Single-prolonged stress induces apoptosis in dorsal raphe nucleus in the rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder

Eight weeks-old Wistar rats (approximately 180 -200 g), provided by the Animal Experimental Center of China Medical University, were used for all experiments. The rats were housed singly in clear polycarbonate cages (46 × 24 × 20 cm) for one week prior to the experiments. All rats were habituated to their cage and given standard food pellets and water. They were housed under a reversed the 12 h:12 h light/ dark cycle (lights off at 10.00 a.m) and ambient temperature (23 ± 2°C) with humidity of 55 ± 5%. Rats were exposed to SPS on the day when weighed approximately between 230 and 250 g. All animal protocols were carried out in accordance with the Guidance Suggestions for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals formulated by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China [20] and approved by Welfare & Ethics Committee of Exprimental, China Medical University. All efforts were made to reduce the number of animals used and to minimize animal pain during the experiment.

After lab adaptation and handling, the rats were randomly assigned to one of the four groups and each group contains twenty rats. One group was served as a control group, while the others were SPS groups. The control rats were killed after the acclimation period, while the SPS groups rats were exposed to SPS procedure. The SPS model was prepared according to the previous report [21, 22]. Briefly, each rat was restrained for two hours by placing it inside a clear disposable plastic bag with only the tail protruding. The plastic bag was closed with tape at the base of the tail. The size of plastic bags was adjusted according to the size of the rat in order to achieve complete immobilization. A hole in the plastic bags allowed the rats to breathe freely. After immobilization, rats were individually placed in a clear acrylic cylinder (240 mm in diameter and 500 mm height), and two thirds of the cylinder from the bottom was filled with water (24°C). The rats were forced to swim for 20 min. Following 15 min of recuperation, rats were kept undisturbed in their home cage. Consistent with time-dependent sensitization, behavioral experiments are generally undertaken 1 ~ 14 days after the SPS procedure [23]. In this study, the SPS groups of animals were randomly assigned into three different groups depending on the days after SPS-stimulus: the group of 1 day after the SPS procedure (n = 20; SPS 1d group), the group of 7 days after the SPS procedure (n = 20; SPS 7d group),and the group of 14 days after the SPS procedure (n = 20; SPS 14d group). Each group included 20 rats, in which five rats were used for frozen sections, five for Western Blotting, five for flow cytometry, and five for TEM.

The rats of each group were anesthetized with 10% chloral hydrate. The hearts were exposed, and the left ventricles were perfused with 200–300 mL of 0.9% saline via a catheter through the ascending aorta until a colorless infusion was achieved, followed by perfusion with a 300 mL of 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) [24]. The whole brain were rapidly removed and dissected on ice, followed by 6–10 h of post-fixation in 4% PFA at 4°C. After being immersed in 20% sucrose solution and frozen in liquid nitrogen, coronal sections of the brain tissue were cut into slices of 12 μm in thickness and stored at −20°C for enzymohistochemistry morphological studies.

Sections of brain tissue in each group were washed with 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) ( pH 7.4) for 30 min at room temperature, and incubated with incubation buffer containing (Cyt-C 10 mg, catalase 1 mg, 0.2 M PBS 5 ml, DAB 10 mg, distilled water 5 ml ) at 4°C overnight. The samples were washed three times with PBS after incubation. To assess nonspecific staining, a few sections in every experimental group were incubated in PBS without incubation buffer. After washing, the samples were fixed with 1% osmium tetroxide at 4°C for 20 min and washed in PBS several times, dehydrated in gradient series (20–100%) of ethanol and then in (100%) acetone, infiltrated with Epon 812, and finally polymerized in pure Epon 812 at 65°C for 48 h. The location of the dorsal raphe was determined on semi-thin sections. Ultra-thin sections (70 nm) were cut with ultramicrotome, collected on copper grids, and stained with 4% uranyl acetate. Five sections were selected from each group. Ten visual fields (about 250 cells) of the dorsal raphe nucleus in each section were examined with TEM (JEM-1200EX, Japan). The morphological changes and expression of Cyt-C of mitochondria were determined. The rates of change were calculated with the following formula: rate = (numbers of mitochondria with morphological changes /total numbers of mitochondria in the cell) × 100%.

Rats were anesthetized with 10% chloral hydrate and decapitated. The brain tissues were quickly removed and placed on ice. The dorsal raphe nucleus fragments were dissected from the brain tissues under a stereomicroscope in each experimental group according to the atlas of rats [25]. Proteins were extracted from the dorsal raphe nucleus samples of normal control rats or SPS rats through homogenization, ultrasonic dispersion and centrifugation. Extracted proteins were resuspended in the samples buffer containing 200 mM tris-buffered saline (TBS), pH 7.5, 4% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 20% glycerol, 10% β- mercaptoethanol and boiled for 3 min. The protein fraction (50 μg/lane) prepared from each group was separated by 12% (w/v) gradient sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) using a semi-dry blotting apparatus (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. Hercules, CA, USA). The membrane was blocked with 5% dried skim milk, 0.05% Tween-20 in TBS at room temperature for 2 h and incubated with rabbit polyclonal antibody against Cyt-C IgG (Bipec Biopharma Corporation, U.S.A. 1:200) at 4°C for 2 h. The membranes were washed three times with TBST (tris buffer with saline and tween 20), and then incubated with the anti-mouse IgG-HRP (Santa Cruz, U.S.A.; 1:5000) for 2 h at room temperature followed with TBST before visualization using enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL; Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Buckinghamshire, UK). To confirm equal protein loading, the same blots were re-incubated with antibodies specific for β-actin (Abcam, British; 1:1,000) and detected with the ECL. The Optical Density (OD) was analyzed with the Gel Image Analysis System.

Rats were anesthetized with 10% chloral hydrate and decapitated. The brain tissues were quickly removed and placed on ice. The dorsal raphe nucleus fragments were dissected from the brain tissues under a stereomicroscope in each experimental group according to the atlas of rats [25]. Single cell suspensions were then generated in cold PBS buffer, and the final concentrations were adjusted to 1 × 10⁴/ml. 1 ml of suspensions were centrifuged it at 1000 rpm for 10 min at 4°C and washed with 1 ml cold PBS three times. Cell pellets were suspended in 200 μl of binding buffer, and then incubated with 10 μl of Annexin V-FITC and 5 μl of Propidium Iodide at room temperature for 15 min. Finally, 300 μl of binding buffer was added into the incubation solution and was analyzed by flow cytometry (Becton Dicklnson, USA) in 1 h. About 10⁴ of cells were analyzed by flow cytometry for each group. The apoptosis rate was calculated with the following formula: (number of apoptotic cells /total cells) × 100%.

Dissected dorsal raphe nucleus samples were separated into 1 mm³ pieces, fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde at 4°C. The pieces were post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide for 2 h at 4°C, rinsed in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.4) several times, dehydrated in a gradient series (20–100%) of ethanol and then in 100% acetone, infiltrated with Epon 812, and finally polymerized in pure Epon 812 at 65°C for 72 h. The dorsal raphe nucleus was positioned in semi-thin sections. Ultra-thin sections (70 nm) were cut with ultramicrotome, collected on copper grids, stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Five sections were selected from each group. Ten visual fields (about 250 cells) of the dorsal raphe nucleus in each section were examined with TEM (JEM-1200EX, Japan). The rates of the apoptotic cells was calculated with the following formula: rate = (number of the apoptosis cells /total cells) × 100%.

Brain tissue sections in each group were washed with 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.4) for 30 min at room temperature, and samples were then incubated with TMP buffer [containing 15.29 g of TMP, 0.05 M of acetic acid buffer 20 ml (pH 3.9), 35.405 mg of CeCl₃, 2.5 g of sucrose, 10 mg of DAB, 30 ml of distilled water, 0.000075 ml of TritonX-100] for 80 min at 37°C. To assess nonspecific staining, a few sections in every experimental group were incubated in PBS without incubating buffer. The sections were washed three times with PBS after incubation. Finally, 1% Vulcanization amine was used as chromogen for 1 min until the brown color appeared. Slides were then dehydrated and mounted with neutral gum. Five sections were selected from each group. Five visual fields of the dorsal raphe nucleus in each section were selected for examination (× 40). The optical density (OD) of TMP enzymohistochemistry positive cells in each field were analyzed using the MetaMorph/DPIO/BX41 morphology image analysis system, and the average of OD were determined. The rates of the TMP positive enzymohistochemistry staining cells were calculated with the following formula: rate = (number of the TMP positive cells/total cells) × 100%.

After staining with 1% vulcanization amine as described above, the sections were washed with PBS. Then the sections were fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide for 20 min at 4°C, rinsed in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.4) several times, dehydrated in ethanol gradient (20–100%) and then in 100% acetone, infiltrated with Epon 812, and finally polymerized in pure Epon 812 at 65°C for 48 h. The dorsal raphe nucleus was positioned in the semi-thin sections. Ultra-thin sections (70 nm) were cut with ultramicrotome, collected on copper grids, and stained with uranyl acetate. Five sections were selected from each group. Ten visual fields (about 250 cells) of the dorsal raphe nucleus in each section were examined with TEM (JEM-1200EX, Japan). The rate of TMP-positive lysosome were calculated with the following formula: rate = (number of positive expression of lysosome /total lysosome) × 100%.

The results were expressed as mean ± SEM. The differences between control group and the SPS groups were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS 13.0 software. In the case of significance with the ANOVA, post hoc comparisons were made using the Tukey’s test to compare between groups. A level of P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

To investigate whether SPS induces apoptosis in dorsal raphe nucleus, we first examined Cyt-C expression by TEM. As shown in Figure 1, Cyt-C expression were detected and presented as high electron-dense black dots, which were distributed in the exterior and interior membranes of mitochondria. In contrast to the normal mitochondrial structure in control group (Figure 1A), many abnormal mitochondria were observed in SPS groups. Mitochondrial cristae fracture, vacuolization and membrane disruption were observed in samples from the group SPS 1d (Figure 1B), SPS 7d (Figure 1C) and SPS 14d (Figure 1D). In comparison to the control group, Cyt-C expression in the exterior and interior membranes of mitochondria were partly decreased in the SPS groups, with the translocation of Cyt-C from mitochondria to the cytoplasm of the cells in the SPS groups. Furthermore, this change was most obvious at SPS 7d. The rates of mitochondrial morphological change were reported in Figure 2 (Figure 2, F = 184.741 df = 3, 20; P < 0.001. Tukey’s test P < 0.05).

We confirmed expression of Cyt-C by western blotting analysis. As shown in Figure 3, the Cyt-C and β-actin proteins were detected at 17 and 42 kDa, respectively, and the mean values of the band densities of the control group were set as 100%. The result showed that Cyt-C expressions in the SPS groups were significantly increased in comparision to that of the control group. The peak of increase of Cyt-C levels occurred in SPS 7d, but gradually decreased at SPS 14d. The mean optical densities of Cyt-C expression was indicated in Figure 4 (Figure 4, F = 98.829 df =3, 20 ; P < 0.001. Tukey’s test P < 0.05).

We further determined the numbers of apoptotic cells upon SPS by flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC /PI staining. Rats in the SPS 7d group had considerable amounts of apoptotic cells in dorsal raphe nucleus cells (Figure 5). These cells were in cluster-shape distribution, with viable cell population (Annexin V^-/PI^-) distributed in the left lower quadrant region, early apoptotic cell population (Annexin V⁺/PI^-) in the right lower quadrant region, late apoptotic cell populations (Annexin V⁺/PI⁺) in the right upper quadrant region, and the necrotic cell population (Annexin V^-/ PI⁺) in the upper left quadrant region. In comparison to the control group, SPS-stimulus group showed increased apoptotic cell populations in dorsal raphe nucleus cells. The highest increase of apoptotic cells occurred in the SPS 7d group. The apoptosis rate was reported in Figure 6 (Figure 6, F = 99.322 df = 3, 20; P < 0.001. Tukey’s test P < 0.05). The rate began to decrease in the SPS 14d group. These data demonstrate that SPS induces apoptosis in dorsal raphe nucleus cells.

As shown in Figure 7, we further performed TEM to assess the morphological changes of the dorsal raphe nucleus upon SPS stimulus. In control rats, dorsal raphe nucleus cells exhibited a normal structure (Figure 7A). However, upon SPS stimulus, the nucleus showed variable degree of structural alterations. A portion of cells in SPS stimuli rats had characteristic of apoptosis, with chromatin condensation and margination (Figure 7B,C), appearance of chromatin crescents (Figure 7C) and apoptotic body (Figure 7D). Furthermore, these changes were found mostly in group SPS 7d. Quantitative analysis of the apoptotic changes was reported in Figure 8 (Figure 8, F = 146.252 df = 3, 20; P < 0.001. Tukey’s test P < 0.05).

We examined the distribution of thiamine monophosphatase (TMP) in samples from SPS- stimulus or control rats. Enzymohistochemistry staining analysis showed that TMP were widely distributed throughout the dorsal raphe nucleus neuron region, mainly in the cytoplasm (TMP-positive cells were stained in brown, Figure 9). There was a significant increase of TMP content in the SPS groups compared to the control group (Figure 9A-D). The increase in TMP expression peaked in group SPS 7d, and TMP expression began decrease in group SPS 14d. The mean optical densities of TMP is shown in Figure 10 (Figure 10, F = 79.623 df =3, 20; P < 0.001. Tukey’s test P < 0.05). The rate of positive cells of TMP was reported in Figure 11 (Figure 11, F = 119.084 df = 3, 20; P < 0.001. Tukey’s test P < 0.05).

Levels of TMP expression were also evaluated using TEM method. As shown in the Figure 12, positive TMP expression results in high electron-dense black granules that were located in the lysosomes in the dorsal raphe nucleus neuron (Figure 12A-D). Intracellular lysosomes had a normal round-shape structure in control group (Figure 12A). However, many lysosomes with abnormal shape were observed in SPS groups (Figure 12B,D). The membrane disruption of lysosomes and the translocation of TMP from lysosome to cytoplasm were also observed in SPS groups(Figure 12B,C). The numbers of lysosomes with positive expression of TMP were significantly increased in the SPS groups compared to the control group. Again, the most dramatic change occurred in group SPS 7d. The rates of lysosome which have positive expression of TMP was reported in Figure 13 (Figure 13,F = 187.044 df = 3, 20; P < 0.001. Tukey’s test P < 0.05).