Background
Methods
Sociodemographic and disease-associated data
Disease activity and severity scores
Functional and mental health status
Statistical analysis
Results
Total (N = 220) | |
---|---|
Demographic, % (n) | |
Age, mean ± SD | 47.2 ± 14.1 |
Gender | |
Female | 32.7% (72) |
Male | 67.3% (148) |
Smoking | |
Non-smoker | 79.0% (173) |
Smoker | 9.6% (21) |
Ex-smoker | 11.4% (25) |
Drinking | |
Non-drinker | 31.5% (69) |
Ex-drinker | 10.5% (23) |
Social drinker | 53.0% (116) |
Current drinker | 4.6% (10) |
Education level | |
Nil | 0.5% (1) |
Primary | 10.5% (23) |
Secondary | 47.5% (104) |
Tertiary or above | 41.6% (91) |
Family income level | |
< US$1282 | 18.9% (41) |
US$1282–3846 | 42.9% (93) |
US$3846–7692 | 20.7% (45) |
> US$7692 | 17.5% (38) |
Occupation | |
Student | 5.5% (12) |
Housewife | 7.3% (16) |
Work | 70.0% (154) |
Unemployed | 4.1% (9) |
Retired | 13.2% (29) |
Clinical, % (n) | |
Peripheral arthritis | |
No | 60.5% (133) |
Yes | 39.5% (87) |
Dactylitis | |
No | 96.3% (211) |
Yes | 3.7% (8) |
Uveitis | |
No | 63.9% (140) |
Yes | 36.1% (79) |
Psoriasis | |
No | 85.0% (187) |
Yes | 15.0% (33) |
Backpain duration | 16.6 ± 12.1 |
Psoriasis duration | 16.1 ± 11.9 |
Any back pain | |
No | 9.2% (20) |
Yes | 90.8% (197) |
Current back pain | |
No | 23.5% (51) |
Yes | 76.5% (166) |
Spinal pain in the past week | 3.95 ± 2.69 |
No | 10.5% (23) |
Yes | 89.5% (197) |
Tender joints | 0.32 ± 1.07 |
Swollen joints | 0.16 ± 0.94 |
Dactylitis score | 0.01 ± 0.10 |
Enthesitis score | 0.20 ± 0.69 |
CRP | 0.73 ± 1.45 |
ESR | 24.2 ± 19.2 |
Mean ± SD | Observed range | Theoretical range | Cronbach’s alpha | Floor | Ceiling | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ODI score | 19.1 ± 15.6 | (0.0, 66.0) | (0.0, 100.0) | 0.895 | 1.4% (3) | 0.0% (0) |
HADS score | ||||||
Depression | 5.0 ± 3.7 | (0.0, 19.0) | (0.0, 21.0) | 0.835 | 5.8% (12) | 0.0% (0) |
Anxiety | 5.8 ± 3.7 | (0.0, 16.0) | (0.0, 21.0) | 0.860 | 4.8% (10) | 0.0% (0) |
Total | 10.8 ± 6.9 | (0.0, 35.0) | (0.0, 42.0) | 0.908 | 3.9% (8) | 0.0% (0) |
EQ-5D VAS score | 62.9 ± 18.9 | (10.0, 97.0) | (0.0, 100.0) | NA | 0.0% (0) | 0.0% (0) |
EQ-5D-5 L score | 0.789 ± 0.191 | (− 0.044, 1.000) | (− 0.391, 1.000) | 0.843 | 0.0% (0) | 3.2% (7) |
BASFI | 2.2 ± 2.2 | (0.0, 8.9) | (0.0, 10.0) | 0.940 | 6.4% (14) | 0.0% (0) |
BASMI | 4.0 ± 1.6 | (0.7, 8.2) | (0.0, 10.0) | 0.806 | 0.0% (0) | 0.0% (0) |
SF-36 | ||||||
Physical functioning | 74.2 ± 20.4 | (5.0, 100.0) | (0.0, 100.0) | 0.900 | 0.0% (0) | 7.4% (12) |
Role physical | 70.7 ± 23.4 | (0.0, 100.0) | (0.0, 100.0) | 0.941 | 0.0% (0) | 13.5% (22) |
Role emotional | 72.5 ± 25.3 | (0.0, 100.0) | (0.0, 100.0) | 0.936 | 0.0% (0) | 16.0% (26) |
Vitality | 52.7 ± 19.7 | (0.0, 93.8) | (0.0, 100.0) | 0.792 | 0.6% (1) | 0.0% (0) |
Emotional well-being | 67.0 ± 17.6 | (20.0, 100.0) | (0.0, 100.0) | 0.819 | 0.0% (0) | 1.9% (3) |
Social functioning | 77.4 ± 22.0 | (12.5, 100.0) | (0.0, 100.0) | 0.846 | 0.0% (0) | 17.3% (28) |
Bodily pain | 61.9 ± 22.3 | (10.0, 100.0) | (0.0, 100.0) | 0.852 | 0.0% (0) | 1.9% (3) |
General health | 42.0 ± 20.1 | (0.0, 95.0) | (0.0, 100.0) | 0.823 | 1.3% (2) | 0.0% (0) |
PCS | 44.2 ± 8.2 | (19.5, 60.7) | (0.0, 100.0) | 0.959 | 0.0% (0) | 0.0% (0) |
MCS | 45.5 ± 10.6 | (17.3, 71.1) | (0.0, 100.0) | 0.959 | 0.0% (0) | 0.0% (0) |
BASDAI | 3.5 ± 2.0 | (0.0, 9.2) | (0.0, 10.0) | 0.905 | 0.0% (0) | 0.0% (0) |
ASDAS-CRP | 1.6 ± 1.0 | (0.0, 5.2) | NA | NA | 0.0% (0) | 0.0% (0) |
Subscale/total score | Intra-class correlation | |||
n
| Estimate | 95% CI | ||
EQ-5D-5 L score | 163 | 0.828 | (0.83, 0.91) | |
EQ-5D-5 L domain |
n
| Weighted Kappa | 95% CI | Agreement (%) |
Mobility | 163 | 0.609 | (0.49, 0.73) | 90.59 |
Self-care | 163 | 0.445 | (0.33, 0.56) | 87.73 |
Usual activities | 163 | 0.529 | (0.41, 0.64) | 91.10 |
Pain/discomfort | 163 | 0.463 | (0.36, 0.57) | 86.71 |
Depression/anxiety | 163 | 0.610 | (0.5, 0.72) | 92.33 |
ODI score | HADS score | EQ-5D VAS score | EQ-5D-5 L score | BASFI | BASMI | BASDAI | ASDAS-CRP | |||
Depression | Anxiety | Total | ||||||||
SF-36 | ||||||||||
Physical functioning | − .808a | − .490a | − .365a | − .466a | .546a | .722a | − .771a | − .420a | − .609a | − .620a |
Role physical | − .722a | − .535a | − .522a | − .562a | .547a | .701a | − .581a | − .243a | − .557a | − .536a |
Role emotional | − .623a | − .616a | − .574a | − .638a | .472a | .619a | − .501a | − .209a | − .555a | − .480a |
Vitality | − .622a | − .628a | − .565a | − .635a | .541a | .557a | − .495a | − 0.130 | − .574a | − .467a |
Emotional well-being | − .433a | − .734a | − .737a | − .794a | .363a | .468a | − .344a | − 0.092 | − .400a | − .284a |
Social functioning | − .638a | − .690a | − .667a | − .726a | .521a | .618a | − .521a | − .189* | − .522a | − .465a |
Bodily pain | − .788a | − .412a | − .398a | − .438a | .533a | .725a | − .611a | − .223a | − .744a | − .695a |
General health | − .532a | − .501a | − .541a | − .556a | .484a | .505a | − .469a | −.168* | − .483a | − .496a |
PCS | − .815a | − .389a | − .347a | − .395a | .569a | .723a | − .711a | − .352a | − .660a | − .696a |
MCS | − .486a | − .737a | − .750a | − .796a | .426a | .501a | − .382a | − 0.107 | − .459a | − .344a |
EQ-5D-5 L score | − .794a | − .538a | − .466a | − .539a | .584a | NA | − .693a | − .237a | − .718a | − .599a |
Back pain duration | Psoriasis duration | Tender joints | Swollen joints | Dactylitis score | Enthesitis score | CRP | ESR | |||
SF-36 | ||||||||||
Physical functioning | − 0.107 | − 0.262 | − .220a | − 0.062 | 0.011 | − 0.152 | − .203a | − .158b | ||
Role physical | 0.038 | − 0.145 | − .173b | − 0.046 | 0.070 | − 0.129 | − 0.075 | −0.099 | ||
Role emotional | − 0.098 | − 0.280 | − .169b | − 0.096 | 0.053 | −0.054 | − 0.040 | −0.004 | ||
Vitality | − 0.077 | − 0.203 | − 0.006 | − 0.030 | 0.118 | − 0.050 | − 0.097 | −0.026 | ||
Emotional well-being | − 0.144 | − 0.465 | − 0.066 | − 0.098 | 0.009 | 0.010 | 0.001 | 0.021 | ||
Social functioning | − 0.066 | − 0.289 | − 0.148 | − 0.057 | 0.026 | − 0.033 | − 0.016 | 0.026 | ||
Bodily pain | − 0.010 | − 0.191 | − .274a | − 0.147 | − 0.033 | − .179b | − 0.031 | 0.042 | ||
General health | 0.008 | − 0.329 | − 0.061 | − 0.071 | 0.018 | − 0.025 | − .179b | − 0.028 | ||
PCS | 0.075 | − 0.181 | − .214a | − 0.085 | 0.014 | − .185b | − .203b | − 0.114 | ||
MCS | − 0.115 | − 0.302 | − 0.035 | − 0.093 | 0.072 | 0.006 | − 0.034 | 0.047 | ||
EQ-5D-5 L score | − 0.046 | − 0.353 | − .177a | − 0.118 | − 0.058 | − 0.129 | − 0.118 | − 0.076 |
BASDAI | Peripheral arthritis | |||||||||||||
Low disease activity [< 4] (n = 135) | High disease activity [≥ 4] (n = 85) |
P
| Mean difference | 95% CI | No (n = 133) | Yes (n = 87) |
P
| Mean difference | 95% CI | |||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||||||
ODI score | 12.0 | 10.7 | 30.5 | 15.6 | < 0.001* | − 18.4 | (− 21.9, − 14.9) | 17.8 | 15.0 | 21.2 | 16.5 | 0.112 | −3.4 | (−7.7, 0.8) |
HADS score | ||||||||||||||
Depression | 4.1 | 3.4 | 6.4 | 3.7 | < 0.001* | − 2.3 | (− 3.3, − 1.3) | 5.0 | 3.1 | 5.0 | 4.4 | 0.938 | 0.0 | (−1.1, 1.0) |
Anxiety | 4.9 | 3.5 | 7.4 | 3.6 | < 0.001* | − 2.5 | (− 3.5, − 1.5) | 5.9 | 3.6 | 5.8 | 3.9 | 0.934 | 0.0 | (−1.0, 1.1) |
Total | 8.9 | 6.3 | 13.8 | 6.7 | < 0.001* | − 4.9 | (− 6.7, − 3.0) | 10.8 | 6.2 | 10.8 | 7.9 | 0.952 | 0.1 | (−1.9, 2.0) |
EQ-5D VAS score | 68.1 | 17.6 | 54.4 | 17.9 | < 0.001* | 13.7 | (8.8, 18.5) | 63.2 | 19.4 | 62.4 | 18.2 | 0.764 | 0.8 | (−4.4, 5.9) |
EQ-5D-5 L score | 0.874 | 0.122 | 0.656 | 0.206 | < 0.001* | 0.2 | (0.2, 0.3) | 0.807 | 0.179 | 0.763 | 0.207 | 0.097 | 0.0 | (0.0, 0.1) |
BASFI | 1.3 | 1.5 | 3.6 | 2.4 | < 0.001* | − 2.3 | (− 2.8, − 1.8) | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 0.128 | −0.5 | (− 1.1, 0.1) |
BASMI | 3.8 | 1.6 | 4.2 | 1.5 | 0.058 | − 0.4 | (− 0.8, 0.0) | 4.0 | 1.5 | 4.0 | 1.7 | 0.957 | 0.0 | (− 0.4, 0.4) |
SF-36 | ||||||||||||||
Physical functioning | 81.2 | 17.1 | 61.2 | 19.7 | < 0.001* | 20.0 | (14.2, 25.9) | 75.1 | 21.8 | 73.0 | 18.3 | 0.515 | 2.1 | (−4.3, 8.5) |
Role physical | 78.0 | 20.1 | 57.1 | 23.2 | < 0.001* | 20.9 | (14.0, 27.8) | 72.8 | 22.8 | 67.9 | 24.0 | 0.192 | 4.8 | (−2.5, 12.1) |
Role emotional | 80.4 | 21.3 | 57.7 | 25.8 | < 0.001* | 22.7 | (15.2, 30.1) | 72.8 | 24.6 | 72.0 | 26.4 | 0.838 | 0.8 | (−7.1, 8.8) |
Vitality | 58.7 | 18.8 | 41.4 | 16.4 | < 0.001* | 17.3 | (11.4, 23.1) | 51.9 | 19.5 | 53.8 | 20.1 | 0.551 | −1.9 | (−8.0, 4.3) |
Emotional well-being | 70.3 | 16.4 | 61.1 | 18.2 | 0.001* | 9.2 | (3.7, 14.8) | 67.3 | 16.7 | 66.7 | 18.8 | 0.839 | 0.6 | (− 5.0, 6.1) |
Social functioning | 83.8 | 18.4 | 65.2 | 23.1 | < 0.001* | 18.7 | (12.1, 25.2) | 77.3 | 23.0 | 77.5 | 20.6 | 0.943 | −0.3 | (−7.2, 6.7) |
Bodily pain | 71.7 | 18.3 | 43.7 | 17.0 | < 0.001* | 28.1 | (22.3, 33.9) | 63.8 | 22.9 | 59.2 | 21.3 | 0.191 | 4.6 | (−2.3, 11.6) |
General health | 47.7 | 18.9 | 31.2 | 17.7 | < 0.001* | 16.5 | (10.4, 22.7) | 40.7 | 19.7 | 43.9 | 20.5 | 0.333 | −3.1 | (−9.6, 3.3) |
PCS | 47.5 | 6.6 | 37.9 | 7.4 | < 0.001* | 9.6 | (7.3, 11.9) | 44.7 | 8.7 | 43.5 | 7.5 | 0.349 | 1.3 | (−1.4, 3.9) |
MCS | 47.9 | 9.4 | 41.0 | 11.5 | < 0.001* | 6.8 | (3.5, 10.2) | 45.1 | 10.3 | 46.0 | 11.2 | 0.625 | −0.8 | (−4.3, 2.6) |
BASDAI | 2.2 | 1.0 | 5.7 | 1.2 | < 0.001* | − 3.5 | (− 3.8, − 3.2) | 3.4 | 2.1 | 3.7 | 2.0 | 0.316 | −0.3 | (−0.8, 0.3) |
ASDAS-CRP | 1.1 | 0.7 | 2.5 | 0.8 | < 0.001* | − 1.5 | (− 1.7, − 1.3) | 1.6 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 0.563 | − 0.1 | (− 0.4, 0.2) |
Dactylitis | Uveitis | |||||||||||||
No (n = 211) | Yes (n = 8) |
P
| Mean difference | 95% CI | No (n = 140) | Yes (n = 79) |
P
| Mean difference | 95% CI | |||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||||||
ODI score | 18.9 | 15.5 | 25.4 | 18.9 | 0.248 | − 6.5 | (− 17.7, 4.6) | 18.7 | 16.0 | 19.8 | 15.0 | 0.601 | − 1.2 | (−5.5, 3.2) |
HADS score | ||||||||||||||
Depression | 5.0 | 3.7 | 5.6 | 2.0 | 0.622 | − 0.7 | (− 3.2, 1.9) | 4.9 | 3.6 | 5.1 | 3.9 | 0.697 | − 0.2 | (−1.3, 0.8) |
Anxiety | 5.9 | 3.7 | 6.4 | 4.0 | 0.697 | − 0.5 | (− 3.2, 2.1) | 5.9 | 3.7 | 5.8 | 3.8 | 0.819 | 0.1 | (−1.0, 1.2) |
Total | 10.8 | 6.9 | 12.0 | 5.5 | 0.633 | − 1.2 | (− 6.1, 3.7) | 10.8 | 6.7 | 10.9 | 7.3 | 0.917 | − 0.1 | (−2.1, 1.9) |
EQ-5D VAS score | 63.3 | 18.9 | 55.3 | 17.2 | 0.240 | 8.0 | (− 5.4, 21.4) | 64.6 | 17.7 | 59.5 | 20.6 | 0.056 | 5.1 | (−0.1, 10.3) |
EQ-5D-5 L score | 0.792 | 0.192 | 0.697 | 0.162 | 0.168 | 0.1 | (0.0, 0.2) | 0.794 | 0.194 | 0.779 | 0.188 | 0.583 | 0.0 | (0.0, 0.1) |
BASFI | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 0.331 | − 0.8 | (− 2.3, 0.8) | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 0.257 | − 0.3 | (−1.0, 0.3) |
BASMI | 3.9 | 1.5 | 5.0 | 2.2 | 0.068 | − 1.0 | (− 2.1, 0.1) | 3.7 | 1.5 | 4.5 | 1.6 | < 0.001* | − 0.7 | (−1.2, − 0.3) |
SF-36 | ||||||||||||||
Physical functioning | 74.7 | 19.9 | 63.3 | 31.3 | 0.182 | 11.3 | (− 5.4, 28.1) | 75.1 | 20.7 | 72.5 | 19.9 | 0.434 | 2.6 | (−4.0, 9.3) |
Role physical | 71.0 | 23.6 | 65.6 | 20.4 | 0.587 | 5.3 | (− 14.0, 24.6) | 72.1 | 22.9 | 68.3 | 24.5 | 0.330 | 3.8 | (−3.9, 11.4) |
Role emotional | 72.1 | 25.5 | 77.8 | 20.9 | 0.592 | − 5.7 | (− 26.5, 15.2) | 73.8 | 24.7 | 69.6 | 26.4 | 0.312 | 4.2 | (−4.0, 12.4) |
Vitality | 52.7 | 20.0 | 52.1 | 15.1 | 0.938 | 0.6 | (− 15.7, 17.0) | 53.0 | 19.9 | 52.4 | 19.6 | 0.863 | 0.6 | (−5.9, 7.0) |
Emotional well-being | 67.2 | 17.7 | 59.2 | 14.3 | 0.272 | 8.1 | (− 6.4, 22.5) | 66.9 | 18.1 | 67.6 | 16.7 | 0.807 | −0.7 | (−6.4, 5.0) |
Social functioning | 77.4 | 22.1 | 72.9 | 20.0 | 0.624 | 4.5 | (− 13.6, 22.6) | 76.7 | 22.8 | 78.3 | 20.4 | 0.645 | −1.7 | (−8.9, 5.5) |
Bodily pain | 61.9 | 22.0 | 55.8 | 26.6 | 0.515 | 6.0 | (− 12.2, 24.3) | 61.8 | 23.5 | 62.1 | 20.4 | 0.930 | − 0.3 | (−7.6, 7.0) |
General health | 42.2 | 20.2 | 38.3 | 19.4 | 0.649 | 3.8 | (− 12.8, 20.4) | 42.3 | 19.7 | 41.5 | 21.1 | 0.808 | 0.8 | (−5.9, 7.5) |
PCS | 44.3 | 8.1 | 40.9 | 11.4 | 0.325 | 3.4 | (− 3.4, 10.2) | 44.6 | 8.5 | 43.5 | 7.9 | 0.460 | 1.0 | (−1.7, 3.8) |
MCS | 45.4 | 10.8 | 45.3 | 6.8 | 0.974 | 0.1 | (− 8.6, 8.9) | 45.7 | 11.0 | 45.2 | 10.1 | 0.770 | 0.5 | (−3.0, 4.1) |
BASDAI | 3.5 | 2.0 | 4.2 | 2.0 | 0.327 | − 0.7 | (− 2.2, 0.7) | 3.5 | 2.1 | 3.5 | 1.9 | 0.845 | 0.1 | (−0.5, 0.6) |
ASDAS-CRP | 1.6 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 1.2 | 0.270 | − 0.4 | (− 1.1, 0.3) | 1.6 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 0.393 | − 0.1 | (−0.4, 0.2) |
Psoriasis | Any back pain | |||||||||||||
No (n = 187) | Yes (n = 33) |
P
| Mean difference | 95% CI | No (n = 94) | Yes (n = 126) |
P
| Mean difference | 95% CI | |||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||||||
ODI score | 18.8 | 15.4 | 21.1 | 17.4 | 0.435 | − 2.3 | (− 8.1, 3.5) | 15.1 | 15.7 | 19.4 | 15.7 | 0.245 | − 4.3 | (−11.6, 3.0) |
HADS score | ||||||||||||||
Depression | 4.8 | 3.5 | 6.0 | 4.1 | 0.079 | − 1.2 | (− 2.6, 0.1) | 4.4 | 3.7 | 5.0 | 3.7 | 0.449 | −0.7 | (−2.4, 1.0) |
Anxiety | 5.7 | 3.7 | 6.4 | 3.9 | 0.357 | − 0.7 | (− 2.0, 0.7) | 5.1 | 3.7 | 6.0 | 3.7 | 0.332 | − 0.9 | (−2.6, 0.9) |
Total | 10.5 | 6.8 | 12.4 | 7.5 | 0.150 | − 1.9 | (− 4.5, 0.7) | 9.5 | 6.9 | 10.9 | 7.0 | 0.361 | − 1.5 | (−4.7, 1.7) |
EQ-5D VAS score | 62.9 | 19.2 | 62.8 | 17.1 | 0.975 | 0.1 | (− 6.9, 7.2) | 66.9 | 17.4 | 62.3 | 19.1 | 0.312 | 4.5 | (−4.3, 13.3) |
EQ-5D-5 L score | 0.794 | 0.185 | 0.765 | 0.224 | 0.425 | 0.0 | (0.0, 0.1) | 0.813 | 0.180 | 0.788 | 0.193 | 0.576 | 0.0 | (−0.1, 0.1) |
BASFI | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 0.961 | 0.0 | (− 0.8, 0.8) | 1.8 | 2.9 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 0.416 | −0.4 | (−1.4, 0.6) |
BASMI | 4.0 | 1.6 | 3.7 | 1.3 | 0.269 | 0.3 | (− 0.3, 0.9) | 3.7 | 1.6 | 4.0 | 1.6 | 0.414 | −0.3 | (−1.0, 0.4) |
SF-36 | ||||||||||||||
Physical functioning | 74.6 | 20.2 | 72.4 | 21.5 | 0.618 | 2.1 | (− 6.3, 10.6) | 74.7 | 26.9 | 74.1 | 19.8 | 0.918 | 0.6 | (−10.2, 11.3) |
Role physical | 71.5 | 23.4 | 67.0 | 23.7 | 0.354 | 4.5 | (− 5.1, 14.1) | 71.1 | 27.8 | 70.7 | 23.2 | 0.956 | 0.3 | (−12.0, 12.7) |
Role emotional | 72.7 | 25.4 | 71.7 | 25.4 | 0.861 | 0.9 | (− 9.5, 11.3) | 71.9 | 32.9 | 72.5 | 24.6 | 0.932 | −0.6 | (−13.9, 12.7) |
Vitality | 52.9 | 20.0 | 51.6 | 18.8 | 0.742 | 1.4 | (− 6.8, 9.5) | 58.2 | 18.9 | 52.0 | 19.9 | 0.239 | 6.2 | (−4.1, 16.5) |
Emotional well-being | 67.5 | 17.5 | 64.6 | 18.1 | 0.438 | 2.9 | (− 4.4, 10.2) | 69.7 | 22.9 | 66.8 | 17.0 | 0.539 | 2.9 | (−6.3, 12.1) |
Social functioning | 78.5 | 21.8 | 72.3 | 22.4 | 0.180 | 6.1 | (− 2.9, 15.1) | 78.1 | 27.2 | 76.9 | 21.5 | 0.837 | 1.2 | (−10.3, 12.7) |
Bodily pain | 61.6 | 22.2 | 63.3 | 23.3 | 0.709 | − 1.8 | (− 11.1, 7.6) | 69.7 | 24.4 | 61.0 | 22.2 | 0.158 | 8.6 | (−3.4, 20.7) |
General health | 42.5 | 20.1 | 39.8 | 19.9 | 0.537 | 2.7 | (− 5.9, 11.2) | 50.7 | 20.3 | 40.9 | 20.0 | 0.075 | 9.8 | (−1.0, 20.5) |
PCS | 44.3 | 8.3 | 43.5 | 8.3 | 0.657 | 0.8 | (− 2.8, 4.4) | 46.5 | 8.1 | 43.9 | 8.3 | 0.249 | 2.6 | (−1.9, 7.1) |
MCS | 45.7 | 10.7 | 44.6 | 10.5 | 0.648 | 1.1 | (− 3.6, 5.8) | 47.4 | 13.6 | 45.2 | 10.4 | 0.468 | 2.1 | (−3.7, 7.9) |
BASDAI | 3.6 | 2.0 | 3.3 | 2.1 | 0.532 | 0.2 | (− 0.5, 1.0) | 2.6 | 1.7 | 3.6 | 2.0 | 0.036* | − 1.0 | (−1.9, −0.1) |
ASDAS-CRP | 1.7 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.171 | 0.3 | (− 0.1, 0.6) | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 0.085 | − 0.4 | (−0.9, 0.1) |
Current back pain | Spinal pain in the past week | |||||||||||||
No (n = 94) | Yes (n = 126) |
P
| Mean difference | 95% CI | No (n = 94) | Yes (n = 126) |
P
| Mean difference | 95% CI | |||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||||||
ODI score | 10.3 | 12.9 | 21.7 | 15.5 | < 0.001* | − 11.5 | (− 16.2, − 6.7) | 5.6 | 8.0 | 20.7 | 15.6 | < 0.001* | − 15.1 | (−21.6, −8.6) |
HADS score | ||||||||||||||
Depression | 3.4 | 2.9 | 5.4 | 3.8 | < 0.001* | − 2.0 | (− 3.2, − 0.9) | 3.3 | 2.5 | 5.2 | 3.7 | 0.020* | − 1.9 | (−3.5, − 0.3) |
Anxiety | 4.9 | 3.6 | 6.2 | 3.7 | 0.045* | − 1.2 | (− 2.4, 0.0) | 3.9 | 3.3 | 6.1 | 3.7 | 0.008* | −2.2 | (−3.8, −0.6) |
Total | 8.3 | 5.8 | 11.6 | 7.1 | 0.004* | − 3.2 | (− 5.4, − 1.0) | 7.3 | 5.1 | 11.3 | 7.0 | 0.009* | − 4.0 | (−7.0, −1.0) |
EQ-5D VAS score | 72.1 | 13.8 | 59.9 | 19.5 | < 0.001* | 12.2 | (6.4, 18.0) | 74.7 | 13.3 | 61.5 | 19.0 | 0.001* | 13.2 | (5.2, 21.3) |
EQ-5D-5 L score | 0.886 | 0.132 | 0.761 | 0.198 | < 0.001* | 0.1 | (0.1, 0.2) | 0.932 | 0.110 | 0.773 | 0.192 | < 0.001* | 0.2 | (0.1, 0.2) |
BASFI | 1.2 | 1.8 | 2.5 | 2.2 | < 0.001* | − 1.4 | (− 2.0, − 0.7) | 0.8 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 2.2 | < 0.001* | − 1.6 | (−2.6, − 0.7) |
BASMI | 3.7 | 1.6 | 4.1 | 1.6 | 0.112 | − 0.4 | (− 0.9, 0.1) | 3.6 | 1.2 | 4.0 | 1.6 | 0.269 | − 0.4 | (−1.1, 0.3) |
SF-36 | ||||||||||||||
Physical functioning | 82.7 | 20.8 | 71.1 | 19.6 | 0.001* | 11.6 | (4.5, 18.7) | 87.9 | 19.3 | 72.9 | 20.0 | 0.008* | 15.0 | (3.9, 26.0) |
Role physical | 80.2 | 23.3 | 67.4 | 22.9 | 0.002* | 12.8 | (4.6, 20.9) | 86.6 | 18.6 | 69.2 | 23.3 | 0.007* | 17.4 | (4.7, 30.1) |
Role emotional | 81.2 | 27.2 | 69.3 | 24.2 | 0.009* | 11.9 | (3.0, 20.7) | 88.1 | 22.8 | 71.0 | 25.1 | 0.015* | 17.1 | (3.3, 30.8) |
Vitality | 62.4 | 17.5 | 49.2 | 19.5 | < 0.001* | 13.1 | (6.4, 19.9) | 62.9 | 13.5 | 51.7 | 20.0 | 0.042* | 11.2 | (0.4, 22.0) |
Emotional well-being | 70.5 | 17.9 | 65.9 | 17.5 | 0.155 | 4.6 | (− 1.7, 10.9) | 75.7 | 16.2 | 66.2 | 17.6 | 0.053 | 9.5 | (−0.1, 19.1) |
Social functioning | 86.9 | 19.3 | 73.5 | 21.9 | < 0.001* | 13.4 | (5.8, 21.0) | 92.0 | 16.0 | 76.0 | 22.0 | 0.009* | 16.0 | (4.0, 27.9) |
Bodily pain | 79.1 | 18.2 | 55.8 | 20.7 | < 0.001* | 23.3 | (16.1, 30.5) | 91.7 | 11.8 | 59.3 | 21.1 | < 0.001* | 32.5 | (20.7, 44.2) |
General health | 48.3 | 20.1 | 39.6 | 19.8 | 0.019* | 8.6 | (1.4, 15.9) | 54.6 | 12.8 | 40.9 | 20.2 | 0.018* | 13.7 | (2.4, 25.0) |
PCS | 49.1 | 7.7 | 42.5 | 7.9 | < 0.001* | 6.7 | (3.8, 9.5) | 52.5 | 4.4 | 43.4 | 8.1 | < 0.001* | 9.0 | (4.5, 13.6) |
MCS | 48.5 | 10.1 | 44.4 | 10.8 | 0.037* | 4.1 | (0.2, 8.0) | 52.1 | 8.0 | 44.9 | 10.7 | 0.019* | 7.2 | (1.2, 13.2) |
BASDAI | 2.0 | 1.3 | 4.0 | 2.0 | < 0.001* | − 2.0 | (− 2.6, − 1.5) | 1.1 | 0.9 | 3.8 | 1.9 | < 0.001* | −2.7 | (−3.5, −1.9) |
ASDAS-CRP | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 1.0 | < 0.001* | − 1.0 | (− 1.3, − 0.7) | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1.8 | 1.0 | < 0.001* | −1.1 | (−1.5, −0.7) |
ASDAS-CRP | HADS depression | ||||||||||||||||
Inactive disease (< 1.3) (n = 89) | Moderate disease activity (1.3 to < 2.1) (n = 64) | High disease activity (2.1 to < 3.5) (n = 57) | Very high disease activity (> 3.5) (n = 9) |
P
| Normal (0–7) (n = 161) | Borderline (8–10) (n = 30) | Abnormal (11–21) (n = 12) |
P
| |||||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||||
ODI score | 10.7 | 10.7 | 20.6 | 12.3 | 28.3 | 18.1 | 34.7 | 16.7 | < 0.001* | 15.1 | 12.9 | 32.6 | 15.2 | 40.4 | 17.3 | < 0.001* | |
HADS score | |||||||||||||||||
Depression | 4.0 | 3.1 | 4.9 | 4.1 | 6.2 | 3.2 | 7.9 | 5.1 | < 0.001* | 3.4 | 2.2 | 9.0 | 0.7 | 13.4 | 2.4 | < 0.001* | |
Anxiety | 4.8 | 3.4 | 6.2 | 4.0 | 7.0 | 3.4 | 6.9 | 4.7 | 0.005* | 4.8 | 3.2 | 8.4 | 2.7 | 11.7 | 3.1 | < 0.001* | |
Total | 8.8 | 6.0 | 11.1 | 7.6 | 13.2 | 6.1 | 14.8 | 9.2 | < 0.001* | 8.3 | 5.0 | 17.4 | 3.0 | 25.1 | 4.8 | < 0.001* | |
EQ-5D VAS score | 71.1 | 15.9 | 61.4 | 17.1 | 56.8 | 17.5 | 33.9 | 20.0 | < 0.001* | 66.1 | 17.3 | 53.1 | 17.9 | 40.9 | 16.7 | < 0.001* | |
EQ-5D-5 L score | 0.889 | 0.103 | 0.787 | 0.157 | 0.685 | 0.219 | 0.465 | 0.222 | < 0.001* | 0.834 | 0.149 | 0.640 | 0.220 | 0.557 | 0.266 | < 0.001* | |
BASFI | 0.9 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 3.6 | 2.5 | 5.1 | 2.2 | < 0.001* | 1.7 | 1.8 | 3.8 | 2.6 | 4.7 | 2.5 | < 0.001* | |
BASMI | 3.5 | 1.4 | 4.2 | 1.7 | 4.5 | 1.5 | 4.1 | 2.0 | < 0.001* | 3.8 | 1.5 | 4.7 | 1.4 | 4.4 | 1.7 | 0.004* | |
SF-36 | |||||||||||||||||
Physical functioning | 84.2 | 15.9 | 69.7 | 16.8 | 57.8 | 21.5 | 55.0 | 0.0 | < 0.001* | 79.4 | 18.5 | 57.8 | 17.0 | 53.2 | 22.5 | < 0.001* | |
Role physical | 80.5 | 17.8 | 67.7 | 22.8 | 53.1 | 24.3 | 37.5 | 0.0 | < 0.001* | 76.9 | 20.4 | 54.6 | 18.0 | 46.6 | 25.2 | < 0.001* | |
Role emotional | 82.1 | 20.8 | 70.2 | 23.1 | 53.7 | 27.5 | 66.7 | 0.0 | < 0.001* | 79.7 | 21.5 | 56.5 | 17.2 | 32.6 | 23.7 | < 0.001* | |
Vitality | 61.1 | 16.7 | 47.8 | 19.2 | 41.0 | 18.7 | 25.0 | 0.0 | < 0.001* | 58.0 | 18.1 | 39.4 | 9.7 | 21.0 | 14.3 | < 0.001* | |
Emotional well-being | 71.5 | 15.3 | 64.0 | 18.4 | 61.5 | 19.3 | 60.0 | 0.0 | 0.017* | 72.5 | 15.0 | 52.6 | 9.2 | 36.4 | 11.9 | < 0.001* | |
Social functioning | 86.2 | 15.6 | 72.1 | 22.5 | 65.1 | 25.5 | 50.0 | 0.0 | < 0.001* | 83.5 | 18.3 | 63.0 | 20.1 | 40.9 | 14.9 | < 0.001* | |
Bodily pain | 74.5 | 17.7 | 56.3 | 19.0 | 40.9 | 16.8 | 45.0 | 0.0 | < 0.001* | 66.7 | 21.5 | 50.0 | 20.8 | 38.9 | 12.7 | < 0.001* | |
General health | 50.1 | 18.3 | 37.6 | 20.1 | 30.5 | 15.3 | 5.0 | 0.0 | < 0.001* | 46.1 | 19.8 | 34.3 | 14.7 | 17.0 | 12.3 | < 0.001* | |
PCS | 48.8 | 6.5 | 42.1 | 6.5 | 36.8 | 7.3 | 30.7 | 0.0 | < 0.001* | 45.8 | 8.1 | 39.6 | 6.9 | 38.1 | 8.2 | < 0.001* | |
MCS | 48.5 | 8.6 | 44.1 | 11.1 | 40.8 | 12.4 | 40.3 | 0.0 | 0.003* | 48.8 | 8.9 | 38.0 | 4.3 | 24.4 | 7.0 | < 0.001* | |
BASDAI | 1.9 | 1.0 | 3.6 | 1.3 | 5.5 | 1.6 | 6.6 | 1.4 | < 0.001* | 3.1 | 1.9 | 4.7 | 1.9 | 5.3 | 2.0 | < 0.001* | |
ASDAS-CRP | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 2.7 | 0.4 | 4.2 | 0.5 | < 0.001* | 1.4 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 2.4 | 1.0 | < 0.001* | |
HADS anxiety | ODI | ||||||||||||||||
Normal (0–7) (n = 137) | Borderline (8–10) (n = 44) | Abnormal (11–21) (n = 22) |
P
| Minimal disability (0–20) (n = 140) | Moderate disability (21–40) (n = 54) | Severe disability (41–60) (n = 22) | Crippled (61–80) (n = 4) |
P
| |||||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||||
ODI score | 16.0 | 13.9 | 22.6 | 15.7 | 34.0 | 18.4 | < 0.001* | 9.3 | 6.3 | 29.7 | 6.3 | 47.8 | 5.1 | 63.5 | 1.9 | < 0.001* | |
HADS score | |||||||||||||||||
Depression | 3.3 | 2.5 | 7.5 | 3.0 | 9.7 | 3.7 | < 0.001* | 3.6 | 2.8 | 6.8 | 3.5 | 8.0 | 4.4 | 10.3 | 2.2 | < 0.001* | |
Anxiety | 3.8 | 2.3 | 8.7 | 0.8 | 12.5 | 1.7 | < 0.001* | 4.7 | 3.4 | 7.3 | 3.2 | 8.1 | 4.3 | 9.3 | 4.5 | < 0.001* | |
Total | 7.1 | 4.2 | 16.2 | 3.3 | 22.2 | 5.0 | < 0.001* | 8.3 | 5.7 | 14.1 | 6.1 | 16.1 | 8.1 | 19.5 | 5.7 | < 0.001* | |
EQ-5D VAS score | 65.9 | 17.4 | 57.5 | 19.9 | 51.4 | 19.1 | < 0.001* | 69.3 | 16.7 | 52.0 | 17.2 | 50.6 | 18.4 | 48.8 | 11.8 | < 0.001* | |
EQ-5D-5 L score | 0.831 | 0.151 | 0.770 | 0.173 | 0.551 | 0.272 | < 0.001* | 0.885 | 0.094 | 0.689 | 0.140 | 0.511 | 0.231 | 0.308 | 0.240 | < 0.001* | |
BASFI | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 3.8 | 2.4 | < 0.001* | 1.1 | 1.3 | 3.4 | 1.5 | 5.3 | 2.2 | 7.0 | 2.5 | < 0.001* | |
BASMI | 3.8 | 1.5 | 4.0 | 1.5 | 4.6 | 1.7 | 0.068 | 3.6 | 1.5 | 4.5 | 1.6 | 4.8 | 1.6 | 5.5 | 0.7 | < 0.001* | |
SF-36 | |||||||||||||||||
Physical functioning | 77.0 | 19.9 | 72.2 | 19.6 | 60.9 | 23.7 | 0.010* | 84.7 | 12.8 | 62.9 | 14.7 | 42.0 | 12.9 | 36.7 | 35.5 | < 0.001* | |
Role physical | 77.3 | 20.4 | 58.6 | 19.9 | 55.9 | 27.1 | < 0.001* | 80.5 | 19.3 | 59.9 | 19.0 | 43.8 | 18.0 | 29.2 | 19.1 | < 0.001* | |
Role emotional | 80.2 | 21.6 | 59.8 | 18.9 | 49.0 | 32.4 | < 0.001* | 81.4 | 21.2 | 61.6 | 21.2 | 53.9 | 29.4 | 19.4 | 17.3 | < 0.001* | |
Vitality | 58.8 | 17.7 | 40.5 | 17.8 | 33.8 | 17.3 | < 0.001* | 60.1 | 17.1 | 43.9 | 17.8 | 31.7 | 14.1 | 31.3 | 16.5 | < 0.001* | |
Emotional well-being | 74.3 | 14.3 | 52.9 | 12.4 | 44.7 | 13.0 | < 0.001* | 71.7 | 15.5 | 59.5 | 17.0 | 62.3 | 20.5 | 40.0 | 18.0 | < 0.001* | |
Social functioning | 85.4 | 17.0 | 61.6 | 18.0 | 52.2 | 25.1 | < 0.001* | 86.1 | 17.4 | 67.2 | 18.5 | 55.8 | 24.9 | 37.5 | 12.5 | < 0.001* | |
Bodily pain | 65.2 | 22.4 | 58.3 | 20.3 | 49.4 | 23.0 | 0.015* | 72.9 | 17.5 | 48.0 | 14.3 | 31.5 | 16.7 | 34.2 | 11.3 | < 0.001* | |
General health | 47.8 | 19.1 | 28.8 | 18.1 | 30.0 | 15.9 | < 0.001* | 48.7 | 17.4 | 29.8 | 19.0 | 36.3 | 20.7 | 15.0 | 8.7 | < 0.001* | |
PCS | 45.2 | 8.3 | 42.8 | 8.3 | 41.5 | 8.9 | 0.131 | 48.5 | 5.6 | 39.0 | 6.2 | 32.1 | 5.5 | 32.9 | 8.0 | < 0.001* | |
MCS | 49.9 | 8.0 | 36.9 | 7.4 | 32.0 | 10.3 | < 0.001* | 48.4 | 9.2 | 41.4 | 9.7 | 41.0 | 13.7 | 27.0 | 8.7 | < 0.001* | |
BASDAI | 3.1 | 1.9 | 4.0 | 1.9 | 5.0 | 2.2 | < 0.001* | 2.7 | 1.6 | 4.6 | 1.6 | 5.7 | 2.0 | 6.9 | 0.5 | < 0.001* | |
ASDAS-CRP | 1.4 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 0.003* | 1.3 | 0.9 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 2.6 | 1.0 | 3.0 | 0.2 | < 0.001* |