Background
Methods
Study design and participant selection
Pain assessment
Ultrasound assessment
Radiographic OA assessment
Muscle strength assessment
Statistical analysis
Sample size
Primary analysis
Other analyses
Reliability
Results
Baseline cross-sectional study
Demographics
No knee pain | Early knee pain | Established knee pain |
p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
N
| 94 | 298 | 103 | |
Age (years), mean (SD) | 60.98 (9.81) | 61.42 (9.66) | 59.53 (10.04) | 0.2992* |
Women, n (%) | 58 (61.70) | 179 (60.07) | 63 (61.17) | 0.9509** |
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 26.78 (4.49) | 28.85 (5.70) | 31.96 (6.49) | < 0.0001* |
Pain severity (NRS 0–10)a, mean (SD) | 4.55 (2.52) | 7.40 (2.14) | < 0.0001†
| |
Global X-ray score (mm, 0–60), mean (SD) | 2.24 (3.08) | 5.72 (7.00) | 11.28 (9.26) | < 0.0001* |
Radiographic OA, n (%) | 7 (7.45) | 80 (26.85) | 49 (47.57) | < 0.0001** |
Muscle strengthb, n (%) | ||||
Quadriceps strength (kg, lowest tertile) | 33 (35.11) | 99 (33.22) | 65 (63.11) | < 0.0001** |
Hip abductor strength (kg, lowest tertile) | 33 (35.11) | 119 (39.93) | 68 (66.02) | < 0.0001** |
Use of analgesics, n (%) | ||||
Prescribed NSAIDs | 3 (3.19) | 19 (6.38) | 15 (14.56) | 0.0018 |
Opioids | 3 (3.19) | 44 (14.77) | 22 (21.36) | 0.0005 |
Over-the-counter NSAIDs | 12 (12.77) | 68 (22.82) | 32 (31.07) | 0.0021 |
Reliability
Ultrasound synovial features and KP
No knee pain | Early knee pain | Established knee pain |
p for trend | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Effusion | ||||
Mean ± SD (mm) | 3.02 (2.10) | 4.48 (3.64) | 5.89 (3.48) | < 0.0001 |
≥ 4 mm, n (%) | 23 (24.47) | 136 (45.64) | 64 (62.14) | < 0.0001 |
≥ 4 mm, OR (95% CI) | 1 | 2.64 (1.57–4.45) | 5.07 (2.74–9.38) | |
≥ 4 mm, aOR (95% CI) | 1 | 1.90 (1.07–3.39) | 1.92 (0.92–4.00) | |
Synovial hypertrophy | ||||
Mean ± SD (mm) | 0.65 (1.56) | 2.01 (2.66) | 3.57 (3.49) | < 0.0001 |
≥ 4 mm, n (%) | 5 (5.32) | 69 (23.15) | 44 (42.72) | < 0.0001 |
≥ 4 mm, OR (95% CI) | 1 | 5.43 (2.12–13.92) | 13.27 (4.97–35.43) | |
≥ 4 mm, aOR (95% CI) | 1 | 3.17 (1.17–8.53) | 4.97 (1.66–14.86) | |
Power Doppler signals, n (%) | 0 | 10 (3.36) | 2 (1.94) | 0.4252 |
One year follow-up study
Descriptive | OR (95% CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Stable/improved | Worsened | Crude | Age, gender, BMI-adjusted | |
N
| 192 | 63 | ||
Effusion | ||||
Mean (SD) (mm) | 4.24 (3.44) | 6.20 (4.09) |
1.15 (1.06–1.24)
|
1.11 (1.02–1.20)
|
Effusion ≥ 4 mm, n (%) | 79 (41.58) | 40 (63.49) |
2.44 (1.36–4.40)
|
1.95 (1.05–3.64)
|
Synovial hypertrophy | ||||
Mean (SD) (mm) | 2.06 (2.89) | 3.35 (3.35) |
1.14 (1.04–1.24)
| 1.09 (0.99–1.20) |
Thickness ≥ 4 mm, n (%) | 45 (23.68) | 24 (38.10) |
1.98 (1.08–3.64)
| 1.40 (0.72–2.74) |
Power Doppler signal, n (%) | 8 (4.17) | 1 (1.59) | 0.37 (0.05–3.03) | 0.47 (0.06–4.02) |
Global radiographic score (0–-60), mean (SD) | 5.81 (7.19) | 13.58 (9.40) |
1.11 (1.07–1.15)
|
1.10 (1.06–1.14)
|
Radiographic OA, n (%) | 44 (23.16) | 39 (62.90) |
5.63 (3.04–10.41)
|
4.73 (2.46–9.10)
|
Quadriceps strength (kg, lowest tertile) | 66 (34.74) | 34 (53.97) |
2.20 (1.24–3.93)
|
1.89 (1.04–3.46)
|