The impact of clinical research activities on communities in rural Africa: the development of the Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (CRUN) in Burkina Faso

CRUN has been established by researchers from Centre Muraz and Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), the two leading health researcher institutes in Burkina Faso. Centre Muraz (CM) entered into the malaria research field in 1985, when it implemented the continuous surveillance of malaria drug resistance in Burkina Faso. In the years that followed, this activity was carried out by CM in collaboration with IRSS and the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP), after the creation of the latter in 1990 [6]. In 1998, the NMCP stratified the country into three zones according to their malaria transmission pattern (Figure 1). In each zone, two sentinel sites were established for the epidemiological surveillance of anti-malarial drug resistance in the framework of the Roll Back Malaria initiative [7]. The village of Nanoro was one of the two sentinel sites chosen in the central area. The health district of Nanoro is one of the five districts of centre-west health region. It is situated at approximately 90 Km from Ouagadougou, the capital city. In 2013, the total population was estimated at 158,127 people (data from the National Institute of Statistics and Demography). The population growth rate is 3.06% (2013 estimate). Mossi represent the main ethnic group, with the remaining represented by Gurunsi and Fulani. About 90% of the population is engaged in subsistence agriculture, which is vulnerable to periodic droughts. The literacy rate is low in both men and women (about 23%). The epidemiological profile of diseases remains dominated by communicable infectious diseases. The inadequacy of drinking water, individual and collective hygiene, associated to poverty is the main reasons of health problems. The general morbidity is high and malaria accounts for about 40% of the total burden of diseases. Maternal mortality rate is 300 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) and infant mortality rate is 78.3 deaths/1,000 live births. Malaria represents a significant burden on the population, but especially pregnant women and children; it is the first cause of consultation (35.12%), hospitalization (40.83%) and death (37.5%) (Ministry of Health [MoH]). As sentinel site, epidemiological studies on malaria were conducted in Nanoro beginning in 1998, including regular assessment of drug resistance. These studies were only carried out during the rainy season (six months per year). The sentinel site of Nanoro attracted more interest during 20012004, when resistance to chloroquine (at that time, the recommended first line treatment of uncomplicated malaria) emerged for the first time in the area. The data generated from these studies provided evidence that led the NMCP to change the national malaria treatment policy in 2005, from chloroquine to artemisinin-based combination therapy(ACT), namely artesunate-amodiaquine (ASAQ) and arthemeter-lumefantrine (AL) [8]. During this period, the research team did not reside in Nanoro, instead the team members regularly travelled to Nanoro to collect data and then returned to their respective institutions at the end of each study. With the historic detection of chloroquine resistance in the area, and the growing recognition of the need to establish more clinical research centres in Africa, the CRUN leaders proposed to establish a permanent team and facility in Nanoro. The proposal benefited from a favourable context of increasing political and financial support for malaria research. Although the site was disadvantaged by not being on the national electrical grid, the research team could successfully conduct its first clinical trial at ICH-GCP standards on ACT in 2005 [9]. In 2007, a second study on ACT, funded by the European and Developing Countries Partnership (EDCTP), was successfully conducted [10]. Based on this experience, the CRUN was selected in 2007 to be part of the RTS, S phase III malaria vaccine trial, a multicentre study at 11 centers in seven African countries [11]. As a major research contributor to the study, the CRUN joined the Malaria Clinical Trial Alliance (MCTA) network [5]. Technical support teams from MCTA in partnership with the PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI) and GlaxoSmithKline (GSK Biologicals) visited the CRUN and identified the support required to execute the RTS,S phase III trial at Nanoro. The site was awarded infrastructure capacity enhancement grants by MCTA in 2007 and 2008 to refurbish the settings and upgrade the equipment. This support proved crucial for the successful execution of the RTS,S trial, and enhanced the site’s ability to conduct other trials to ICH-GCP standards. This track record led to the full establishment of the CRUN in 2008, followed by the inauguration of its new facility in April 2009 by the Minister of Health. A Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) was set up in the district. It covers a total population of about 60,000 people in 24 villages [12]. The HDSS was implemented according to INDEPTH guidelines, with regular surveys every four months and continuous monitoring by village reporters. This was enabled by being associate members of INDEPTH-Network. The CRUN researchers were able to access the INDEPTH resource materials and visit other INDEPTH member HDSS sites, while scientists from other HDSS sites on the network visited CRUN for technical support. The HDSS has become the bedrock of the CRUN research activities because it allows the identification, selection, and follow-up of study participants, as well as the monitoring of population and disease dynamics. CRUN is now a full member of the INDEPTH network and able to contribute datasets for joint analysis. This initiative was also supported by the Belgium cooperation through the Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM) Framework Agreement 3 (FA3: 2008–2013), which has served as the main source of operational and training support since 2008.

The main objective of establishing the CRUN was to develop and maintain an appropriate expertise and infrastructure ensuring high quality clinical research and training. The vision of the CRUN is to become a prominent research and training centre in sub-Saharan Africa, to participate in the formulation of African public health strategies and programs, and to provide competent expertise in the health field. The CRUN’s mission is to provide evidence-based information for the health care of populations living in tropical countries, with a specific focus on malaria. This will be achieved by providing an excellent platform for training and research in tropical diseases in full compliance with international standards. This platform could be offered to address some specific research questions relevant to the MoH local agenda and development plan. In fact, having the Centre Muraz as partner in this initiative gives the opportunity to the CRUN to have a link with the MoH stakeholders such as the National Programs, including the malaria control programme and the national drug regulatory authorities, helping in the translation of research findings into practice.

The two institutions (CM and IRSS) collaborating to run the CRUN are both located in Bobo-Dioulasso in the south-west of Burkina Faso. They are closely linked in and have been working together for the last 20 years. The CM is under the auspices of the Ministry of Health, while the IRSS is housed in the Ministry of Research and Innovation. The CM/IRSS is the largest medical research group in Burkina Faso and among the largest in the West African Francophone countries. The team’s scientific interest is mainly malaria research, but studies on other parasitic diseases (helminthiasis, filariasis, schistosomiasis) have been conducted. The team provides also support for training health practitioners (MD, PharmD, Msc, PhD) in collaboration with national universities (Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso). The linkage to academic institutions is a great asset as it provides a pathway for career development, sustainable career progression, and reliable availability of younger scientists.

At the inception of the research activities in Nanoro, the CRUN management structure was project oriented, i.e., each project had its own leader and team, with little coordination among the different projects. However, this changed in 2010 with the introduction of a more transversal organization across the different projects. The CRUN has been organized in five sections: laboratory, clinical activities, IT & data management, Health & Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS), and pharmacy, each with a designated manager.

In the literature, few studies have been conducted to address the impact of clinical trials and clinical trial platforms on trial participants, their families and communities [14‐16]. Lessons learnt from these reports indicate that clinical trials, especially when conducted in resource-poor settings, may negatively impact the quality of health care, e.g., by diverting resources from routine clinical activities, brain-drain among the best qualified health staff, discrimination of enrolled versus non-enrolled persons, or differentiating trial investigators from other health staff. The clinical trial may also have a negative impact on the relationship between a health facility and the community; for instance, in cases of poor or inappropriate communication about the nature and the objectives of the research or a lack of knowledge about local culture and customs by researchers. Conversely, clinical trials can contribute to the quality of routine healthcare and thus the wellbeing of a community, either directly (additional training of health staff and structural upgrades of health facilities) or indirectly (improved access to healthcare that improves the quality of routine healthcare [17].

No formal study has been conducted to assess the impact of the CRUN on the Nanoro community; however, the interactive approach led by local researchers obviated the negative perceptions and lack of understanding about the intentions and conduct of CRUN’s research activities. Researchers involved the community (district health management, elders, chief, and opinion leaders) in the founding steps of establishing the CRUN. To make the community a real partner in the centre’s activities, a tacit agreement was made that priority would be given to local people, in a competitive manner, for all non-professional jobs (construction workers, drivers, cleaners, field workers, data clerks, and others). Of the 254 people employed at the CRUN, about one-third come from Nanoro. This has strengthened the sense of ownership of the centre’s activities by the community. Through the modest creation of new jobs, CRUN makes a substantial contribution to reducing poverty in the community. In addition, staff members residing in Nanoro contribute to the micro-economy there.

Another crucial benefit for Nanoro and CRUN stemming from their productive engagement was electrification for the area. This was made possible by the mayor of Nanoro leading the negotiations for extending the national electrical grid to the CRUN, and with it, to the village of Nanoro. Electrification spurred a lot of economic activity and social amenities that enhance the wellbeing of the community, such as: (1) improved water supply through use electricity instead of generator; (2) ability to use electrical devices, such as fans during the hot season (when temperatures can reach 45-47°C), lighting so students can study at night, the use of refrigeration to safely store food and the extension of business hours past sunset.

Health care services have been improved through CRUN’s new microbiology laboratory. Before this laboratory was established, local patients had to travel about 100 km to the capital city, Ouagadougou, for the service. In addition, putting the local hospital on the electrical grid improved the working conditions of the health professionals, notably the ability to conduct surgery 24 hours a day and optimal storage of EPI vaccines at district health facilities. Last, but not least, in terms of benefits, is the installation of digital X-ray equipment (the first in Burkina Faso), which is now used for all patients attending the hospital regardless of their participation in the clinical trials.