Background
Methods
Study area and sample collection
PCR and DNA sequencing
Sequence determination and data analysis
Results
PvCSP
Region | Country | Year of collection | GenBank Accession Number | N | % VK210-VK247 | H |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
South America | Brazil | 2000 | DQ978648-DQ978690 | 43 | 100 -0 | 16 |
Colombia | 2009 | GU339059-GU339086 | 28 | 11.2-88.8 | 20 | |
South Asia | India | 2008* | FJ491063-FJ491141 | 79 | 100 -0 | 44 |
South East Asia | Thailand | 2009* | HQ011279-HQ011323 | 45 | 40-60 | ? |
East Asia | Korea | 2006* | DQ859734-DQ859772 | 39 | 100-0 | 7 |
China | 2008* | FJ601724-FJ601761 | 38 | 100-0 | ? | |
Western Asia | Iran | 2000-2003 | AY367278-AY367303, AY632256-AY632287, AY443700-AY4443725, AY632288-AY632318, AY632243-AY632251, AY632319-AY632330, AY443726 | 137 | 76.5-23.5 | 25 |
Oceania | PNG | 1999, 2001, 2003 | EU031819-EU031836 | 17 | 70.6-29.4 | ? |
PvTRAP
Antigen | Region | Country | N | GenBank Accession Number | H | π (s.d.) | Hd (s.d.) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TRAP
| South East Asia | Thailand | 63 | AF312559-AF312661 | 34 | 0.00707 (0.00029) | 0.961 (0.01) |
DBPII
| South America | Brazil | 126 | DQ156520, EU812839-EU812960, EU870443-EU870445 | 24 | 0.00919 (0.00042) | 0.883 (0.018) |
Colombia | 17 | DQ156513, U50575-U50590 | 12 | 0.00812 (0.00081) | 0.956 (0.033) | ||
South Asia | India | 101 | DQ156516, FJ491142-FJ491241 | 28 | 0.01011 (0.00063) | 0.86 (0.028) | |
Sri Lanka | 100 | GU143914-GU144013 | 14 | 0.00864 (0.00063) | 0.738 (0.039) | ||
South East Asia | Thailand | 30 | EF219451, EF368159-EF368178, EF379127-EF379135 | 19 | 0.01628 (0.00354) | 0.972 (0.018) | |
East Asia | Korea | 16 | EU395592, DQ156515, DQ156522-DQ156523, AF215737-AF215738, AF220657, AF220659-AF220667 | 11 | 0.00817 (0.00149) | 0.933 (0.048) | |
Western Asia | Iran | 11 | EU860428-EU860438 | 8 | 0.01047 (0.00205) | 0.945 (0.054) | |
Oceania | Papua New Guinea | 200 | AF291096, AF289653, AF469515-AF469602, DQ156512-DQ156523, AY970837-AY970925 | 59 | 0.01166 (0.00041) | 0.888 (0.015) | |
MSP-1
| South America | Brazil | 8 | AF435622-AF435625, AF435627, AF435629-AF435631 | 4 | 0.00293 (0.00061) | 0.75 (0.139) |
South East Asia | India | 28 | EU430452-EU430479 | 6 | 0.0172 (0.00049) | 0.489 (0.112) | |
Thailand | 170 | GQ890872-GQ891041 | 2 | 0.00013 (0.00005) | 0.068 (0.026) | ||
Singapore | 50 | GU971656-GU971705 | 10 | 0.0019 (0.00032) | 0.407 (0.09) | ||
Western Asia | Turkey | 30 | AB564559-AB564588 | 2 | 0.00073 (0.00034) | 0.186 (0.088) | |
East Asia | Korea | 8 | HQ171941-HQ171934 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
AMA-1
| South America | Brazil | 65 | EF031154-EF031216, EF031183, EF031184 | 12 | 0.01358 (0.00056) | 0.866 (0.02) |
Venezuela | 73 | EU346015-EU346087 | 12 | 0.01368 (0.00053) | 0.847 (0.019) | ||
South Asia | India | 189 | EU282774-EU282822, FJ490963-FJ491062, EF025187-EF025197, GU086369-GU086382, AF171250-AF171254, AF171256, AF171258-AF171260, AF171262-AF171267 | 68 | 0.01427 (0.00036) | 0.945 (0.008) | |
Sri Lanka | 23 | EF218679-EF218701 | 8 | 0.00722 (0.00148) | 0.83 (0.054) | ||
East Asia | China | 7 | AF171243-AF171249 | 6 | 0.01211 (0.00193) | 0.893 (0.111) | |
Korea | 6 | AF357212, AF357213, GU476488, EU395599, AF402593, AF402594 | 4 | 0.00812 (0.00328) | 0.9 (0.161) | ||
South East Asia | Myanmar | 39 | FJ157247-FJ157285 | 36 | 0.01833 (0.00092) | 0.996 (0.007) | |
Philippines | 110 | AF171273-AF171382 | 20 | 0.01474 (0.0005) | 0.802 (0.029) | ||
Thailand | 235 | FJ784891-FJ85121, AF17453-AF171456 | 44 | 0.01488 (0.00039) | 0.899 (0.011) | ||
Oceania | PNG | 22 | AF171421-AF171426, AF171428-AF171443 | 13 | 0.01379 (0.00163) | 0.913 (0.045) | |
Solomon Islands | 5 | AF171444, AF171445, AF171447, AF171449, AF171450 | 5 | 0.01855 (0.00318) | 1 (0.126) |
Antigen | Expression | Domain | Sites | N | H | π (s.d.) | Hd (s.d.) | dN-dS (s.d.) | Ztest (dN ≠ dS) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dbp
| Merozoite | Region II | 510 | 707 | 150 | 0.01103 (0.00025) | 0.9319 (0.0053) | 0.009 (0.003) | P < 0.05 |
Msp-1
| Merozoite | MSP114 and MSP120 | 512 | 400* | 28 | 0.00129 (0.00014) | 0.358 (0.031) | 0.001 (0.001) | n.s. |
Ama-1
| Merozoite | Domain I | 345 | 872 | 168 | 0.01653 (0.00016) | 0.9691 (0.0017) | 0.012 (0.004) | P < 0.05 |
Trap
| Sporozoite | Regions | 837 | 168 | 38 | 0.0059 (0.00029) | 0.854 (0.018) | 0.007 (0.002) | P < 0.05 |
PvDBP
PvMSP-1
PvAMA-1
Population genetic analysis
A) | |||
Antigen
|
1 vs 2
|
1 vs 3
|
2 vs 3
|
DBP
| 0.13742* | 0.18583* | 0.11845* |
AMA-1
| 0.09891* | 0.06873* | 0.06239* |
TRAP
| 0.2478* | 0.3393* | 0.12982* |
B) | |||
Antigen
|
1 vs 2
|
1 vs 3
|
2 vs 3
|
DBP
| 0.34601* | 0.4555* | 0.41168* |
AMA-1
| 0.50583* | 0.31637* | 0.177725* |
TRAP
| 0.71399* | 0.60509* | 0.64183* |
A) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brazil
|
Colombia
|
Peru
|
India
|
Sri Lanka
|
Thailand
|
Korea
|
Iran
| |||
Colombia
| 0.93864* | |||||||||
Peru
| 0.65322* | 0.9486* | ||||||||
India
| 0.63332* | 0.94986* | 0.74331* | |||||||
Sri Lanka
| 0.61225* | 0.94952* | 0.67073* | 0.58268* | ||||||
Thailand
| 0.8613* | 0.81977* | 0.91711* | 0.80463* | 0.8734* | |||||
Korea
| 0.92369* | 0.91515* | 0.90485* | 0.9886* | 0.80846* | 0.80833* | ||||
Iran
| 0.85693 ns | 0.82143* | 0.84720* | 0.84885* | 0.84003* | 0.62883* | 0.76684* | |||
PNG
| 0.91672* | 0.9749* | 0.93263* | 0.90407* | 0.96110* | 0.93994* | 0.9817* | 0.95887* | ||
B) | ||||||||||
Brazil
|
India
|
Korea
|
Thailand
|
Turkey
| ||||||
India
| 0.68639 ns | |||||||||
Korea
| 0.6184* | 0.61948 ns | ||||||||
Thailand
| 0.95065* | 0.81079* | 0.895 ns | |||||||
Turkey
| 0.0210* | 0.52367 ns | 0.625 ns | 0.76791* | ||||||
Singapore
| 0.84141* | 0.60742* | 0.7 ns | 0.7* | 0.113 ns | |||||
C) | ||||||||||
Brazil
|
Peru
|
Venezuela
|
China
|
India
|
Korea
|
Myanmar
|
Thailand
|
Solomon
|
PNG
| |
Peru
| 0.6455* | |||||||||
Venezuela
| 0.6200* | 0.7909* | ||||||||
China
| 0.9833* | 0.9925* | 0.9735* | |||||||
India
| 0.8711* | 0.9092* | 0.8919* | 0.9446* | ||||||
Korea
| 0.9851* | 0.9903* | 0.9744* | 0.4744 ns | 0.9787* | |||||
Myanmar
| 0.8850* | 0.9520* | 0.9096* | 0.7959 ns | 0.8443* | 0.8704 ns | ||||
Thailand
| 0.9444* | 0.9694* | 0.9366* | 0.9569* | 0.8352* | 0.9744* | 0.7896* | |||
Solomon
| 0.9713* | 0.9810* | 0.9760* | 0.9321* | 0.9625* | 0.8667* | 0.9025* | 0.9429* | ||
PNG
| 0.9792* | 0.9846* | 0.9784* | 0.8444* | 0.9505* | 0.8914* | 0.8628* | 0.9368* | 0.6270 ns | |
Philippines
| 0.9637* | 0.9958* | 0.9648* | 0.9746* | 0.9228* | 0.9913* | 0.8857* | 0.8689* | 0.9669* | 0.978* |