Background
Methods
Study population
Study variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Population characteristics
Demographic, Socioeconomic and Injury Characteristics | Other Israelis | Immigrants from FSU | Ethiopian Immigrants | Israeli Arabs | Total n = 44,740 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 26,652 59.6% | n = 6,241 13.9% | n = 686 1.5% | n = 11,161 24.9% | ||
Age (years), mean (SD) | 40.2 (13.3) | 41.2 (13.0) | 35.4 (11.2) | 33.9 (10.5) | 38.7 (12.9) |
Age (years), (%) | |||||
21–34 | 42.5 | 36.9 | 54.7 | 58.8 | 46.0 |
35–44 | 19.9 | 22.1 | 24.1 | 23.6 | 21.2 |
45–54 | 17.6 | 20.7 | 13.7 | 12.7 | 16.7 |
55+ with more than 5 years before retirementage | 8.6 | 10.0 | 3.8 | 3.1 | 7.4 |
55+ with less than 5 years before retirement age | 11.4 | 10.4 | 3.8 | 1.7 | 8.7 |
Gender (%) | |||||
Male | 59.3 | 66.5 | 73.5 | 82.6 | 66.3 |
Female | 40.7 | 33.5 | 26.5 | 17.4 | 33.7 |
Family Status (%) | |||||
Married with children | 44.1 | 28.7 | 44.6 | 56.8 | 45.1 |
Married without children | 20.4 | 28.8 | 5.2 | 11.1 | 19.0 |
Single with children | 5.8 | 10.0 | 11.7 | 1.3 | 5.3 |
Single without children | 29.8 | 32.5 | 38.5 | 30.7 | 30.5 |
Income (NIS) | |||||
Mean (SD) | 9,583 (10,265) | 6,970 (5,440) | 5,145 (3,056) | 5,840 (4,222) | 8,217 (8,624) |
Median [IQR] | 6,678 [4,116; 11,518] | 5,863 [3,948;8,419] | 4,826 [3,221;6,533] | 4,885 [3,600;7,023] | 5,930 [3,893;9,506] |
Income Quartile (%) | |||||
Highest income (4th Quartile) | 32.7 | 18.6 | 5.8 | 11.4 | 25.0 |
3th Quartile | 23.8 | 30.7 | 27.1 | 24.6 | 25.0 |
2nd Quartile | 20.8 | 26.3 | 32.2 | 33.9 | 25.0 |
Lowest income (1st Quartile) | 22.6 | 24.5 | 34.8 | 30.1 | 25.0 |
Previous Disability (%) | 2.3 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 1.9 |
Injury Mechanism (%) | |||||
Burns | 2.1 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 2.4 |
Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) | 41.5 | 29.1 | 30.9 | 28.3 | 36.3 |
Violence | 3.5 | 10.5 | 23.2 | 11.3 | 6.7 |
Falls | 34.9 | 31.2 | 19.8 | 27.4 | 32.3 |
Other non-intentionala | 17.9 | 26.4 | 23.9 | 30.0 | 22.2 |
Injury Severity (ISS)b (%) | |||||
Mild (ISS 1–8) | 74.5 | 74.3 | 75.7 | 78.0 | 75.4 |
Moderate (ISS 9–14) | 17.8 | 17.1 | 13.7 | 13.7 | 16.6 |
Severe (ISS 16–24) | 4.9 | 5.4 | 7.3 | 4.9 | 5.0 |
Critical (ISS 25+) | 2.8 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.0 |
Injury Circumstances (%) | |||||
Injured not at work | 61.1 | 52.7 | 56.9 | 49.5 | 57.0 |
Injured at work - without recognition of NII | 5.8 | 5.3 | 3.4 | 9.2 | 6.5 |
Injured at work - with recognition of NII | 33.1 | 42.0 | 39.8 | 41.4 | 36.5 |
Previously Disability (%) | 2.3 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 1.9 |
Out of work stay (univariate analysis)
Demographic and injury Characteristics | Non-return to work (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
within 1 month | within 1 year | within 2 yearsa | |
39% | 12% | 8% | |
Age | |||
21–34 | 42.9 | 11.8 | 7.2 |
35–44 | 38.1 | 12.8 | 8.0 |
45–54 | 34.6 | 12.5 | 7.9 |
55+ with more than 5 years before retirement age | 33.3 | 10.9 | 7.8 |
55+ with less than 5 years before retirement age | 30.3 | 10.3 | 8.1 |
p value for χ2 test | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 0.134 |
Gender | |||
Male | 44.1 | 14.5 | 9.4 |
Female | 28.0 | 6.8 | 4.7 |
p value for χ2 test | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
Family Status | |||
Married with children | 36.6 | 11.5 | 7.4 |
Married without children | 32.7 | 10.6 | 7.0 |
Single with children | 38.4 | 13.6 | 8.3 |
Single without children | 45.5 | 13.0 | 8.2 |
p value for χ2 test | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 0.011 |
Population Group | |||
Other Israelis | 32.5 | 8.8 | 5.7 |
Immigrants from FSU | 38.9 | 10.0 | 6.0 |
Ethiopian Immigrants | 43.0 | 14.3 | 9.6 |
Israeli Arabs | 53.0 | 20.2 | 13.8 |
p value for χ2 test | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
Income | |||
Highest income (4thQuartile) | 16.9 | 3.6 | 2.2 |
3thQuartile | 34.9 | 8.9 | 5.3 |
2ndQuartile | 47.4 | 15.4 | 9.6 |
Lowest income (1stQuartile) | 55.5 | 19.8 | 13.7 |
p value for χ2 test | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
Previous Disability | |||
Yes | 49.6 | 20.0 | 17.5 |
No | 38.5 | 11.8 | 7.6 |
p value for χ2 test | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
Injury Characteristics | |||
Injury Mechanism | |||
Burns | 29.4 | 7.7 | 4.9 |
RTA | 39.1 | 11.5 | 7.7 |
Violence | 34.5 | 11.7 | 7.4 |
Falls | 36.6 | 12.4 | 8.3 |
Other unintentional | 43.3 | 12.5 | 7.7 |
p value for χ2 test | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 0.003 |
Injury Severity (ISS)b | |||
Mild (ISS 1–8) | 36.3 | 9.5 | 5.7 |
Moderate (ISS9–14) | 43.0 | 15.8 | 10.6 |
Severe (ISS 16–24) | 48.8 | 19.9 | 14.4 |
Critical (ISS 25+) | 59.0 | 39.0 | 34.0 |
p value for χ2 test | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
Injury Circumstances | |||
Injured not at work | 28.5 | 8.2 | 5.5 |
Injured at work - without recognition of NII | 24.6 | 7.4 | 5.0 |
Injured at work - with recognition of NII | 57.0 | 18.6 | 11.9 |
p value for χ2 test | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
Out of work stay (multivariate analysis)
Demographic and injury characteristics | Odds Ratio (OR) [Confidence Interval (95%)] | ||
---|---|---|---|
Not RTW within 1 month (39%) | Not RTWwithin 1 year (12%) | Not RTWwithin 2 yearsb (8%) | |
Age | |||
21–34 | 1.329 [1.208–1.463] | 0.750 [0.653–0.861] | 0.537 [0.450–0.642] |
35–44 | 1.278 [1.15–1.419] | 0.969 [0.835–1.125] | 0.690 [0.569–0.837] |
45–54 | 1.116 [1.008–1.235] | 1.046 [0.907–1.208] | 0.786 [0.653–0.947] |
55+ with more than 5 years before retirement age | 0.953 [0.850–1.068] | 0.851 [0.723–1.001] | 0.779 [0.633–0.958] |
55+ with less than 5 years before retirement age | 1.0c | 1.0c | 1.0c |
Gender (male vs. female) | 1.947 [1.846–2.053] | 2.038 [1.878–2.211] | 1.813 [1.626–2.022] |
Family Status | |||
Married with children | 1.086 [1.009–1.168] | 1.054 [0.949–1.169] | 1.154 [1.004–1.327] |
Married without children | 1.0c | 1.0c | 1.0c |
Single with children | 1.273 [1.136–1.426] | 1.449 [1.239–1.695] | 1.511 [1.222–1.868] |
Single without children | 1.180 [1.096–1.271] | 1.011 [0.909–1.124] | 1.081 [0.938–1.245] |
Population Group | |||
Other Israelis | 1.0c | 1.0c | 1.0c |
Immigrants from FSU | 1.069 [1.002–1.140] | 0.913 [0.827–1.008] | 0.843 [0.735–0.967] |
Ethiopian Immigrants | 0.960 [0.811–1.136] | 1.216 [0.968–1.528] | 1.252 [0.921–1.702] |
Israeli Arabs | 1.592 [1.508–1.680] | 1.932 [1.797–2.078] | 2.111 [1.916–2.326] |
Income | |||
Higher income (4thQuartile) | 1.0c | 1.0c | 1.0c |
3thQuartile | 2.401 [2.241–2.571] | 2.414 [2.136–2.728] | 2.369 [1.990–2.819] |
2ndQuartile | 4.433 [4.135–4.754] | 4.785 [4.254–5.384] | 4.527 [3.835–5.343] |
Lower income (1stQuartile) | 8.165 [7.594–8.870] | 8.117 [7.216–9.131] | 8.005 [6.795–9.431] |
Injury Circumstances | |||
Injured not at work | 1.0c | 1.0c | 1.0c |
Injured at work - without recognition of NII | 0.746 [0.677–0.822] | 0.822 [0.705–0.958] | 0.860 [0.700–1.057] |
Injured at work - with recognition of NII | 3.872 [3.686–4.068] | 2.483 [2.319–2.658] | 2.220 [2.028–2.431] |
Demographic and injury characteristics | Odds Ratio (OR) [Confidence Interval (95%)] | ||
---|---|---|---|
Not RTW within 1 month | Not RTWwithin 1 year | Not RTWwithin 2 yearsb | |
Gender (male vs. female) | 1.842 [1.704–1.992] | 2.112 [1.855–2.404] | 2.005 [1.675–2.399] |
Family Status | |||
Married with children | 1.154 [1.016–1.311] | 1.016 [0.842–1.226] | 1.135 [0.876–1.471] |
Married without children | 1.0c | 1.0c | 1.0c |
Single with children | 1.579 [1.282–1.946] | 1.634 [1.216–2.196] | 1.622 [1.082–2.430] |
Single without children | 1.305 [1.150–1.480] | 0.908 [0.755–1.091] | 0.955 [0.740–1.232] |
Population Group | |||
Other Israelis | 1.0c | 1.0c | 1.0c |
Immigrants from FSU | 0.980 [0.885–1.085] | 0.951 [0.805–1.123] | 0.907 [0.718–1.147] |
Ethiopian Immigrants | 0.959 [0.766–1.202] | 1.348 [0.983–1.849] | 1.387 [0.900–2.139] |
Israeli Arabs | 1.481 [1.380–1.590] | 1.875 [1.693–2.076] | 2.016 [1.756–2.315] |
Income | |||
Higher income (4thQuartile) | 1.0c | 1.0c | 1.0c |
3thQuartile | 1.758 [1.565–1.974] | 1.608 [1.294–1.999] | 1.466 [1.080–1.989] |
2ndQuartile | 3.065 [2.735–3.434] | 2.943 [2.391–3.622] | 2.648 [1.983–3.535] |
Lower income (1stQuartile) | 5.253 [4.679–5.896] | 4.610 [3.749–5.672] | 4.188 [3.144–5.579] |
Injury Circumstances | |||
Injured not at work | 1.0c | 1.0c | 1.0c |
Injured at work - without recognition of NII | 0.638 [0.558–0.730] | 0.652 [0.513–0.830] | 0.795 [0.580–1.089] |
Injured at work - with recognition of NII | 3.251 [3.025–3.494] | 2.311 [2.090–2.556] | 2.168 [1.891–2.485] |
Demographic and injury characteristics | Odds Ratio (OR) [Confidence Interval (95%)] | ||
---|---|---|---|
Not RTW within 1 month | Not RTWwithin 1 year | Not RTWwithin 2 yearsb | |
Gender (male vs. female) | 2.078 [1.842–2.343] | 2.295 [1.914–2.751] | 1.957 [1.540–2.487] |
Family Status | |||
Married with children | 0.989 [0.773–1.265] | 1.032 [0.740–1.439] | 0.883 [0.571–1.364] |
Married without children | 1.0c | 1.0c | 1.0c |
Single with children | 1.126 [0.850–1.491] | 1.441 [0.987–2.103] | 1.165 [0.706–1.924] |
Single without children | 1.091 [0.827–1.438] | 0.988 [0.680–1.436] | 0.857 [0.525–1.398] |
Population Group | |||
Other Israelis | 1.0c | 1.0c | 1.0c |
Immigrants from FSU | 0.958 [0.830–1.106] | 0.824 [0.665–1.021] | 0.701 [0.517–0.951] |
Ethiopian Immigrants | 0.909 [0.641–1.289] | 1.232 [0.785–1.933] | 1.399 [0.772–2.532] |
Israeli Arabs | 1.720 [1.529–1.934] | 1.772 [1.518–2.068] | 1.804 [1.468–2.218] |
Income | |||
Higher income (4thQuartile) | 1.0c | 1.0c | 1.0c |
3thQuartile | 2.669 [2.332–3.054] | 2.851 [2.246–3.619] | 3.077 [2.145–4.412] |
2ndQuartile | 4.941 [4.283–5.702] | 5.778 [4.578–7.294] | 5.918 [4.175–8.389] |
Lower income (1stQuartile) | 9.183 [7.841–10.754] | 10.142 [7.995–12.867] | 11.766 [8.307–16.667] |
Injury Circumstances | |||
Injured not at work | 1.0c | 1.0c | 1.0c |
Injured at work - without recognition of NII | 0.767 0.624–0.941 | 0.859 [0.632–1.167] | 0.894 [0.591–1.348] |
Injured at work - with recognition of NII | 4.142 [3.719–4.612] | 2.471 [2.13092.868] | 2.106 [1.725–2.570] |
Demographic and injury characteristics | Odds Ratio (OR) [Confidence Interval (95%)] | ||
---|---|---|---|
Not RTW within 1 month | Not RTWwithin 1 year | Not RTWwithin 2 yearsb | |
Gender (male vs. female) | 2.329 [2.021–2.683] | 2.430 [1.990–2.967] | 1.935 [1.491–2.512] |
Family Status | |||
Married with children | 1.093 [0.946–1.263] | 0.950 [0.779–1.159] | 1.114 [0.850–1.461] |
Married without children | 1.0c | 1.0c | 1.0c |
Single with children | 1.244 [0.992–1.560] | 1.161 [0.858–1.572] | 1.559 [1.047–2.321] |
Single without children | 1.040 [0.858–1.261] | 1.083 [0.836–1.405] | 1.178 [0.829–1.673] |
Population Group | |||
Other Israelis | 1.0c | 1.0c | 1.0c |
Immigrants from FSU | 1.133 [0.969–1.324] | 0.793 [0.630–0.998] | 0.786 [0.571–1.082] |
Ethiopian Immigrants | 1.164 [0.726–1.865] | 0.868 [0.465–1.619] | 1.022 [0.475–2.200] |
Israeli Arabs | 1.791 [1.539–2.085] | 2.112 [1.756–2.541] | 2.450 [1.925–3.117] |
Income | |||
Higher income (4thQuartile) | 1.0c | 1.0c | 1.0c |
3thQuartile | 2.389 [2.046–2.788] | 2.718 [2.095–3.525] | 2.924 [2.008–4.257] |
2ndQuartile | 5.518 [4.674–6.515] | 5.782 [4.481–7.460] | 5.737 [3.986–8.258] |
Lower income (1stQuartile) | 12.573 [10.479–15.087] | 11.792 [9.125–15.240] | 10.336 [7.217–14.803] |
Injury Circumstances | |||
Injured not at work | 1.0c | 1.0c | 1.0c |
Injured at work - without recognition of NII | 0.883 [0.683–1.142] | 1.172 [0.823–1.669] | 1.091 [0.671–1.774] |
Injured at work - with recognition of NII | 4.908 [4.325–5.569] | 3.424 [2.867–4.090] | 3.014 [2.380–3.817] |
Demographic and injury characteristics | Odds Ratio (OR) [Confidence Interval (95%)] | ||
---|---|---|---|
Not RTW within 1 month | Not RTWwithin 1 year | Not RTWwithin 2 yearsb | |
Gender (male vs. female) | 1.803 [1.391–2.337] | 1.905 [1.295–2.803] | 2.249 [1.338–3.783] |
Family Status | |||
Married with children | 0.807 [0.637–1.021] | 0.906 [0.654–1.256] | 1.110 [0.746–1.650] |
Married without children | 1.0c | 1.0c | 1.0c |
Single with children | 0.987 [0.612–1.592] | 1.220 [0.647–2.300] | 0.506 [0.149–1.715] |
Single without children | 0.816 [0.640–1.040] | 1.101 [0.787–1.539] | 1.267 [0.830–1.934] |
Population Group | |||
Other Israelis | 1.0c | 1.0c | 1.0c |
Immigrant from FSU | 1.182 [0.955–1.463] | 0.951 [0.698–1.295] | 0.933 [0.623–1.399] |
Ethiopian Immigrants | 0.842 [0.346–2.047] | 0.559 [0.125–2.508] | no participants |
Israeli Arabs | 1.658 [1.260–2.182] | 2.212 [1.590–3.078] | 2.652 [1.767–3.982] |
Income | |||
Higher income (4thQuartile) | 1.0c | 1.0c | 1.0c |
3thQuartile | 2.566 [2.040–3.228] | 2.195 [1.464–3.292] | 1.810 [1.048–3.124] |
2ndQuartile | 5.096 [4.008–6.480] | 6.107 [4.199–8.881] | 4.482 [2.736–7.341] |
Lower income (1stQuartile) | 10.110 [7.679–13.311] | 10.535 [7.131–15.563] | 10.873 [6.680–17.698] |
Injury Circumstances | |||
Injured not at work | 1.0c | 1.0c | 1.0c |
Injured at work - without recognition of NII | 1.538 [1.050–2.253] | 1.477 [0.852–2.562] | 1.074 [0.500–2.306] |
Injured at work - with recognition of NII | 5.768 [4.748–7.008] | 3.317 [2.520–4.367] | 2.636 [1.871–3.715] |
Demographic and injury characteristics | Odds Ratio (OR) [Confidence Interval (95%)] | ||
---|---|---|---|
Not RTW within 1 month | Not RTWwithin 1 year | Not RTWwithin 2 yearsb | |
Gender (male vs. female) | 1.798 [1.505–2.148] | 1.450 [1.139–1.845] | 1.201 [0.880–1.641] |
Family Status | |||
Married with children | 1.127 [0.718–1.770] | 0.890 [0.487–1.625] | 0.819 [0.380–1.764] |
Married without children | 1.0c | 1.0c | 1.0c |
Single with children | 1.934 [0.806–4.640] | 0.802 [0.183–3.511] | 0.594 [0.078–4.535] |
Single without children | 1.437 [1.203–1.717] | 1.230 [0.965–1.567] | 1.191 [0.877–1.618] |
Population Group | |||
Other Israelis | 1.0c | 1.0c | 1.0c |
Immigrants from FSU | 1.207 [0.968–1.475] | 1.010 [0.764–1.333] | 0.911 [0.633–1.310] |
Ethiopian Immigrants | 0.413 [0.162–1.055] | 1.785 [0.641–4.973] | 1.780 [0.442–7.172] |
Israeli Arabs | 2.041 [1.450–2.874] | 2.547 [1.725–3.760] | 3.210 [1.999–5.156] |
Income | |||
Higher income (4thQuartile) | 1.0c | 1.0c | 1.0c |
3thQuartile | 2.995 [2.325–3.858] | 1.958 [1.301–2.946] | 2.048 [1.186–3.535] |
2ndQuartile | 5.420 [4.215–6.971] | 3.586 [2.452–5.245] | 3.839 [2.322–6.347] |
Lower income (1stQuartile) | 11.534 [9.050–14.699] | 7.079 [4.997–10.029] | 7.297 [4.600–11.576] |
Injury Circumstances | |||
Injured not at work | 1.0c | 1.0c | 1.0c |
Injured at work - without recognition of NII | 0.898 [0.561–1.439] | 0.729 [0.367–1.448] | 0.582 [0.225–1.504] |
Injured at work - with recognition of NII | 4.112 [3.471–4.870] | 1.592 [1.272–1.992] | 1.374 [1.036–1.822] |