Background
Methods
Subjects
Demographic, clinical, anthropometric and dietary measurements
Outcome ascertainment
Biochemical determinations, DNA extraction and genotyping
Statistical analyses
Results
Total | MedDiet with EVOO | MedDiet nuts | Control group | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 7,161) | (n = 2,469) | (n = 2,363) | (n = 2,329) | |||||
Age (years) | 67.0 | ± 6.2 | 67.0 | ± 6.2 | 66.7 | ± 6.1 | 67.3 | ± 6.3 |
BMI (Kg/m2) | 30.0 | ± 3.8 | 29.9 | ± 3.7 | 29.7 | ± 3.8 | 30.2 | ± 4.0 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 100.4 | ± 10.6 | 100.2 | ± 10.4 | 100.2 | ± 10.5 | 100.8 | ± 10.8 |
Female sex: n,% | 4112 | (57.4) | 1448 | (58.6) | 1271 | (53.8) | 1393 | (59.8) |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 149.4 | ± 20.8 | 148.5 | ± 20.8 | 149.6 | ± 20.4 | 150.1 | ± 21.1 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 83.4 | ± 11.0 | 83.1 | ± 10.9 | 83.7 | ± 10.9 | 83.3 | ± 11.1 |
Heart rate (bpm) | 71.4 | ± 11.2 | 71.4 | ± 11.1 | 71.2 | ± 11.1 | 71.6 | ± 11.3 |
Current smokers: n,% | 1003 | (14.0) | 345 | (14.0) | 339 | (14.3) | 319 | (13.7) |
Type 2 diabetes: n,% | 3462 | (48.3) | 1238 | (50.1) | 1096 | (46.8) | 1128 | (48.4) |
Hypertension: n,% | 5928 | (82.8) | 2026 | (82.1) | 1954 | (82.7) | 1948 | (83.6) |
Dyslipidemia: n,% | 5172 | (72.2) | 1766 | (71.5) | 1730 | (73.2) | 1676 | (72.0) |
FAIM2-rs7138803 (G > A) : n,% | ||||||||
GG | 3019 | (42.2) | 1022 | (41.4) | 1000 | (42.3) | 997 | (42.8) |
GA | 3235 | (45.2) | 1132 | (45.8) | 1062 | (44.9) | 1041 | (44.7) |
AA | 907 | (12.7) | 315 | (12.8) | 301 | (12.7) | 291 | (12.5) |
Energy intake (kcal/d) | 2274 | ± 606 | 2286 | ± 606 | 2317 | ± 610 | 2219 | ± 598 |
Total fat (% energy) | 39.2 | ± 6.8 | 39.3 | ± 6.9 | 39.4 | ± 6.5 | 39.0 | ± 6.8 |
Saturated fat (% energy) | 10.0 | ± 2.3 | 10.0 | ± 2.2 | 10.0 | ± 2.2 | 10.0 | ± 2.3 |
MUFA (% energy) | 19.5 | ± 4.6 | 19.6 | ± 4.6 | 19.5 | ± 4.3 | 19.3 | ± 4.7 |
Proteins (% energy) | 16.6 | ± 2.8 | 16.6 | ± 2.9 | 16.5 | ± 2.7 | 16.6 | ± 2.8 |
Carbohydrates (% energy) | 41.9 | ± 7.1 | 41.7 | ± 7.2 | 41.5 | ± 7.0 | 42.3 | ± 7.2 |
Adherence to the MedDiet | 8.6 | ± 2.0 | 8.7 | ± 2.0 | 8.7 | ± 2.0 | 8.4 | ± 2.1 |
Alcohol consumption (g/d) | 8.4 | ± 14.2 | 8.6 | ± 14.4 | 9.2 | ± 15.0 | 7.5 | ± 13.1 |
Physical activity (MET-min/day) | 231 | ± 239 | 232 | ± 231 | 247 | ± 246 | 215 | ± 241 |
Association between the FAIM2-rs7138803 polymorphism anthropometrical variables, blood pressure and heart rate at baseline
FAIM2(G > A) genotypes | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GG (n = 3,019) | GA (n = 3,235) | AA (n = 907) | Additive model | Recessive model | ||||||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | P1 | B1(95% CI) | P2 | P3 | B1(95% CI) | P1 | P2 | P3 | |
Weight (kg) | 76.4 | ± 11.9 | 76.9 | ± 11.9 | 77.3 | ± 12.1 | 0.026 | 0.46 (0.06-0.87) | 0.059 | 0.59 (-0.24-1.42) | 0.164 | 0.191 | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.9 | ± 3.8 | 30.0 | ± 3.9 | 30.1 | ± 3.9 | 0.055 | 0.13 (-0.01-0.26) | 0.023 | 0.20 (-0.07-0.47) | 0.147 | 0.066 | ||
Waist circumference (cm) | 100.3 | ± 10.5 | 100.3 | ± 10.6 | 101.0 | ± 10.9 | 0.167 | 0.26 (-0.11-0.62) | 0.141 | 0.68 (-0.07-1.42) | 0.075 | 0.085 | ||
SBP (mmHg) | 149.2 | ± 20.8 | 149.4 | ± 20.9 | 149.9 | ± 20.1 | 0.414 | 0.30 (-0.42-1.01) | 0.783 | 0.889 | 0.57 (-0.89-2.03) | 0.443 | 0.761 | 0.896 |
DBP (mmHg) | 82.9 | ± 10.9 | 83.4 | ± 10.9 | 84.3 | ± 11.2 | 0.001 | 0.61 (0.24-1.00) | 0.006 | 0.015 | 1.12 (0.36-1.89) | 0.004 | 0.009 | 0.017 |
Heart rate (bpm) | 71.1 | ± 11.2 | 71.2 | ± 10.9 | 72.3 | ± 11.4 | 0.029 | 0.43 (0.04-0.81) | 0.039 | 0.048 | 1.07 (0.29-1.86) | 0.007 | 0.010 | 0.012 |
Prevalence of obesity (%) | 45.2 | 47.5 | 49.1 | 0.021 | 0.136 | |||||||||
Obesity risk, OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref.) | 1.10 (0.99-1.21) | 1.17 (1.01-1.35) | 0.021 | 1.08 (1.01-1.16) | 0.011 | 1.11 (0.97-1.28) | 0.136 | 0.070 |
FAIM2(G > A) genotypes | Unadjusted1 | Adjusted2 | Adjusted3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heart rate | GG + GA (n = 6,049) | AA (n = 888) | OR* (95% CI) | P1 | OR* (95% CI) | P2 | OR* (95% CI) | P3 | |
<60 bpm (%) | 90.1 | 9.9 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||
60-70 bmp (%) | 87.3 | 12.7 | 1.32 (1.05-1.67) | 0.019 | 1.27 (1.00-1.60) | 0.051 | 1.26 (1.00-1.60) | 0.052 | |
70-80 bmp (%) | 86.4 | 13.6 | 1.43 (1.13-1.82) | 0.003 | 1.46 (1.14-1.87) | 0.003 | 1.45 (1.13-1.86) | 0.003 | |
80-90 bmp (%) | 86.1 | 13.9 | 1.46 (1.12-1.92) | 0.006 | 1.47 (1.10-1.97) | 0.009 | 1.46 (1.10-1.96) | 0.011 | |
> = 90 bmp (%) | 85.0 | 15.0 | 1.60 (1.13-2.27) | 0.008 | 1.65 (1.13-2.42) | 0.010 | 1.66 (1.13-2.43) | 0.009 | |
P for trend* | 0.002 |