Background
Promising anti-malarial agents derived from African flora
Flavonoids
Compound subclass | Isolated metabolites | Plant species (Family) | Part of plant studied | Place of harvest (locality, country) | Author, reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chalcones | 1 and 2 | Erythrina abyssinica (Leguminosae) | Stem bark | Thika town, Kenya | |
3
| Milletia usaramensis ssp. usaramensis (Leguminosae) | Stem bark | Jadini Forest, Kenya | Yenesew et al.[58] | |
4, 5 and 6 | Uvaria sp. (Annonaceae) | Leaves, stem and root bark | Tanzania | Nkunya et al.[59] | |
7 and 8 | Friesodielsia obovata (Annonaceae) | Root bark | Tabora district, Tanzania | Joseph et al.[60] | |
9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 | Polygonum senegalense (Polygonaceae) | Aerial parts | Nairobi, Kenya | Midowo et al. [61] | |
4 and 15 | Uvaria puguensis (Annonaceae) | Stem bark | Pugu Forest Reserve, Tanzania | Makangara et al.[62] | |
16, 17, 18, and 19 | Dorstenia barteri (Moraceae) | Twigs | Tombel, Cameroon | Ngameni et al.[63] | |
Flavanones | 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25 | Erythrina abyssinica (Leguminosae) | Stem bark | Thika town, Kenya | |
26 and 27 | Derris trifoliate (Leguminosae) | Seed pods | Coast Province, Kenya | Yenesew et al.[64] | |
28 and 29 | Polygonum senegalense (Polygonaceae) | Aerial parts | Nairobi, Kenya | Midowo et al. [61] | |
30
| Erythrina abyssinica (Leguminosae) | Stem bark | Thika town, Kenya | Yenesew et al.[57] | |
31 and 32 | Morus mesozygia (Moraceae) | Stem bark | Centre Province, Cameroon | Zelefack et al.[65] | |
Isoflavones |
33
| Ficus mucuso (Moraceae) | Figs | Tongolo-Yaoundé, Cameroon | Bankeu et al.[66] |
34
| Erythrina sacleuxii (Leguminosae) | Root bark | Kenya | Andayi et al.[67] | |
Retonoids | 35, 36, 37 and 38 | Milletia usaramensis ssp. usaramensis (Leguminosae) | Stem bark | Jadini Forest, Kenya | Yenesew et al.[58] |
Chalcones
Flavanones
Isoflavones
Rotenoids
Phenolics
Compound class | Isolated metabolites | Plant species (Family) | Part of plant studied | Place of harvest (locality, country) | Author, reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phenolics |
39
| Kigelia africana (Bignoniaceae) | Stem bark | Bandjoun, Cameroon | |
40 and 41 | Sorindeia juglandifolia (Anacardiaceae) | Fruits | Mt. Kalla, Yaoundé, Cameroon | Boyom et al. [70] | |
Kamkumo et al. [71] | |||||
42
| Combretum molle (Combretaceae ) | Stem bark | Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia | Asres et al.[72] | |
43
| Alchornea cordifolia (Euphorbiaceae) | Leaves | Ivory Coast | Banzouzi et al.[73] | |
44
| Vepris uguenensis (Rutaceae) | Roots | Baringo District, Kenya | Cheplogoi et al.[74] | |
45
| Garcinia polyantha (Guttiferae) | Roots | Mt Kalla, Yaoundé, Cameroon | Lannang et al. [75] | |
46
| Gossypium sp. (Malvaceae) | Seeds | Diverse regions from the continent | Deck et al. [76] | |
Polyacetylenes | 47, 48, 49 and 50 | Cussonia zimmermanii (Araliaceae) | Root bark | Pugu Forest, Tanzania | Senn et al.[77] |
Quinones | 51, 52, 53 and 54 | Hoslundia opposita (Lamiaceae) | Root bark | Tanzania | Achenbach et al.[78] |
55
| Cassia siamea (Fabaceae) | Stem bark | Otu (Oyo State), Nigeria | Ajaiyeoba et al.[79] | |
56, 57, 58, 59, 60 and 61 | Psorospermum glaberrimum (Hypericaceae) | Root bark | Ekombité, Cameroon | Lenta et al.[80] | |
62, 63, 64, 65 and 66 | Harungana madagascariens (Hypericaceae) | Root bark | Bazou, Cameroon | Lenta et al.[81] | |
67
| Spathodea campanulata (Bignoniaceae) | Stem bark | Ibadan, Nigeria | Makinde et al. [82] | |
68 and 69 | Kniphophia foliosa (Asphodelaceae) | Roots | Dagne et al. [83] | ||
Bringmann et al. [84] | |||||
70 and 71 | Kigelia pinnata (Bignoniaceae) | Root bark | Weiss et al. [85] |
Polyacetylenes
Quinones
Coumarins
Compound class | Isolated metabolites | Plant species (Family) | Part of plant studied | Place of harvest (City, Country) | Author, Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coumarins | 72 and 73 | Vernonia brachycalyx (Asteraceae) | Roots | Cubukcu et al.[86] | |
74
| Toddalia asiatica (Rutaceae) | Roots | Rachuonyo District, Kenya | Oketch-Rabah et al. [88] | |
75
| Schefflera umbellifera (Araliaceae) | Leaves | Limpopo, South Africa | Mthembu et al. [89] | |
Xanthones | 76 and 77 | Hypericum lanceolatum (Hypericaceae) | Stem bark | Mt. Bamboutos, Cameroon | Zofou et al. [90] |
78, 79, 80, 81, 82 and 83 | Allanblackia monticola (Guttiferae) | Stem bark | Bagangté, Cameroon | Azebaze et al. [91] | |
84, 85 and 86 | Symphonia globulifera (Clusiaceae) | Seeds | Fundong, Cameroon | Ngouela et al. [92] | |
87, 88, 89 and 90 | Pentadesma butyracea (Guttiferae) | Fruit pericarp | Bazou, Cameroon | Lenta et al. [93] |
Xanthones
Steroids
Compound sub class | Isolated metabolites | Plant species (Family) | Part of plant studied | Place of harvest (City, Country) | Author, Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Steroids |
91
| Ajuga remota (Lamiaceae) | Aerial parts | Nairobi, Kenya | Kuria et al. [94] |
92, 93, 94, 95 and 96 | Vernonia amygdalina (Asteraceae) | Young pith of trees | Mahale Mt. National Park, Tanzania | Ohigashi et al. [95] | |
Lignanes | 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102 and 103 | Pycnanthus angolensis (Myristicaceae) | Stem bark | São Tomé and Príncipe islands | Ramalhete et al. [96] |
104
| Asparagus africanus (Asparagaceae) | Roots | Kenya | Oketch-Rabah et al. [97] | |
Others |
105
| Lippia javanica (Verbenaceae) | Leaves and stalks | Limpopo, South Africa | Ludere et al. [98] |
106
| Helichrysum cymosum (Asteraceae) | Whole plant | South Africa | Jakupovic et al. [99] | |
Vuuren et al.[100] | |||||
107, 108, 109 and 110 | Vernonia staehelinoides (Asteraceae) | Leaves | Magaliesburg, South Africa | Pillay et al. [101] | |
111
| Hypericum lanceolatum (Hypericaceae) | Stem bark | Mt. Bamboutos, Cameroon | Zofou et al. [90] | |
112
| Symphonia globulifera (Clusiaceae) | Seeds | Fundong, Cameroon | Ngouela et al. [92] | |
113
| Morus mesozygia (Moraceae) | Stem bark | Centre Province, Cameroon | Zelefack et al.[61] | |
114 and 115 | Kigelia africana (Bignoniaceae) | Stem bark | Bandjoun, Cameroon | ||
116 and 117 | Glossocalyx brevipes (Monimiaceae) | Leaves | Kumba, Cameroon | Mbah et al. [102] | |
118
| Asparagus africanus (Asparagaceae) | Roots | Kenya | Oketch-Rabah et al. [97] | |
119
| Dracaena mannii and Dracaena arborea (Dracaenaceae) | Seed pulp | Nigeria | Okunji et al. [103] |