Introduction
Intergenerational cycle of malnutrition: a vicious cycle leading to child growth failure
Method of analysis
Data sources
Ethics statement
Indicators of undernutrition
Classification | Normal | Mild | moderate | Severe |
---|---|---|---|---|
Children | 12 g/dl | 10–11.9 g/dl | 7–9.9 g/dl | < 7 g/dl |
Women (15–49 years) | 11 g/dl | 10–10.9 g/dl | 7–9.9 g/dl | < 7 g/dl |
Percentile of households | Cut off values for wealth index score (NFHS-3) | Cut off values for wealth index score (NFHS-4) |
---|---|---|
Below 20th percentile (poorest) | −1.77 to − 1.01 | −2.4 to − 0.93 |
20th to 40th percentile (poorer) | Above − 1.01 to − 0.41 | Above − 0.93 to − 0.266 |
Above 40th to 60th percentile (middle) | Above − 0.41 to 0.26 | Above − 0.266 to 0.3948 |
Above 60th and 80th percentile (richer) | Above 0.26 to 1.02 | Above 0.39 to 1.07 |
Above 80th percentiles (richest) | Above 1.02 to 2.48 | Above 1.07 to 3.00 |
Median | −0.084 | 0.063 |
Results
Indicator | Prevalence cut-off values for public health significance | |
---|---|---|
Anaemia | < 5%: | No public health problem |
5–19%: | Mild public health problem | |
20–39%: | Moderate public health problem | |
≥ 40%: | Severe public health problem |
India | India | Change in absolute inequality** | CG | CG | Change in absolute inequality** | TN | TN | Change in absolute inequality** | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NFHS-3 (2005–06)* | NFHS-4 (2015–16)* | NFHS-3 (2005–06)* | NFHS-4 (2015–16)* | NFHS-3 (2005–06)* | NFHS-4 (2015–16)* | ||||
Thin | −0.39 | − 0.28 | − 0.09 | −0.40 | − 0.25 | −0.15 | − 0.41 | − 0.19 | − 0.22 |
Normal | 0.02 | − 0.08 | − 0.10 | 0.14 | − 0.06 | − 0.20 | − 0.09 | − 0.12 | 0.03 |
Overweight/obesity | 0.40 | 0.36 | −0.04 | 0.34 | 0.36 | −0.02 | 0.50 | 0.30 | −0.2 |
Anaemia | − 0.21 | − 0.13 | − 0.08 | − 0.27 | − 0.23 | − 0.04 | − 0.15 | − 0.09 | − 0.06 |
Mild Anaemia | −0.12 | − 0.05 | − 0.07 | − 0.14 | −0.15 | 0.01 | −0.05 | − 0.03 | − 0.02 |
Moderate Anaemia | − 0.08 | − 0.04 | − 0.04 | − 0.14 | − 0.08 | − 0.06 | − 0.06 | − 0.05 | − 0.01 |
Severe Anaemia | − 0.02 | − 0.006 | − 0.014 | − 0.0013 | − 0.007 | − 0.006 | − 0.037 | − 0.016 | −0.021 |
Nutrition status of women (15–49 years) and children (under 5) according to wealth quintile
CIX | India | India | Change in relative inequality ** | CG | CG | Change in relative inequality** | TN | TN | Change in relative inequality** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal nutrition indicators | NFHS-3 (2005–06)* | NFHS-4 (2015–16)* | NFHS-3 (2005–06)* | NFHS-4 (2015–16)* | NFHS-3 (2005–06)* | NFHS-4 (2015–16)* | |||
Thin | −0.21 | − 0.19 | −0.02 | − 0.158 | −0.148 | − 0.010 | −0.26 | − 0.182 | −0.078 |
Normal | 0.008 | −0.02 | −0.01 | 0.6 | −0.014 | − 0.586 | −0.029 | − 0.037 | 0.008 |
Overweight/obesity | 0.388 | 0.31 | −0.078 | 0.61 | 0.216 | −0.384 | 0.335 | 0.31 | −0.025 |
anaemia | −0.068 | −0.04 | − 0.028 | −0.075 | − 0.073 | −0.003 | − 0.048 | −0.028 | − 0.020 |
Mild anaemia | −0.049 | − 0.033 | −0.016 | − 0.053 | −0.059 | − 0.006 | −0.024 | − 0.014 | −0.010 |
moderate anaemia | −0.113 | −0.058 | − 0.055 | −0.143 | − 0.126 | −0.017 | − 0.077 | −0.052 | − 0.025 |
Severe anaemia | −0.182 | − 0.089 | −0.093 | − 0.0324 | −0.117 | − 0.0846 | −0.296 | − 0.176 | −0.12 |
Prevalence of anaemia among women of reproductive age (15–49 years) across wealth quintiles
Trends in nutritional status and anaemia among children (under 5) according to wealth quintile
Trends in undernutrition status of children (6–59 months) according to wealth quintile using NFHS-3 (2005–06) & NFHS-4(2015–16)
SII | India | India | Change in absolute inequality ** | CG | CG | Change in absolute inequality ** | TN | TN | Change in absolute inequality ** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Child nutrition indicators | NFHS-3 (2005–06)* | NFHS-4 (2015–16)* | NFHS-3 (2005–06)* | NFHS-4 (2015–16)* | NFHS-3 (2005–06)* | NFHS-4 (2015–16)* | |||
Stunting | −0.40 | − 0.338 | − 0.062 | − 0.288 | − 0.235 | − 0.053 | − 0.304 | − 0.192 | − 0.112 |
Severe stunting | − 0.31 | − 0.223 | − 0.087 | − 0.276 | − 0.172 | − 0.104 | −0.159 | − 0.060 | − 0.099 |
Wasting | − 0.143 | −0.099 | − 0.044 | − 0.128 | − 0.139 | 0.011 | − 0.158 | − 0.035 | − 0.193 |
severe wasting | − 0.052 | − 0.040 | − 0.012 | − 0.172 | − 0.072 | − 0.100 | − 0.097 | − 0.005 | − 0.092 |
Underweight | −0.423 | − 0.339 | − 0.084 | −0.393 | − 0.289 | −0.104 | − 0.318 | −0.200 | − 0.118 |
severe underweight | −.232 | −0.164 | − 0.068 | −.22 | − 0.15 | − 0.07 | −0.09 | − 0.05 | −0.04 |
Anaemia | −0.26 | −0.12 | − 0.14 | −0.21 | − 0.14 | −0.07 | − 0.17 | −0.11 | − 0.06 |
Mild anaemia | −0.04 | − 0.033 | −0.367 | 0.003 | −0.06 | 0.063 | −0.016 | − 0.03 | 0.024 |
Moderate anaemia | −0.21 | −0.096 | − 0.114 | −0.22 | − 0.07 | −0.15 | − 0.12 | −0.08 | − 0.04 |
Severe anaemia | −0.02 | 0.0002 | −0.200 | 0.002 | 0.001 | −0.001 | −0.04 | − 0.003 | −0.037 |
Child nutrition indicators | India | India | Change in relative inequality ** | CG | CG | Change in relative inequality ** | TN | TN | Change in relative inequality ** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NFHS-3 (2005–06)* | NFHS-4 (2015–16)* | NFHS-3 (2005–06)* | NFHS-4 (2015–16)* | NFHS-3 (2005–06)* | NFHS-4 (2015–16)* | ||||
Stunting | −0.15 | − 0.14 | − 0.01 | −0.083 | − 0.093 | 0.010 | − 0.156 | −0.109 | − 0.047 |
Severe stunting | −0.235 | − 0.21 | −0.025 | − 0.174 | −0.152 | − 0.022 | −0.233 | − 0.090 | −0.143 |
Wasting | −0.133 | −0.08 | − 0.053 | −0.099 | − 0.08 | −0.018 | − 0.117 | −0.023 | − 0.094 |
severe wasting | −0.140 | − 0.09 | −0.05 | − 0.092 | −0.105 | 0.013 | −0.166 | − 0.011 | −0.155 |
Underweight | −0.192 | −0.157 | − 0.035 | −0.131 | − 0.120 | −0.011 | − 0.172 | −0.109 | − 0.063 |
severe underweight | −0.282 | − 0.235 | −0.047 | − 0.204 | −0.173 | − 0.031 | −0.217 | − 0.110 | −0.107 |
Anaemia | −0.071 | −0.033 | − 0.038 | −0.049 | − 0.043 | −0.006 | − 0.043 | −0.039 | − 0.004 |
Mild anaemia | −0.024 | − 0.022 | −0.002 | − 0.004 | −0.039 | − 0.001 | −0.027 | − 0.024 | −0.003 |
Moderate anaemia | −0.103 | −0.047 | − 0.056 | −0.075 | − 0.051 | −0.024 | − 0.043 | −0.054 | 0.011 |
Severe anaemia | −0.101 | 0.018 | −0.083 | −0.006 | − 0.002 | −0.004 | − 0.23 | −0.085 | − 0.145 |