Background
Methods
Study design
Location | Geography | Malaria prevalence (%)[13] |
---|---|---|
Allada
| Upland, Climate: Coastal-guinean, Cereal area | 14.70-26.10 |
Dassa
| Upland, Climate: Guinean, Rice area | |
Parakou
| Lowland, Climate: South-Sudanian, Vegetable farms area | 26.10-31.10 |
Kandi
| Upland, Climate: Sudanian, Cotton area | 43.60-51.10 |
Malanville
| Lowland, Climate: Sudano-sahelian, Rice area |
Study sites
Allada
Dassa
Parakou
Kandi
Malanville
Mosquito sampling and field processing
Laboratory processing
Parameters estimated
Data analysis
Ethical consideration
Results
Mosquito diversity
Allada | Dassa | Parakou | Kandi | Malanville | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | ni | Pi | ni | Pi | Ni | pi | Ni | pi | ni | Pi |
Anopheles gambiae s.l. | 143 | 0.42 | 219 | 0.28 | 1239 | 0.59 | 653 | 0.69 | 3912 | 0.87 |
Anopheles funestus
| 18 | 0.05 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Anopheles nili
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
Anopheles pharoensis
| 11 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 0.01 | 2 | 0 | 71 | 0.02 |
Anopheles ziemanni
| 2 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 0 |
Anopheles broheri
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Anopheles coustani
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Anopheles fuscicolor
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Aedes aegypti
| 6 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
Aedes vitatus
| 6 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 40 | 0.01 |
Aedes luteocephalus
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Aedes gr. palpalis
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0.01 |
Aedes gr. tarsalis
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Aedes spp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0.01 | 4 | 0 |
Culex quinquefasciatus
| 43 | 0.13 | 546 | 0.71 | 455 | 0.22 | 250 | 0.27 | 293 | 0.06 |
Culex gr decens
| 4 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
Culex nebulosus
| 12 | 0.04 | 6 | 0.01 | 9 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
Culex annulioris
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0.01 | 1 | 0 | 25 | 0.01 |
Culex fatigans
| 3 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 |
Culex thalassius
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 |
Mansonia africana
| 88 | 0.26 | 1 | 0 | 320 | 0.15 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Coquilletidia cristata
| 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 97 | 0.02 |
Total
| 338 | 1 | 774 | 1 | 2,089 | 1 | 940 | 1 | 4,522 | 1 |
Taxas _S | 13 | 6 | 12 | 12 | 17 | |||||
Shannon diversity index
| 1.66 | 0.65 | 1.12 | 0.78 | 0.63 | |||||
Simpson’s dominance | 0.27 | 0.59 | 0.42 | 0.56 | 0.75 |
Distribution of Anopheles gambiae species complex
Aggressive density of Anopheles gambiae s.l
Aggressive density of other Culicidae
Longevity of Anopheles gambiae s.l
Localities | Total | N parous | Parity rate (%) | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
Allada | 143 | 126 | 88.11 | 0.2878 |
Dassa | 134 | 103 | 76.87 | |
Parakou | 579 | 513 | 88.60 | |
Kandi | 465 | 420 | 90.32 | |
Malanville | 489 | 432 | 88.34 | |
Total
| 1,810 | 1,594 | 88.06 |
Exophily of Anopheles gambiae s.l., Mansonia spp. and Culex spp
Area |
Anopheles gambiae s.l.
| Mansonia and Culex spp | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SPCs | WETs | Exophily (%) | P | SPC | WETs | Exophily (%) | P | |
Allada | 24 | 5 | 17.24 | - | 14 | 19 | 57.58 | - |
Dassa | 11 | 12 | 52.17 | 0.03 | 122 | 80 | 39.60 | 0.14 |
Parakou | 42 | 9 | 17.65 | 0.96 | 86 | 38 | 30.65 | 0.02 |
Kandi | 199 | 54 | 21.34 | 0.33 | 183 | 118 | 39.20 | 0.17 |
Malanville | 787 | 24 | 2.95 | <0.0001 | 838 | 12 | 1.41 | <0.0001 |
Total
|
1,
063
|
104
|
8.91
|
1,
243
|
267
|
17.67
|
Mosquito blood-feeding rates
Anopheles gambiae s.l.
| Mansonia and Culex spp | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Areas | Total | Fed | Blood-feeding rate (%) | P | Total | Fed | Blood-feeding rate (%) | P |
Allada | 29 | 29 | 100.0a | 0.0004 | 33 | 29 | 87.87a | 0.0009 |
Dassa | 23 | 13 | 56.52b | 202 | 97 | 48.01b | ||
Parakou | 51 | 41 | 80.39ab | 124 | 90 | 72.58a | ||
Kandi | 253 | 187 | 73.91b | 301 | 230 | 76.41a | ||
Malanville | 811 | 759 | 93.58a | 850 | 790 | 92.94a |
Infectivity of Anopheles gambiae s.l
Localities | March | May | July | September | November | SI/Period | RR | 95% CI | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Allada urban
|
Thorax
| 4 | 33 | 23 | 13 | 14 | 5.75 | 1.00 | _ | 0.49 |
Thorax+ | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
SI
| 0 | 6.06 | 4.35 | 7.69 | 7.14 | |||||
Allada rural
|
Thorax
| 7 | 24 | 24 | 20 | 16 | 3.30 | 0.97 | 0.91-1.04 | |
Thorax+ | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |||||
SI
| 0 | 4.17 | 0 | 0 | 12.5 | |||||
Dassa urban
|
Thorax
| 0 | 18 | 23 | 5 | 7 | 6.86 | 1.00 | _ | 0.73 |
Thorax+ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |||||
SI
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 14.29 | |||||
Dassa rural
|
Thorax
| 2 | 60 | 77 | 13 | 9 | 5.38 | 1.03 | 0.96-1.10 | |
Thorax+ | 0 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 0 | |||||
SI
| 0 | 5 | 6.49 | 15.38 | 0 | |||||
Parakou urban
|
Thorax
| 19 | 40 | 44 | 29 | 50 | 5.39 | 1.00 | _ | 0.57 |
Thorax+ | 1 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 0 | |||||
SI
| 5.26 | 0 | 11.36 | 10.34 | 0 | |||||
Parakou rural
|
Thorax
| 125 | 50 | 46 | 78 | 50 | 4.71 | 1.01 | 0.97-1.06 | |
Thorax+ | 16 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | |||||
SI
| 12.8 | 6 | 2.17 | 2.56 | 0 | |||||
Kandi urban
|
Thorax
| 0 | 9 | 3 | 24 | 4 | 0 | 1.00 | _ | 0.60 |
Thorax+ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
SI
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
Kandi rural
|
Thorax
| 0 | 87 | 90 | 60 | 1 | 1.8 | - | _ | |
Thorax+ | 0 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | |||||
SI
| 0 | 3.45 | 2.22 | 3.33 | 0 | |||||
Malanville urban
|
Thorax
| 11 | 41 | 48 | 40 | 50 | 4.84 | 1.00 | _ | 0.61 |
Thorax+ | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | |||||
SI
| 9.09 | 2.44 | 4.17 | 2.5 | 6 | |||||
Malanville rural
|
Thorax
| 67 | 59 | 47 | 38 | 50 | 2.72 | 0.99 | 0.95-1.03 | |
Thorax+ | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |||||
SI
| 5.97 | 3.39 | 4.26 | 0 | 0 |
Entomological inoculation rate of Anopheles gambiae s.l
Localities | March | May | July | September | November | EIR/Night | EIR/Month | EIR/Year | RR/IC95 | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Allada urban
| 4.00 | 22.00 | 18.00 | 10.00 | 14.00 | 0.48 | 14.37 | 174.82 | 1.00 | 0.45 |
HBR/ night | 0.50 | 2.75 | 2.25 | 1.25 | 1.75 | |||||
EIR/ night | 0.00 | 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.12 | |||||
Allada rural
| 7.00 | 10.00 | 23.00 | 19.00 | 16.00 | 0.30 | 9.06 | 110.27 | 0.50 (0.09-2.73) | |
HBR/ night | 0.88 | 1.25 | 2.87 | 2.38 | 2.00 | |||||
EIR/ night | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.25 | |||||
Dassa urban
| 0.00 | 17.00 | 21.00 | 5.00 | 7.00 | 0.25 | 7.50 | 91.26 | 1.00 | 0.022 |
HBR/ night | 0.00 | 2.12 | 2.62 | 0.63 | 0.88 | |||||
EIR/ night | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.13 | 0.13 | |||||
Dassa rural
| 2.00 | 50.00 | 103.00 | 9.00 | 5.00 | 1.32 | 39.62 | 482.09 | 5.00 (1.10-22.81) | |
HBR/ night | 0.25 | 6.25 | 12.87 | 1.13 | 0.63 | |||||
EIR/ night | 0.00 | 0.31 | 0.84 | 0.17 | 0.00 | |||||
Parakou urban
| 19.00 | 278.00 | 88.00 | 29.00 | 51.00 | 1.75 | 52.48 | 638.51 | 1.00 | 0.00 |
HBR/ night | 2.38 | 34.75 | 11.00 | 3.63 | 6.38 | |||||
EIR/ night | 0.12 | 0.00 | 1.25 | 0.37 | 0.00 | |||||
Parakou rural
| 125.00 | 276.00 | 161.00 | 90.00 | 122.00 | 4.79 | 143.84 | 1,750.03 | 2.13 (1.30-3.50) | |
HBR/ night | 15.63 | 34.50 | 20.12 | 11.25 | 15.25 | |||||
EIR/ night | 2.00 | 2.07 | 0.44 | 0.29 | 0.00 | |||||
Kandi urban
| 0.00 | 4.00 | 3.00 | 23.00 | 4.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.00 | <0.0001 |
HBR/ night | 0.00 | 0.50 | 0.38 | 2.88 | 0.50 | |||||
EIR/ night | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||||
Kandi rural
| 0.00 | 142.00 | 372.00 | 104.00 | 1.00 | 2.08 | 62.33 | 758.31 | - | |
HBR/ night | 0.00 | 17.75 | 46.50 | 13.00 | 0.13 | |||||
EIR/ night | 0.00 | 0.61 | 1.03 | 0.43 | 0.00 | |||||
Malanville urban
| 11.00 | 120.00 | 1042.00 | 522.00 | 591.00 | 8.44 | 253.20 | 3,080.64 | 1.00 | 0.0012 |
HBR/ night | 1.38 | 15.00 | 130.25 | 65.25 | 73.87 | |||||
EIR/ night | 0.12 | 0.37 | 5.43 | 1.63 | 4.43 | |||||
Malanville rural
| 67.00 | 305.00 | 515.00 | 159.00 | 580.00 | 4.53 | 136.04 | 1,655.14 | 0.52 (0.37-0.73) | |
HBR/ night | 8.38 | 38.12 | 64.38 | 19.87 | 72.50 | |||||
EIR/ night | 0.50 | 1.29 | 2.74 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Factors | Localities | Correlation | P |
---|---|---|---|
Factor 1 | Kandi | 0.9330095 | 0.0000812 |
Dassa | 0.8986404 | 0.0004079 | |
Allada | -0.703905 | 0.0230912 | |
Factor 2 | Parakou | -0.816829 | 0.0039228 |
Factor 3 | Malanville | 0.9605642 | 0.0000101 |