Background
Methods
Geographic setting
Data Collection
Neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation
Spatial access to fast food
Proximity
Coverage
Statistical Analysis
Results
Potential spatial access to fast food
All Deprivation (n= 101) | Low Deprivation (n= 26) | Medium Deprivation (n= 48) | High Deprivation (n= 27) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
SPATIAL ACCESSIBILITY | ||||
Proximity, mi
| ||||
Fast-food restaurant | 6.2 ± 5.5 (4.5) | 9.1 ± 5.0 (9.5) | 7.0 ± 5.3 (6.1) | 2.1 ± 3.7 (0.7)¶
|
Fast-food opportunity | 3.3 ± 3.0 (2.7) | 5.2 ± 3.6 (4.3) | 3.5 ± 2.4 (3.7) | 1.0 ± 1.6 (0.6)¶
|
Healthier entrée (≥1) | 3.7 ± 3.3 (4.3) | 5.5 ± 3.6 (4.7) | 4.2 ± 3.0 (3.8) | 1.1 ± 1.5 (0.6) ¶
|
Healthier entrées | 5.7 ± 5.1 (4.3) | 7.9 ± 4.9 (7.6) | 6.7 ± 4.9 (6.3) | 1.8 ± 3.5 (0.7)¶
|
Healthier side dishes | 7.3 ± 3.3 (6.5) | 10.7 ± 7.8 (4.7) | 8.4 ± 4.9 (3.8) | 2.3 ± 3.3 (0.6)¶
|
Coverage - 1 mi
| ||||
Fast-food restaurant | 1.6 ± 3.3 (0) | 0.7 ± 3.5 (0) | 1.2 ± 3.4 (0) | 3.0 ± 2.3 (3)¶
|
Fast-food opportunity | 3.2 ± 5.7 (0) | 1.1 ± 5.5 (0) | 2.3 ± 5.4 (0) | 7.0 ± 4.7 (7)¶
|
Healthier entrée (≥1) | 2.5 ± 4.7 (0) | 1.0 ± 4.9 (0) | 1.8 ± 4.6 (0) | 5.1 ± 3.5 (5)¶
|
Healthier entrées | 1.4 ± 2.5 (0) | 0.5 ± 2.3 (0) | 0.9 ± 2.4 (0) | 3.0 ± 2.2 (3)¶
|
Healthier side dishes | 0.4 ± 0.9 (0) | 0.4 ± 0.2 (0) | 0.2 ± 0.8 (0) | 1.2 ± 1.0 (1)¶
|
Coverage - 3 mi
| ||||
Fast-food restaurant | 5.0 ± 8.4 (0) | 2.3 ± 6.4 (0) | 3.5 ± 7.2 (0) | 10.4 ± 9.7 (9)¶
|
Fast-food opportunity | 9.9 ± 15.5 (1) | 4.6 ± 11.6 (0.5) | 7.0 ± 13.5 (1) | 20.2 ± 17.8 (14)¶
|
Healthier entrée (≥1) | 7.7 ± 12.5 (1) | 3.6 ± 9.4 (0) | 5.6 ± 10.8 (0.5) | 15.6 ± 14.6 (10)¶
|
Healthier entrées | 4.2 ± 6.4 (0) | 1.8 ± 4.8 (0) | 2.9 ± 5.6 (0) | 8.7 ± 7.0 (6)¶
|
Healthier side dishes | 1.4 ± 2.0 (0) | 0.6 ± 1.3 (0) | 0.9 ± 1.7 (0) | 3.1 ± 2.2 (3)¶
|
Coverage - 5 mi
| ||||
Fast-food restaurant | 6.1 ± 9.1 (1) | 4.0 ± 8.8 (0) | 4.8 ± 8.2 (0) | 10.6 ± 9.6 (9)¶
|
Fast-food opportunity | 12.7 ± 17.2 (3) | 8.5 ± 16.6 (1) | 10.0 ± 15.4 (2) | 21.4 ± 18.3 (15)¶
|
Healthier entrée (≥1) | 9.8 ± 13.8 (3) | 6.3 ± 13.3 (1) | 8.0 ± 12.4 (1.5) | 16.4 ± 14.8 (10)¶
|
Healthier entrées | 5.3 ± 7.1 (1) | 3.3 ± 6.8 (0) | 4.2 ± 6.5 (0) | 9.3 ± 7.2 (7)¶
|
Healthier side dishes | 1.7 ± 2.2 (0) | 1.0 ± 1.8 (0) | 1.2 ± 2.0 (0) | 3.2 ± 2.1 (4)¶
|
Neighborhood deprivation and spatial access to fast food
Access as network distance to the nearest | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Fast-food restaurant | Fast-food opportunity | Variety healthier entrée options | Variety healthier side dish options | |
Deprivation | b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) |
High | -5.46 (0.131)‡
| -3.43 (0.71)‡
| -4.72 (1.23)‡
| -6.76 (1.48)‡
|
Medium | -1.89 (1.11) | -1.56 (0.60)†
| -1.07(1.04) | -2.14 (1.25) |
R2
| 0.336 | 0.345 | 0.323 | 0.358 |
P
| <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Model 1 | Access (number of fast-food opportunities within 1 network mile) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Fast-food restaurant | Fast-food opportunities | Variety healthier entrée options | Variety healthier side dish options | |
Deprivation | b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) |
High | 0.24 (0.59) | 2.39 (0.90)†
| 1.02 (0.43)* | 0.83 (0.18)‡
|
Medium | 0.24 (0.50) | 0.67 (0.76) | 0.23 (0.36) | 0.16 (0.15) |
R2
| 0.611 | 0.708 | 0.662 | 0.509 |
P
| <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Model 2
| Access (number of fast-food opportunities within 3 network miles) | |||
Fast-food restaurants | Fast-food opportunities | Variety healthier entrée options | Variety healthier side dish options | |
Deprivation | b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) |
High | 2.75 (1.31)* | 5.91 (2.42)* | 2.92 (0.98)†
| 1.37 (0.35)‡
|
Medium | 0.45 (1.11) | 1.11 (2.05) | 0.49(0.83) | 0.11 (0.29) |
R2
| 0.713 | 0.716 | 0.722 | 0.658 |
P
| <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |