A pilot three-month sitagliptin treatment increases serum adiponectin level in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus- a randomized controlled trial START-J study

Adiponectin is synthesized in adipocytes and secreted into the bloodstream, where it exhibits anti-diabetic and anti-atherosclerotic effects [1]. Low circulating adiponectin concentrations impact on the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis [1, 2].

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are treated with calorie-restricted diet and exercise therapy, if needed, plus a variety of glucose-lowering agents. Thiazolidinediones, synthetic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) ligands, are known to increase serum levels of adiponectin through transcriptional activation [3, 4]. Incretin-based compounds, including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-4) inhibitors, have been available for the treatment of diabetes in Japan from 2009. Exendin-4, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, has shown to promote adiponectin secretion via the protein kinase-A pathway in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes [5] and to increase circulating adiponectin levels in high fat-fed rats [6]. DPP-4 inhibitors are the new class of oral glucose-lowering agents by inhibiting the inactivation of incretin hormones. Sitagliptin is the first agent approved in DPP-4 inhibitors. Among clinical trials investigating the effect of sitagliptin on glycemic control, circulating adiponectin concentration was assessed in several trials. Interestingly, Derosa G et al demonstrated that combination therapy with sitagliptin and metformin resulted in the significant increase of adiponectin at 9 months without change of body weights in the Italian multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial [7], while there was a report indicating no change of adiponectin level by sitagliptin [8]. In Japanese T2DM subjects, the effect of sitagliptin on adiponectin level has not been fully determined. An observational study showed that plasma adiponectin level was increased after 12-weeks of sitagliptin treatment in Japanese T2DM subjects [9]. However, the effect of incretin-based therapy on circulating adiponectin in Japanese T2DM subjects has not been tested in a randomized controlled trial. The present randomized controlled study investigated the effect of sitagliptin treatment, the first available DPP-4 inhibitor in Japan, on serum adiponectin level in Japanese T2DM subjects, compared to conventional treatment (sulfonylurea [SU] and/or biguanide drugs).

The main finding of this study was the significant increase in serum adiponectin level in T2DM patients at the end of three-month sitagliptin therapy without change of body weight.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes. Lowering blood glucose level is an important aspect of management for T2DM. However, there is still debate whether anti-diabetic therapy targeting at normalization of HbA1c can actually reduce cardiovascular events, at least in patients with advanced T2DM [14, 15]. The impact of the intensive glycemic control on cardiovascular complications is still under debate. The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) was the first clinical trial to provide a key evidence for the importance of intensive glucose-lowering therapy in individuals with newly diagnosed T2DM [16, 17]. Actually, insulin- or SU-based intensive glucose-lowering treatment significantly reduced the risk of major microvascular endpoints [16]. However, such intensive treatment for T2DM did not reach a statistical significance for reduction of macrovascular CVD events compared with the conventional treatment [16]. Furthermore, the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) study, the Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease (ADVANCE) study, and the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT) have shown no beneficial effects of the intensive glucose-lowering treatment on primary cardiovascular endpoints in T2DM [18‐20]. Taken together, these clinical trials suggest that physicians need to integrate such pleiotropic effects on cardiovascular disease to improve the quality of drug-therapy decisions.

Adiponectin possesses numerous physiological properties such as anti-atherosclerotic, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory effects [1, 2]. Subjects with hypoadiponectinemia tend to develop into cardiovascular events and diabetes [21, 22]. It is therefore believed that the intervention to increase circulating adiponectin level may provide the protection against atherosclerosis and diabetes. Activation of PPAR-γ by thiazolidinediones increases circulating adiponectin concentration at the transcriptional level [3, 4]. Importantly, PPAR-γ agonist failed to reduce the atherosclerotic area in adiponectin-deficient mice under apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout background [23], suggesting that thiazolidinediones protect against atherosclerosis partly through its enhancing effect on adiponectin. Actually, the PROactive ("PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events") study reported that pioglitazone, a PPAR-γ agonist, improved cardiovascular outcome in a high-risk population of T2DM patients [24, 25].

Incretin-based therapies, GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors, enhance the glucose-dependent insulin secretion and optimize the management of glycemic control without hypoglycemia and weight gain [26]. DPP-4 inhibitors were clinically introduced in 2006, with sitagliptin (Glactiv®, Januvia®, Xelevia™, Tesavel®) as the first agent [27], followed by vildagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, teneligliptin, alogliptin, and anagliptin. Based on their efficacy (which is not inferior to sulfonylureas), low risk of hypoglycemia, body-weight neutrality, and mostly once-daily dosing, DPP-4 inhibitors seem to fulfill the aforementioned requirements [28]. The beneficial effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on cardiovascular events has not been determined, however several meta-analysis studies have recently reported the safety of DPP-4 inhibitors on cardiovascular events [29‐32]. The present study, as a randomized clinical trial, demonstrated for the first time that short-term sitagliptin treatment resulted in a significant increase in serum adiponectin level in T2DM patients without changes in BMI and WC, which may be an important finding linked to the pleiotropic effects of sitagliptin in the prevention of cardiovascular events. Current result may imply that oral administration of sitagliptin is an effective and well-tolerated treatment option for cardiovascular management of T2DM patients.

Several experimental studies showed that treatment with a GLP-1 analogue [5, 6] or DPP4 inhibitors [33, 34] increased serum adiponectin levels, but such GLP-1 analogue-mediated increase of adiponectin has remained uncertain in human subjects [35]. Furthermore, the mechanism for the increase of adiponectin by sitagliptin has not been clarified. Increase of systemic and/or local oxidative stress reduces adiponectin production [36] and thus there was a possibility that sitagliptin increased adiponectin directly or indirectly through the decrease of oxidative stress in T2DM patients. However, no significant change of TBARS was observed in present short-term sitagliptin treatment (Figure 3A). Reduction of body weight and visceral fat also result in the elevation of serum adiponectin level [1, 2]. In the present study, there were no significant changes of BMI and WC before and after sitagliptin treatment (Table 1). Effect of sitagliptin or metformin added to pioglitazone monotherapy in T2DM patients was explored in the multicenter, randomized, double-blind clinical trial in Italy [8]. This study was performed during 12 months and clinical parameters were assessed every 3 months. Plasma adiponectin level was not altered in sitagliptin group, but was significantly elevated at 12 months in metformin group. Plasma hsCRP levels were significantly decreased at 12 months in both groups. Pioglitazone has been shown as a significant enhancer of adiponectin [3, 4] and thus sitagliptin-dependent increase of adiponectin may be masked by pioglitazone. Similar group also investigated the effect of the sitagliptin plus metformin combination therapy or metformin monotherapy in Italy [7]. They showed the significant elevation of adiponectin at 9 and 12 months in the combination therapy with sitagliptin and metformin and at 12 months in the metformin monotherapy. Interestingly, significant reduction of body weight was observed at 12 months in both groups, indicating the possibility that sitagliptin possesses the elevation of circulating adiponectin prior to weight reduction. Present study also showed the sitagliptin-dependent increase of adiponectin without change of BMI. Recently, the 6 months treatment with vildagliptin, one of DPP4 inhibitors, has been shown to decrease body weight, WC, and fat mass, and to increase adiponectin level [37], suggesting the possibility that long-term sitagliptin treatment may reduce visceral fat mass and elevate serum adiponectin level. Further experimental and larger scale clinical studies including long-term follow-up studies are required to determine the mechanism of the beneficial effects of sitagliptin on serum adiponectin.

The present study demonstrated that three-month sitagliptin treatment increased circulating adiponectin levels in T2DM patients without changes in BMI, although several study limitations have arisen below. The previous and present findings may provide the possibility that sitagliptin potentially possesses pleiotropic and protective effects against atherosclerotic cardiovascular events.