Background
Composition and metabolites of GM affect the occurrence of CHD
The composition of GM affects the occurrence of CHD
Metabolites of GM affect the occurrence of CHD
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) affects the occurrence of CHD (Fig. 2)
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) affect the occurrence of CHD (Fig. 3)
Bile acids (BAs) affect the occurrence of CHD
Mechanism of gut microbiota in the aetiology of TCM for CHD
Therapeutic intervention with TCM
Monomers (Table 2)
Monomers | Herbs | Physiological function related to gut microbiota | Gut microbiota | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Resveratrol | Polygonum cuspidatum, Ampelopsis japonica, Smilax glabra Roxb | (1) Improve the dysbiosis of gut microbiota (2) Reduce TMA via inhibiting the metabolism of choline and attenuate TMAO-induced AS (3) Activate the BSH and promote the catabolism of BAs (4) Decrease mRNA expression of genes related to fatty acid synthesis, lipogenesis and adipogenesis through the FiaF signaling pathway (5) Improve glucose homeostasis in obese individuals (6) Lower the inflammatory state of obese individuals |
Increased:
the ratio of Bacteroides to Firmicutes, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides
Decreased:
Enterococcus faecalis, Proteobacteria, Turicibacteraceae, Moryella, Lachnospiraceae, | Chen et al. [74] Qiao et al. [75] Sung et al. [76] |
Berberine | Coptis chinensis Franch, cortex phellodendri | (1) Reduce atherosclerosis (2) Revert the high-fat diet-induced structural changes of gut microbiota and enrich SCFA-producing bacteria (2) Lower arterial and intestinal expression of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines (3) Suppress anaerobic production of TMA and inhibit the choline-to-TMA transformation (4) Reduce body weight, blood glucose levels and intestinal inflammation |
Increased:
Akkermansia spp., Allobaculum, Butyricoccus, Blautia, Bacteriodes, Phascolarctobacterium, Ruminococcus, Coprococcu, Lactobacillus
Decreased:
C. sporogenes, A. hydrogenalis, Prevotella, Proteus | Zhu et al. [77] Li et al. [78] Zhang et al. [79] Zhang et al. [80] |
Resveratrol
Berberine
Herbs (Table 3)
Herbs | Components | Physiological function related to gut microbiota | Gut microbiota | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mulberry leaves | Mulberry leaf water extracts | (1) Promote SCFAs-produced gut microbial fermentation and the excretion of fecal sterol and bile acid (2) Reduce the serum total cholesterol level and the atherosclerotic index (3) Modify the disturbed gut microbiota to be restored (4) Improve lipid metabolism and prevent body fat accumulation | Increased: Leptotrichia, Bacteroidetes
Decreased:
Cyanobacteria Proteobacteria | He et al. [92] Ma et al. [93] |
Mulberry leaf flavonoids, polysaccharides and alkaloids | (1) Generate SCFAs (2) Regulate blood glucose level |
Increased:
Bacteroides
Decreased:
Desulfovibrio, Roseburia, Lachnospiraceae | Wang et al. [94] Zhang et al. [95] [96] | |
Mulberry dietary fiber and polyphenols | Reduce weight |
Increased:
N/A Decreased: Lachnespiraceae, Clostridiales | Li et al. [97] | |
Astragalus membranaceus
| Astragalus Polysaccharides | (1) Restore the balance of gut microbiota (2) Reduce the energy intake from HFD and the weight growth rate |
Increased:
the ratio of Bacteroides to Firmicutes, Decreased: Proteobacteria | He et al. [96] |
Astragali Radix vesicle-like nanoparticles | (1) Improve the gut microbiota dysbiosis (2) Reduce the fasting blood glucose and improve insulin resistance |
Increased:
the ratio of Bacteroides to Firmicutes, Muribaculaceae Decreased: Proteobacteria Lactobacillaceae Lachnospiraceae | Gao et al. [98] | |
Calycosin | Balance harmful and beneficial gut microbiota |
Increased:
Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus mesenteroides Decreased: Pathogenic bacteria, Enterococcus hirsutum, Enterobacter mesenteroides | Zhang. [99] | |
Astragaloside IV | (1) Up-regulate the expression of AMPK/SIRTI and PI3K/AKT proteins to alleviate injuries from insulin resistance and oxidative stress (2) Up-regulate abundance of SCFAs-producing bacteria (3) Lower blood glucose and maintain body weight |
Increased:
Alistipes, Odoribactercan, Riken, Parabacteroides, Akkermansia Decreased: Lachnespiraceae, Clostridiales,
Proteobacteria
| Xiao et al. [100] Meng et al. [101] | |
Ganoderma lucidum
| Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides | (1) Regulate gut microbiota of type 2 diabetic (2) Promote the production of SCFAs (3) Affect some pathways through gut microbiota, to alleviate the symptoms |
Increased:
Bifidobacterium, Blautia, Clostricibacter, Coprococcus
Decreased:
Leuconostoc, Enterococcu, Dorea | Ding [102] |
Ganoderma lucidum spore oligosaccharides | (1) Regulate structure of the gut microbiota (2) Promote the production of SCFAs |
Increased:
Prevotella, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium
Decreased:
Escherichia coli | Yang et al. [103] | |
Ganoderma lucidum mycelium | (1) Alleviate gut microbiota of obesity (2) Maintain intestinal barrier integrity and reduce metabolic endotoxemia (3) Reduce and improve insulin resistance inflammation |
Increased:
the ratio of Bacteroides to Firmicutes,
Decreased:
Escherichia spp. | Chang et al. [104] | |
Ginseng | Ginsenoside Rg5 | (1) Improve gut microbiota of Diabetic (2) Repair the intestinal barrier and alleviates metabolic endotoxemia related inflammation (3) Improve insulin resistance and blood glucose in diabetic |
Increased:
the ratio of Bacteroides to Firmicutes, Clostridium clusters XIVa, XVIII, and IV, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Faecalibacterium, Dialist
Decreased:
Dorea, Escherichia Shigella | Wei et al. [105] Yue 2021 [106] |
Seaweed | Seaweed polysaccharides | (1) Regulate structure of the gut microbiota (2) Promote the production of SCFAs (3) improve the symptoms of diabetic (4) change the secretion and metabolism of mucin in intestinal mucus and against some infection (5) Increase Carbohydrate-Active enzymes and anti-obesity |
Increased:
the ratio of Bacteroides to Firmicutes, Clostridium cluster XIVa, Parabacteroides and Bacteroides
Decreased:
Clostridium cluster XIVb and XI | Chen et al. [107] Cheng et al. [108] Deville et al. [109] Nguyen et al. [110] |
Insoluble dietary fiber | (1) Regulate structure of the gut microbiota (2) Promote the production of SCFAs and improve the blood glucose level and fat metabolism |
Increased:
the ratio of Bacteroides to Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, Akkermansia
Decreased:
N/A | Zhang et al. [111] | |
Rhubarb | Rhubarb anthraquinone | (1) Regulate structure of the gut microbiota (2) Enhance intestinal barrier and reduce LPS induced inflammation (3) Promote the production of SCFAs and induce GLP-1 secretion to ameliorate insulin resistance (4) Anti- obesity |
Increased:
the ratio of Bacteroides to Firmicutes, Clostridium, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Roseburia
Decreased:
Desulfovibrio | Yu et al. [112] Regnier et al. [113] Cui et al. [114] Wang et al. [115] |
Salvia miltiorrhiza
| Salvianolic acid B | (1) Regulate structure of the gut microbiota (2) Improve insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism disorder (3) Alleviate gut permeability |
Increased:
Bifidobacterium, Adlercreutzia, Lactobacillales
Decreased:
Bacteria genera Helicobacter, Desulfovibrio, Mucispirillum, Gram-negative Proteobacteria, Deferribacteres | Lin et al. [116] Zhou et al. [117] |
Mulberry leaf
Astragalus membranaceus
Ganoderma lucidum
Ginsenoside
Seaweed
Rhubarb
Salvia miltiorrhiza
Herb pair and Decoctions (Table 4)
Herb pair/prescription | Herbs | Physiological function related to gut microbiota | Gut microbiota | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Paired-drugs of Astragalus membranaceus and Salvia miltiorrhiza(HD) | Astragalus membranaceus, Salvia miltiorrhiza | (1) Improve insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia (2) Reduce the level of circulating inflammatory factors, fat content and endotoxemia (3) Regulate blood pressure |
Increased:
The ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes Lactobacillus intestinalis, Akkermansia, Akkermansia muciniphila
Decreased:
N/A | Han et al. [138] |
Xiexin Tang (XXT) | Rhei Rhizoma, Scutellariae Radix, Coptidis Rhizoma | (1) Regulate structure of the gut microbiota (2) Ameliorate hyperglycemia, lipid metabolism dysfunction and inflammation (3) Exhibit vasorelaxant andantihypertensive effects |
Increased:
Lactobacillus, Blautia, Adlercreutzia
Decreased:
Alloprevotella, Papillibacter, Prevotellaceae NK3B31, Lachnospiraceae UCG-001 | Xiao et al. [139] Wei et al. [140] Wu et al. [141] |
Bu Yang Huan Wu Decoction (BYHWD) | Angelica sinensis, Astragalus membranaceus, Amygdalus persica, Carthamus tinctorius, Paeonia lactiflora, Ligusticum chuanxiong, Pheretima aspergillum | (1) Regulate structure of the gut microbiota (2) Reduce TMAO levels and reducing LDL-C (3) Affect the plasma metabolites profile of ischemic symptoms (4) Antioxidation and reduce the hypercoagulable state of blood |
Increased:
Bacteroidetes
Decreased:
Escherichia coli, Clostridium, Dsulfovibrionaceae, Coriobacteriacea, Rikenellaceae, Peptococcaceae | Li et al. [142] Sun et al. [143] Wu et al. [144] |