability: a prospective New Zealand cohort study. J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2014;39(1):35–44.CrossRef

82.

Pathania A, Haldar P, Kant S, Gupta SK, Pandav CS, Bachani D. Prevalence of fall, and determinants of repeat incidents of fall in older persons living in old age homes in the National Capital Territory of Delhi. India Natl Med J India. 2018;31(6):329–33.PubMedCrossRef

83.

Pereira SG, dos Santos CB, Doring M, Portella MR. Prevalence of household falls in long-lived adults and association with extrinsic factors. Revista latino-americana de enfermagem. 2017;25:66.CrossRef

84.

Pitchai P, Dedhia HB, Bhandari N, Krishnan D, D’Souza NRJ, Bellara JM. Prevalence, risk factors, circumstances for falls and level of functional independence among geriatric population—a descriptive study. Indian J Public Health. 2019;63(1):21–6.PubMedCrossRef

85.

Schoenfelder DP, Rubenstein LM. An exercise program to improve fall-related outcomes in older people nursing home residents. Appl Nurs Res. 2004;17(1):21–31.PubMedCrossRef

86.

Schumacher J, Pientka L, Trampisch U, Moschny A, Hinrichs T, Thiem U. The prevalence of falls in adults aged 40 years or older in an urban, German population: results from a telephone survey. Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2014;47(2):141–6.PubMedCrossRef

87.

Secil GG, Nesrin N. Prevalence of and risk factors for falls and disability among older people individuals in a Turkish population (Trabzon Province). Int J Med Res Health Sci. 2016;5(8):156–63.

88.

Seifer C, Kenny RA. The prevalence of falls in older persons paced for atrioventricular block and sick sinus syndrome. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2003;12(5):298–305.PubMedCrossRef

89.

Sharif SI, Al-Harbi AB, Al-Shihabi AM, Al-Daour DS, Sharif RS. Falls in the older people: assessment of prevalence and risk factors. Pharmacy Practice-Internet. 2018;16(3):66.

90.

Sharifi F, Fakhrzadeh H, Memari A, Najafi B, Nazari N, Khoee MA, Arzaghi SM, Bakhtiari F, Ghasemi S, Salavatian SN, et al. Predicting risk of the fall among aged adult residents of a nursing home. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2015;61(2):124–30.PubMedCrossRef

91.

Shin KR, Kang Y, Hwang EH, Jung D. The prevalence, characteristics and correlates of falls in Korean community-dwelling older adults. Int Nurs Rev. 2009;56(3):387–92.PubMedCrossRef

92.

Siqueira FV, Facchini LA, da Silveira DS, Piccini RX, Tomasi E, Thume E, Silva SM, Dilelio A. Prevalence of falls in older people in Brazil: a countrywide analysis. Cad Saude Publica. 2011;27(9):1819–26.PubMedCrossRef

93.

Suzuki M, Kurata S, Yamamoto E, Makino K, Kanamori M. Impact of fall-related behaviors as risk factors for falls among the older people patients with dementia in a geriatric facility in Japan. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2012;27(6):439–46.PubMedCrossRef

94.

Tanaka T, Matsumoto H, Son BK, Imaeda S, Uchiyama E, Taniguchi S, Nishino A, Miura T, Tanaka T, Otsuki T, et al. Environmental and physical factors predisposing middle-aged and older Japanese adults to falls and fall-related fractures in the home. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2018;18(9):1372–7.PubMedCrossRef

95.

Topper AK, Maki BE, Holliday PJ. Are activity-based assessments of balance and gait in the older people predictive of risk of falling and/or type of fall? J Am Geriatr Soc. 1993;41(5):479–87.PubMedCrossRef

96.

Tsai L-Y, Tsay S-L, Hsieh R-K, Yu S, Tsai J-M, Chien H-H, Liu S-J. Fall injuries and related factors of older people patients at a Medical Center in Taiwan. Int J Gerontol. 2014;8(4):203–8.CrossRef

97.

Vassallo M, Mallela SK, Williams A, Kwan J, Allen S, Sharma JC. Fall risk factors in older people patients with cognitive impairment on rehabilitation wards. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2009;9(1):41–6.PubMedCrossRef

98.

Vieira LS, Gomes AP, Bierhals IO, Farias-Antunez S, Ribeiro CG, Miranda VIA, Lutz BH, Barbosa-Silva TG, Lima NP, Bertoldi AD, et al. Falls among older adults in the South of Brazil: prevalence and determinants. Revista De Saude Publica. 2018;52:66.CrossRef

99.

Weir E, Culmer L. Fall prevention in the older people population. Can Med Assoc J J de l’Association medicale canadienne. 2004;171(7):724.CrossRef

100.

Whitney DG, Dutt-Mazumder A, Peterson MD, Krishnan C. Fall risk in stroke survivors: effects of stroke plus dementia and reduced motor functional capacity. J Neurol Sci. 2019;401:95–100.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

101.

Ylitalo KR, Karvonen-Gutierrez CA. Body mass index, falls, and injurious falls among U.S. adults: findings from the 2014 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Prev Med. 2016;91:217–23.

102.

Yu PL, Qin ZH, Shi J, Zhang J, Xin MZ, Wu ZL, Sun ZQ. Prevalence and related factors of falls among the older people in an Urban Community of Beijing. Biomed Environ Sci. 2009;22(3):179–87.PubMedCrossRef

103.

Zhou BY, Yu DN, Tao YK, Shi J, Yu PL. Relationship between fall and frailty index in older people adults of urban community in Beijing. Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi Zhonghua liuxingbingxue zazhi. 2018;39(3):308–12.

104.

Bagheri A, Fatemeh M, Maryam M, Ameneh S. Prevalence of falls at home and related external factors in the older people in Qazvin. J Qazvin Univ Med Sci. 1998;23(5):440–51.

105.

Parisa TT, Elahe A, Samaneh A, Hamid S. A study of the prevalence of falls and its characteristics in the Iranian older people. J Saf Promot Inj Prev. 2014;2(4):313–30.

106.

Habibeh Ahmadi P, HorasaRazavi I. Risk factors related to falls in the older people referred to comprehensive health care centers in Kerman: a cross-sectional study. J Isfahan Med Sch. 2020;38(578):376–82.

107.

Hosseini S, Ahmadi Ahangar A, Ghanbari N, Bijani A. Prevalence of falls and its association with serum vitamin D levels in the older people population of Amirkola City. JBUMS. 2016;18(8):20–8.

108.

Salman Kh, Sakineh M, Razieh Mir M, Somayeh Kh, Mohammadian A, Reza P. Epidemiological study of accidents in the older people in Hamadan province during 2009–2010. J Monit. 2016;15(5):523.

109.

Seyedeh Roghayeh Jafarian A, Ali Z, Parvin Aziznejad R, Seyed R, Ali B. J Babol Univ Med Sci. 2020;15(5):95–101.

110.

Forouzan N, Seyed MR. Accidents in the older people referred to Shiraz University Hospitals-Winter 2004. Pars J Med Sci. 2007;5(1):41.

111.

Mohsen Vakili P, Seyed Reza H, Siavash P, Ali B. Association between anemia and falling in the older people in Amirkola. J Babol Univ Med Sci. 2020;19(5):14–22.

112.

Marzieh G, Ebrahim F, Akram S, Leila C, Ensieh G, Leila M. A study of common health problems of the older people referred to health centers in Azadshahr in 2013. J Health Nurs Dev. 2013;9(24):33–44.

113.

Munawar Afzal A, Saleh N, Ali Khorsand Vakil Z, Fatemeh AS. The ultimate cause and effect of preventable accidents in the older people: An epidemiological study. Iran J Emerg Med. 2016;3(1):28–33.

114.

Nabavi SH, Hatami ST, Norouzi F, Gerivani Z, Hatami SE, Monadi Ziarat H, et al. Prevalence of fall and its related factors among older people in Bojnurd in 2015. Salmand Iran J Ageing. 2016;11(3):466–73.CrossRef

115.

Najafi Ghezlcheh T, Ariapour S, Jafari OM. Epidemiology and relationship of fall and fear of falling in the older people residing at Kamrani Nursing Home, Tehran, Iran. Salmand Iran J Ageing. 2016;10(4):152–61.

116.

Na'emani F, Esmaiil Zali M, Sohrabi Z, Fayaz-Bakhsh A. Prevalence of risk factors for falls among the older people receiving care at home. Salmand Iran J Ageing. 2019;13(5):638–51.

117.

Vahidreza Borhani N, Vahid R, Razieh T, Ahmad D, Ghasemz Hossein. The relationship between fear of falling and physical activity in the older people. J Mashhad Univ Med Sci. 2015;58(8):446–52.

118.

Iranfar M, Ainy E, Soori H. Fall epidemiology in the Older people Residents of Care Centers in Tehran–1390. Salmand Iran J Ageing. 2013;8(2):30–8.

119.

Ghodsi SM, Roudsari BS, Abdollahi M, Shadman M. Fall-related injuries in the older people in Tehran. Injury. 2003;34(11):809–14.PubMedCrossRef

120.

Mazharizad F, Dadipoor S, Madani A, Moradabadi AS. Investigating the prevalence and causes of events leading to falls among the older people hospitalized in Bandar Abbas hospitals. J Educ Health Promot. 2015;4:11.PubMedPubMedCentral

121.

Hadinejad Z, Talebi H, Masdari F. Trauma epidemiology among rescued older people clients in Pre-Hospital Emergency Department of Mazandaran. Salmand Iran J Ageing. 2017;12(3):372–83.

122.

Safizadeh H, Habibi H, Zahmatkesh R, Samery M. The study of the older people accidents in Kerman Province on 2006–9. Salmand Iran J Ageing. 2013;8(1):49–55.

123.

Gholami J, Shahbolaghi FM, Norouzi K, Soltani PR. The relationship between fear of falling and activity limitations among seniors of Ghaem Shahr City in 2013. In: 2015; 2015.

124.

Rose S, Maffulli N. Hip fractures. An epidemiological review. Bull Hosp Jt Dis. 1999;58(4):197–201.PubMed

Titel: Global prevalence of falls in the older adults: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis
verfasst von: Nader Salari
Niloofar Darvishi
Melika Ahmadipanah
Shamarina Shohaimi
Masoud Mohammadi
Publikationsdatum: 01.12.2022
Verlag: BioMed Central
Erschienen in: Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research / Ausgabe 1/2022
Elektronische ISSN: 1749-799X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-022-03222-1

Arthropedia

Grundlagenwissen der Arthroskopie und Gelenkchirurgie. Erweitert durch Fallbeispiele, Videos und Abbildungen.
» Jetzt entdecken

Neu im Fachgebiet Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Tennisarm: „Ein bisschen Physio würde ich mich schon trauen“

06.06.2024 Schmerzsyndrome Nachrichten

Eine Therapie mit nachgewiesenem Nutzen gibt es bei Epicondylitis lateralis derzeit nicht. Das heißt jedoch nicht, dass man die Betroffenen mit ihren Beschwerden allein lassen sollte, so der Rat eines Experten. Gute Erfahrungen habe er zum Beispiel mit der Stoßwellentherapie gemacht.

Knie-TEP: Kein Vorteil durch antibiotikahaltigen Knochenzement

29.05.2024 Periprothetische Infektionen Nachrichten

Zur Zementierung einer Knie-TEP wird in Deutschland zu über 98% Knochenzement verwendet, der mit einem Antibiotikum beladen ist. Ob er wirklich besser ist als Zement ohne Antibiotikum, kann laut Registerdaten bezweifelt werden.

Häusliche Gewalt in der orthopädischen Notaufnahme oft nicht erkannt

28.05.2024 Häusliche Gewalt Nachrichten

In der Notaufnahme wird die Chance, Opfer von häuslicher Gewalt zu identifizieren, von Orthopäden und Orthopädinnen offenbar zu wenig genutzt. Darauf deuten die Ergebnisse einer Fragebogenstudie an der Sahlgrenska-Universität in Schweden hin.

Fehlerkultur in der Medizin – Offenheit zählt!

28.05.2024 Fehlerkultur Podcast

Darüber reden und aus Fehlern lernen, sollte das Motto in der Medizin lauten. Und zwar nicht nur im Sinne der Patientensicherheit. Eine negative Fehlerkultur kann auch die Behandelnden ernsthaft krank machen, warnt Prof. Dr. Reinhard Strametz. Ein Plädoyer und ein Leitfaden für den offenen Umgang mit kritischen Ereignissen in Medizin und Pflege.

Update Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Publisher's Note

Background

Methods

Searching strategy and study selection

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Qualitative evaluation

Extracting the data

Statistical analysis

Results

Study selection and data extraction

Meta-analysis

Meta-regression test

Subgroup Analysis

Discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Consent for publication

Competing interests

Publisher's Note

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2022

The accuracy of an extramedullary femoral cutting system in total knee arthroplasty in patients with severe coronal femoral bowing: a radiographic study

Fibrin glue does not assist migration and proliferation of chondrocytes in collagenic membranes: an in vitro study

Robotic-assisted versus manual total hip arthroplasty in obese patients: a retrospective case–control study

The effect of various weight-bearing activities on the motion of lumbar facet joints in vivo

Patient-specific instrumentation for total knee arthroplasty improves reproducibility in the planned rotational positioning of the tibial component

Distal chevron osteotomy versus different operative procedures for hallux valgus correction: a meta-analysis

Arthropedia

Neu im Fachgebiet Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Tennisarm: „Ein bisschen Physio würde ich mich schon trauen“

Knie-TEP: Kein Vorteil durch antibiotikahaltigen Knochenzement

Häusliche Gewalt in der orthopädischen Notaufnahme oft nicht erkannt

Fehlerkultur in der Medizin – Offenheit zählt!

Update Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie